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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse</code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-parsing">URL Parsing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-parsing-security">URL parsing security</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#structured-parse-results">Structured Parse Results</a></li>
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 <section id="module-urllib.parse">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-urllib.parse" title="urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse</code></a> — Parse URLs into components<a class="headerlink" href="#module-urllib.parse" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/urllib/parse.py">Lib/urllib/parse.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to
combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a “relative URL”
to an absolute URL given a “base URL.”
The module has been designed to match the internet RFC on Relative Uniform
Resource Locators. It supports the following URL schemes: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">file</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ftp</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">gopher</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">hdl</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">http</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">https</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">imap</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">mailto</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">mms</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">news</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">nntp</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">prospero</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">rsync</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">rtsp</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">rtspu</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sftp</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">shttp</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sip</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sips</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">snews</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">svn</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">svn+ssh</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">telnet</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">wais</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ws</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">wss</code>.
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-urllib.parse" title="urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse</code></a> module defines functions that fall into two broad
categories: URL parsing and URL quoting. These are covered in detail in
the following sections.
<section id="url-parsing">
<h2>URL Parsing<a class="headerlink" href="#url-parsing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The URL parsing functions focus on splitting a URL string into its components,
or on combining URL components into a URL string.
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urlparse">
urllib.parse.urlparse(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-item <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple">named tuple</a>. This
corresponds to the general structure of a URL:
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment</code>.
Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up
into smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and %
escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the
result, except for a leading slash in the path component, which is retained if
present. For example:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from urllib.parse import urlparse
&gt;&gt;&gt; urlparse(&quot;scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment&quot;)
ParseResult(scheme=&#39;scheme&#39;, netloc=&#39;netloc&#39;, path=&#39;/path;parameters&#39;, params=&#39;&#39;,
 query=&#39;query&#39;, fragment=&#39;fragment&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; o = urlparse(&quot;http://docs.python.org:80/3/library/urllib.parse.html?&quot;
... &quot;highlight=params#url-parsing&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; o
ParseResult(scheme=&#39;http&#39;, netloc=&#39;docs.python.org:80&#39;,
 path=&#39;/3/library/urllib.parse.html&#39;, params=&#39;&#39;,
 query=&#39;highlight=params&#39;, fragment=&#39;url-parsing&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; o.scheme
&#39;http&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; o.netloc
&#39;docs.python.org:80&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; o.hostname
&#39;docs.python.org&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; o.port
80
&gt;&gt;&gt; o._replace(fragment=&quot;&quot;).geturl()
&#39;http://docs.python.org:80/3/library/urllib.parse.html?highlight=params&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
Following the syntax specifications in <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808.html">RFC 1808</a>, urlparse recognizes
a netloc only if it is properly introduced by ‘//’. Otherwise the
input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with
a path component.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from urllib.parse import urlparse
&gt;&gt;&gt; urlparse(&#39;//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;)
ParseResult(scheme=&#39;&#39;, netloc=&#39;www.cwi.nl:80&#39;, path=&#39;/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;,
 params=&#39;&#39;, query=&#39;&#39;, fragment=&#39;&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; urlparse(&#39;www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;)
ParseResult(scheme=&#39;&#39;, netloc=&#39;&#39;, path=&#39;www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;,
 params=&#39;&#39;, query=&#39;&#39;, fragment=&#39;&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; urlparse(&#39;help/Python.html&#39;)
ParseResult(scheme=&#39;&#39;, netloc=&#39;&#39;, path=&#39;help/Python.html&#39;, params=&#39;&#39;,
 query=&#39;&#39;, fragment=&#39;&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
The scheme argument gives the default addressing scheme, to be
used only if the URL does not specify one. It should be the same type
(text or bytes) as urlstring, except that the default value <code class="docutils literal notranslate">''</code> is
always allowed, and is automatically converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">b''</code> if appropriate.
If the allow_fragments argument is false, fragment identifiers are not
recognized. Instead, they are parsed as part of the path, parameters
or query component, and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">fragment</code> is set to the empty string in
the return value.
The return value is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple">named tuple</a>, which means that its items can
be accessed by index or as named attributes, which are:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 24%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 34%" />
<col style="width: 32%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Index</th>
<th class="head">Value</th>
<th class="head">Value if not present</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">scheme</code></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>URL scheme specifier</td>
<td>scheme parameter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">netloc</code></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Network location part</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">path</code></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Hierarchical path</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">params</code></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>Parameters for last
path element</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">query</code></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>Query component</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">fragment</code></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>Fragment identifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">username</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>User name</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">password</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>Password</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">hostname</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>Host name (lower case)</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">port</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>Port number as integer,
if present</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Reading the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">port</code> attribute will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> if
an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section
<a class="reference internal" href="#urlparse-result-object">Structured Parse Results</a> for more information on the result object.
Unmatched square brackets in the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">netloc</code> attribute will raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>.
Characters in the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">netloc</code> attribute that decompose under NFKC
normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">/</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">?</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">#</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&#64;</code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">:</code> will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>. If the URL is
decomposed before parsing, no error will be raised.
As is the case with all named tuples, the subclass has a few additional methods
and attributes that are particularly useful. One such method is <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">_replace()</code>.
The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">_replace()</code> method will return a new ParseResult object replacing specified
fields with new values.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from urllib.parse import urlparse
&gt;&gt;&gt; u = urlparse(&#39;//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; u
ParseResult(scheme=&#39;&#39;, netloc=&#39;www.cwi.nl:80&#39;, path=&#39;/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;,
 params=&#39;&#39;, query=&#39;&#39;, fragment=&#39;&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; u._replace(scheme=&#39;http&#39;)
ParseResult(scheme=&#39;http&#39;, netloc=&#39;www.cwi.nl:80&#39;, path=&#39;/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;,
 params=&#39;&#39;, query=&#39;&#39;, fragment=&#39;&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
Warning
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a> does not perform validation. See <a class="reference internal" href="#url-parsing-security">URL parsing
security</a> for details.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.3: The fragment is now parsed for all URL schemes (unless allow_fragment is
false), in accordance with <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986.html">RFC 3986</a>. Previously, an allowlist of
schemes that support fragments existed.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Out-of-range port numbers now raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>, instead of
returning <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a>.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will
now raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.parse_qs">
urllib.parse.parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace', max_num_fields=None, separator='&amp;')<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
application/x-www-form-urlencoded). Data are returned as a
dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the
values are lists of values for each name.
The optional argument keep_blank_values is a flag indicating whether blank
values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
not included.
The optional argument strict_parsing is a flag indicating what to do with
parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
errors raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> exception.
The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.decode" title="bytes.decode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">bytes.decode()</code></a> method.
The optional argument max_num_fields is the maximum number of fields to
read. If set, then throws a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> if there are more than
max_num_fields fields read.
The optional argument separator is the symbol to use for separating the
query arguments. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code>.
Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="urllib.parse.urlencode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse.urlencode()</code></a> function (with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">doseq</code>
parameter set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>) to convert such dictionaries into query
strings.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Add encoding and errors parameters.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Added max_num_fields parameter.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: Added separator parameter with the default value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code>. Python
versions earlier than Python 3.10 allowed using both <code class="docutils literal notranslate">;</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code> as
query parameter separator. This has been changed to allow only a single
separator key, with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code> as the default separator.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.parse_qsl">
urllib.parse.parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace', max_num_fields=None, separator='&amp;')<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qsl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
application/x-www-form-urlencoded). Data are returned as a list of
name, value pairs.
The optional argument keep_blank_values is a flag indicating whether blank
values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
not included.
The optional argument strict_parsing is a flag indicating what to do with
parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
errors raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> exception.
The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.decode" title="bytes.decode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">bytes.decode()</code></a> method.
The optional argument max_num_fields is the maximum number of fields to
read. If set, then throws a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> if there are more than
max_num_fields fields read.
The optional argument separator is the symbol to use for separating the
query arguments. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code>.
Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="urllib.parse.urlencode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse.urlencode()</code></a> function to convert such lists of pairs into
query strings.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Add encoding and errors parameters.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Added max_num_fields parameter.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: Added separator parameter with the default value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code>. Python
versions earlier than Python 3.10 allowed using both <code class="docutils literal notranslate">;</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code> as
query parameter separator. This has been changed to allow only a single
separator key, with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;</code> as the default separator.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urlunparse">
urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlunparse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code>. The parts
argument can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly
different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had
unnecessary delimiters (for example, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">?</code> with an empty query; the RFC
states that these are equivalent).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urlsplit">
urllib.parse.urlsplit(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a>, but does not split the params from the URL.
This should generally be used instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a> if the more recent URL
syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the path portion
of the URL (see <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396.html">RFC 2396</a>) is wanted. A separate function is needed to
separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-item
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple">named tuple</a>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>(addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).
</pre></div>
</div>
The return value is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple">named tuple</a>, its items can be accessed by index
or as named attributes:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 35%" />
<col style="width: 31%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Index</th>
<th class="head">Value</th>
<th class="head">Value if not present</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">scheme</code></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>URL scheme specifier</td>
<td>scheme parameter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">netloc</code></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Network location part</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">path</code></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Hierarchical path</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">query</code></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>Query component</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">fragment</code></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>Fragment identifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">username</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>User name</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">password</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>Password</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">hostname</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>Host name (lower case)</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">port</code></td>
<td></td>
<td>Port number as integer,
if present</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Reading the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">port</code> attribute will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> if
an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section
<a class="reference internal" href="#urlparse-result-object">Structured Parse Results</a> for more information on the result object.
Unmatched square brackets in the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">netloc</code> attribute will raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>.
Characters in the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">netloc</code> attribute that decompose under NFKC
normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">/</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">?</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">#</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&#64;</code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">:</code> will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>. If the URL is
decomposed before parsing, no error will be raised.
Following some of the <a class="reference external" href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-basic-url-parser">WHATWG spec</a> that updates RFC 3986, leading C0
control and space characters are stripped from the URL. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">\n</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">\r</code> and tab <code class="docutils literal notranslate">\t</code> characters are removed from the URL at any position.
<div class="admonition warning">
Warning
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> does not perform validation. See <a class="reference internal" href="#url-parsing-security">URL parsing
security</a> for details.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Out-of-range port numbers now raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>, instead of
returning <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a>.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will
now raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: ASCII newline and tab characters are stripped from the URL.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10.12: Leading WHATWG C0 control and space characters are stripped from the URL.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urlunsplit">
urllib.parse.urlunsplit(parts)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlunsplit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> into a
complete URL as a string. The parts argument can be any five-item
iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the
URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ?
with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urljoin">
urllib.parse.urljoin(base, url, allow_fragments=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urljoin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Construct a full (“absolute”) URL by combining a “base URL” (base) with
another URL (url). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in
particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the
path, to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from urllib.parse import urljoin
&gt;&gt;&gt; urljoin(&#39;http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;, &#39;FAQ.html&#39;)
&#39;http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
The allow_fragments argument has the same meaning and default as for
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a>.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
If url is an absolute URL (that is, it starts with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">//</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">scheme://</code>),
the url’s hostname and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; urljoin(&#39;http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html&#39;,
... &#39;//www.python.org/%7Eguido&#39;)
&#39;http://www.python.org/%7Eguido&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the url with <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlunsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlunsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlunsplit()</code></a>, removing possible scheme and netloc parts.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: Behavior updated to match the semantics defined in <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986.html">RFC 3986</a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urldefrag">
urllib.parse.urldefrag(url)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If url contains a fragment identifier, return a modified version of url
with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate
string. If there is no fragment identifier in url, return url unmodified
and an empty string.
The return value is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple">named tuple</a>, its items can be accessed by index
or as named attributes:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 35%" />
<col style="width: 31%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Index</th>
<th class="head">Value</th>
<th class="head">Value if not present</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">url</code></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>URL with no fragment</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">fragment</code></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Fragment identifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
See section <a class="reference internal" href="#urlparse-result-object">Structured Parse Results</a> for more information on the result
object.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Result is a structured object rather than a simple 2-tuple.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.unwrap">
urllib.parse.unwrap(url)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.unwrap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Extract the url from a wrapped URL (that is, a string formatted as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;URL:scheme://host/path&gt;</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;scheme://host/path&gt;</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">URL:scheme://host/path</code>
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">scheme://host/path</code>). If url is not a wrapped URL, it is returned
without changes.
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="url-parsing-security">
<h2>URL parsing security<a class="headerlink" href="#url-parsing-security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a> APIs do not perform validation of
inputs. They may not raise errors on inputs that other applications consider
invalid. They may also succeed on some inputs that might not be considered
URLs elsewhere. Their purpose is for practical functionality rather than
purity.
Instead of raising an exception on unusual input, they may instead return some
component parts as empty strings. Or components may contain more than perhaps
they should.
We recommend that users of these APIs where the values may be used anywhere
with security implications code defensively. Do some verification within your
code before trusting a returned component part. Does that <code class="docutils literal notranslate">scheme</code> make
sense? Is that a sensible <code class="docutils literal notranslate">path</code>? Is there anything strange about that
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">hostname</code>? etc.
</section>
<section id="parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">
<h2>Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes<a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The URL parsing functions were originally designed to operate on character
strings only. In practice, it is useful to be able to manipulate properly
quoted and encoded URLs as sequences of ASCII bytes. Accordingly, the
URL parsing functions in this module all operate on <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a> objects in addition to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> objects.
If <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> data is passed in, the result will also contain only
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> data. If <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a> data is
passed in, the result will contain only <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> data.
Attempting to mix <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> data with <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a> in a single function call will result in a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a> being raised, while attempting to pass in non-ASCII
byte values will trigger <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#UnicodeDecodeError" title="UnicodeDecodeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">UnicodeDecodeError</code></a>.
To support easier conversion of result objects between <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>, all return values from URL parsing functions provide
either an <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">encode()</code> method (when the result contains <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>
data) or a <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">decode()</code> method (when the result contains <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>
data). The signatures of these methods match those of the corresponding
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> methods (except that the default encoding
is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'ascii'</code> rather than <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'utf-8'</code>). Each produces a value of a
corresponding type that contains either <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> data (for
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">encode()</code> methods) or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> data (for
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">decode()</code> methods).
Applications that need to operate on potentially improperly quoted URLs
that may contain non-ASCII data will need to do their own decoding from
bytes to characters before invoking the URL parsing methods.
The behaviour described in this section applies only to the URL parsing
functions. The URL quoting functions use their own rules when producing
or consuming byte sequences as detailed in the documentation of the
individual URL quoting functions.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: URL parsing functions now accept ASCII encoded byte sequences
</div>
</section>
<section id="structured-parse-results">
<h2>Structured Parse Results<a class="headerlink" href="#structured-parse-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The result objects from the <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urldefrag()</code></a> functions are subclasses of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tuple</code></a> type.
These subclasses add the attributes listed in the documentation for
those functions, the encoding and decoding support described in the
previous section, as well as an additional method:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urllib.parse.SplitResult.geturl">
urllib.parse.SplitResult.geturl()<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urllib.parse.SplitResult.geturl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may
differ from the original URL in that the scheme may be normalized to lower
case and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters,
queries, and fragment identifiers will be removed.
For <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urldefrag()</code></a> results, only empty fragment identifiers will be removed.
For <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a> results, all noted changes will be
made to the URL returned by this method.
The result of this method remains unchanged if passed back through the original
parsing function:
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from urllib.parse import urlsplit
&gt;&gt;&gt; url = &#39;HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; r1 = urlsplit(url)
&gt;&gt;&gt; r1.geturl()
&#39;http://www.Python.org/doc/&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; r2 = urlsplit(r1.geturl())
&gt;&gt;&gt; r2.geturl()
&#39;http://www.Python.org/doc/&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

The following classes provide the implementations of the structured parse
results when operating on <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> objects:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.DefragResult">
class urllib.parse.DefragResult(url, fragment)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urldefrag()</code></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>
data. The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">encode()</code> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes" title="urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">DefragResultBytes</code></a>
instance.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.ParseResult">
class urllib.parse.ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>
data. The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">encode()</code> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes" title="urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ParseResultBytes</code></a>
instance.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.SplitResult">
class urllib.parse.SplitResult(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>
data. The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">encode()</code> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes" title="urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SplitResultBytes</code></a>
instance.
</dd></dl>

The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results when
operating on <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a> objects:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes">
class urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes(url, fragment)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urldefrag()</code></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>
data. The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">decode()</code> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResult" title="urllib.parse.DefragResult"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">DefragResult</code></a>
instance.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes">
class urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlparse()</code></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>
data. The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">decode()</code> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResult" title="urllib.parse.ParseResult"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ParseResult</code></a>
instance.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes">
class urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlsplit()</code></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>
data. The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">decode()</code> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResult" title="urllib.parse.SplitResult"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SplitResult</code></a>
instance.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="url-quoting">
<h2>URL Quoting<a class="headerlink" href="#url-quoting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The URL quoting functions focus on taking program data and making it safe
for use as URL components by quoting special characters and appropriately
encoding non-ASCII text. They also support reversing these operations to
recreate the original data from the contents of a URL component if that
task isn’t already covered by the URL parsing functions above.
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.quote">
urllib.parse.quote(string, safe='/', encoding=None, errors=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.quote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Replace special characters in string using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">%xx</code> escape. Letters,
digits, and the characters <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'_.-~'</code> are never quoted. By default, this
function is intended for quoting the path section of a URL. The optional
safe parameter specifies additional ASCII characters that should not be
quoted — its default value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'/'</code>.
string may be either a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> object.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: Moved from <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396.html">RFC 2396</a> to <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986.html">RFC 3986</a> for quoting URL strings. “~” is now
included in the set of unreserved characters.
</div>
The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to deal with
non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str.encode" title="str.encode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">str.encode()</code></a> method.
encoding defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'utf-8'</code>.
errors defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'strict'</code>, meaning unsupported characters raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#UnicodeEncodeError" title="UnicodeEncodeError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">UnicodeEncodeError</code></a>.
encoding and errors must not be supplied if string is a
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>, or a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a> is raised.
Note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate">quote(string, safe, encoding, errors)</code> is equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">quote_from_bytes(string.encode(encoding, errors), safe)</code>.
Example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">quote('/El Niño/')</code> yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/'</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.quote_plus">
urllib.parse.quote_plus(string, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.quote_plus" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote" title="urllib.parse.quote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">quote()</code></a>, but also replace spaces with plus signs, as required for
quoting HTML form values when building up a query string to go into a URL.
Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless they are included in
safe. It also does not have safe default to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'/'</code>.
Example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">quote_plus('/El Niño/')</code> yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'%2FEl+Ni%C3%B1o%2F'</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes">
urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes(bytes, safe='/')<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote" title="urllib.parse.quote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">quote()</code></a>, but accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> object rather than a
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>, and does not perform string-to-bytes encoding.
Example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">quote_from_bytes(b'a&amp;\xef')</code> yields
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'a%26%EF'</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.unquote">
urllib.parse.unquote(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.unquote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Replace <code class="docutils literal notranslate">%xx</code> escapes with their single-character equivalent.
The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.decode" title="bytes.decode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">bytes.decode()</code></a> method.
string may be either a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> object.
encoding defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'utf-8'</code>.
errors defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'replace'</code>, meaning invalid sequences are replaced
by a placeholder character.
Example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unquote('/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/')</code> yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'/El Niño/'</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9: string parameter supports bytes and str objects (previously only str).
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.unquote_plus">
urllib.parse.unquote_plus(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.unquote_plus" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.unquote" title="urllib.parse.unquote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">unquote()</code></a>, but also replace plus signs with spaces, as required
for unquoting HTML form values.
string must be a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>.
Example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unquote_plus('/El+Ni%C3%B1o/')</code> yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'/El Niño/'</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes">
urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes(string)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Replace <code class="docutils literal notranslate">%xx</code> escapes with their single-octet equivalent, and return a
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> object.
string may be either a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> object.
If it is a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>, unescaped non-ASCII characters in string
are encoded into UTF-8 bytes.
Example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unquote_to_bytes('a%26%EF')</code> yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate">b'a&amp;\xef'</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="urllib.parse.urlencode">
urllib.parse.urlencode(query, doseq=False, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None, quote_via=quote_plus)<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert a mapping object or a sequence of two-element tuples, which may
contain <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> objects, to a percent-encoded ASCII
text string. If the resultant string is to be used as a data for POST
operation with the <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib.request.urlopen" title="urllib.request.urlopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urlopen()</code></a> function, then
it should be encoded to bytes, otherwise it would result in a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>.
The resulting string is a series of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">key=value</code> pairs separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&amp;'</code>
characters, where both key and value are quoted using the quote_via
function. By default, <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote_plus" title="urllib.parse.quote_plus"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">quote_plus()</code></a> is used to quote the values, which
means spaces are quoted as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'+'</code> character and ‘/’ characters are
encoded as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">%2F</code>, which follows the standard for GET requests
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code>). An alternate function that can be
passed as quote_via is <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote" title="urllib.parse.quote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">quote()</code></a>, which will encode spaces as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">%20</code>
and not encode ‘/’ characters. For maximum control of what is quoted, use
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">quote</code> and specify a value for safe.
When a sequence of two-element tuples is used as the query
argument, the first element of each tuple is a key and the second is a
value. The value element in itself can be a sequence and in that case, if
the optional parameter doseq evaluates to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, individual
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">key=value</code> pairs separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&amp;'</code> are generated for each element of
the value sequence for the key. The order of parameters in the encoded
string will match the order of parameter tuples in the sequence.
The safe, encoding, and errors parameters are passed down to
quote_via (the encoding and errors parameters are only passed
when a query element is a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>).
To reverse this encoding process, <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qs" title="urllib.parse.parse_qs"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">parse_qs()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qsl" title="urllib.parse.parse_qsl"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">parse_qsl()</code></a> are
provided in this module to parse query strings into Python data structures.
Refer to <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib-examples">urllib examples</a> to find out how the
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="urllib.parse.urlencode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse.urlencode()</code></a> method can be used for generating the query
string of a URL or data for a POST request.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: query supports bytes and string objects.
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5: quote_via parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/">WHATWG</a> - URL Living standard</dt><dd>Working Group for the URL Standard that defines URLs, domains, IP addresses, the
application/x-www-form-urlencoded format, and their API.
</dd>
<dt><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986.html">RFC 3986</a> - Uniform Resource Identifiers</dt><dd>This is the current standard (STD66). Any changes to urllib.parse module
should conform to this. Certain deviations could be observed, which are
mostly for backward compatibility purposes and for certain de-facto
parsing requirements as commonly observed in major browsers.
</dd>
<dt><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732.html">RFC 2732</a> - Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL’s.</dt><dd>This specifies the parsing requirements of IPv6 URLs.
</dd>
<dt><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396.html">RFC 2396</a> - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</dt><dd>Document describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource
Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).
</dd>
<dt><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2368.html">RFC 2368</a> - The mailto URL scheme.</dt><dd>Parsing requirements for mailto URL schemes.
</dd>
<dt><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808.html">RFC 1808</a> - Relative Uniform Resource Locators</dt><dd>This Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a
relative URL, including a fair number of “Abnormal Examples” which govern the
treatment of border cases.
</dd>
<dt><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738.html">RFC 1738</a> - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)</dt><dd>This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</section>
</section>

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 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse</code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-parsing">URL Parsing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-parsing-security">URL parsing security</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#structured-parse-results">Structured Parse Results</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-quoting">URL Quoting</a></li>
</ul>
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