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 <section id="module-pdb">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pdb</code></a> — The Python Debugger<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pdb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/pdb.py">Lib/pdb.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pdb</code></a> defines an interactive source code debugger for Python
programs. It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and single stepping at
the source line level, inspection of stack frames, source code listing, and
evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the context of any stack frame. It also
supports post-mortem debugging and can be called under program control.
The debugger is extensible – it is actually defined as the class <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Pdb</code></a>.
This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading the source. The
extension interface uses the modules <a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html#module-bdb" title="bdb: Debugger framework."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">bdb</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmd</code></a>.
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#module-faulthandler" title="faulthandler: Dump the Python traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">faulthandler</code></a></dt><dd>Used to dump Python tracebacks explicitly, on a fault, after a timeout,
or on a user signal.
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html#module-traceback" title="traceback: Print or retrieve a stack traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code></a></dt><dd>Standard interface to extract, format and print stack traces of Python programs.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
The debugger’s prompt is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(Pdb)</code>. Typical usage to run a program under control
of the debugger is:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import pdb
&gt;&gt;&gt; import mymodule
&gt;&gt;&gt; pdb.run(&#39;mymodule.test()&#39;)
&gt; &lt;string&gt;(0)?()
(Pdb) continue
&gt; &lt;string&gt;(1)?()
(Pdb) continue
NameError: &#39;spam&#39;
&gt; &lt;string&gt;(1)?()
(Pdb)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.3: Tab-completion via the <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">readline</code></a> module is available for commands and
command arguments, e.g. the current global and local names are offered as
arguments of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">p</code> command.
</div>
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate">pdb.py</code> can also be invoked as a script to debug other scripts. For
example:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>python -m pdb myscript.py
</pre></div>
</div>
When invoked as a script, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem debugging if
the program being debugged exits abnormally. After post-mortem debugging (or
after normal exit of the program), pdb will restart the program. Automatic
restarting preserves pdb’s state (such as breakpoints) and in most cases is more
useful than quitting the debugger upon program’s exit.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2: <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">pdb.py</code> now accepts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-c</code> option that executes commands as if given
in a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">.pdbrc</code> file, see <a class="reference internal" href="#debugger-commands">Debugger Commands</a>.
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7: <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">pdb.py</code> now accepts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-m</code> option that execute modules similar to the way
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">python -m</code> does. As with a script, the debugger will pause execution just
before the first line of the module.
</div>
The typical usage to break into the debugger is to insert:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
</pre></div>
</div>
at the location you want to break into the debugger, and then run the program.
You can then step through the code following this statement, and continue
running without the debugger using the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">continue</code></a> command.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7: The built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#breakpoint" title="breakpoint"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">breakpoint()</code></a>, when called with defaults, can be used
instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">import pdb; pdb.set_trace()</code>.
</div>
The typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import pdb
&gt;&gt;&gt; import mymodule
&gt;&gt;&gt; mymodule.test()
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
 File &quot;./mymodule.py&quot;, line 4, in test
 test2()
 File &quot;./mymodule.py&quot;, line 3, in test2
 print(spam)
NameError: spam
&gt;&gt;&gt; pdb.pm()
&gt; ./mymodule.py(3)test2()
-&gt; print(spam)
(Pdb)
</pre></div>
</div>
The module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger in a
slightly different way:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.run">
pdb.run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Execute the statement (given as a string or a code object) under debugger
control. The debugger prompt appears before any code is executed; you can
set breakpoints and type <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">continue</code></a>, or you can step through the
statement using <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">step</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">next</code></a> (all these commands are
explained below). The optional globals and locals arguments specify the
environment in which the code is executed; by default the dictionary of the
module <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where top-level code is run. Covers command-line interfaces, import-time behavior, and ``__name__ == '__main__'``."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">__main__</code></a> is used. (See the explanation of the built-in
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">exec()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval" title="eval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">eval()</code></a> functions.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.runeval">
pdb.runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runeval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Evaluate the expression (given as a string or a code object) under debugger
control. When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runeval" title="pdb.runeval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">runeval()</code></a> returns, it returns the value of the
expression. Otherwise this function is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.run" title="pdb.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">run()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.runcall">
pdb.runcall(function, *args, **kwds)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runcall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Call the function (a function or method object, not a string) with the
given arguments. When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runcall" title="pdb.runcall"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">runcall()</code></a> returns, it returns whatever the
function call returned. The debugger prompt appears as soon as the function
is entered.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.set_trace">
pdb.set_trace(*, header=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is useful to hard-code
a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the code is not
otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion fails). If given,
header is printed to the console just before debugging begins.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: The keyword-only argument header.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.post_mortem">
pdb.post_mortem(traceback=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.post_mortem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Enter post-mortem debugging of the given traceback object. If no
traceback is given, it uses the one of the exception that is currently
being handled (an exception must be being handled if the default is to be
used).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.pm">
pdb.pm()<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.pm" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.last_traceback" title="sys.last_traceback"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.last_traceback</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">run*</code> functions and <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="pdb.set_trace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">set_trace()</code></a> are aliases for instantiating the
<a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Pdb</code></a> class and calling the method of the same name. If you want to
access further features, you have to do this yourself:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb">
class pdb.Pdb(completekey='tab', stdin=None, stdout=None, skip=None, nosigint=False, readrc=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Pdb</code></a> is the debugger class.
The completekey, stdin and stdout arguments are passed to the
underlying <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">cmd.Cmd</code></a> class; see the description there.
The skip argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style module name
patterns. The debugger will not step into frames that originate in a module
that matches one of these patterns. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id3" id="id1">1</a>
By default, Pdb sets a handler for the SIGINT signal (which is sent when the
user presses <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C</kbd></kbd> on the console) when you give a <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">continue</code></a> command.
This allows you to break into the debugger again by pressing <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C</kbd></kbd>. If you
want Pdb not to touch the SIGINT handler, set nosigint to true.
The readrc argument defaults to true and controls whether Pdb will load
.pdbrc files from the filesystem.
Example call to enable tracing with skip:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import pdb; pdb.Pdb(skip=[&#39;django.*&#39;]).set_trace()
</pre></div>
</div>
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pdb.Pdb</code> with no arguments.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.1: The skip argument.
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2: The nosigint argument. Previously, a SIGINT handler was never set by
Pdb.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: The readrc argument.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.run">
run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.runeval">
runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runeval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.runcall">
runcall(function, *args, **kwds)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runcall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.set_trace">
set_trace()<a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.set_trace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>See the documentation for the functions explained above.
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<section id="debugger-commands">
<h2>Debugger Commands<a class="headerlink" href="#debugger-commands" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The commands recognized by the debugger are listed below. Most commands can be
abbreviated to one or two letters as indicated; e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">h(elp)</code> means that
either <code class="docutils literal notranslate">h</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">help</code> can be used to enter the help command (but not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">he</code>
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">hel</code>, nor <code class="docutils literal notranslate">H</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Help</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">HELP</code>). Arguments to commands must be
separated by whitespace (spaces or tabs). Optional arguments are enclosed in
square brackets (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">[]</code>) in the command syntax; the square brackets must not be
typed. Alternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical bar
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">|</code>).
Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered. Exception: if the last
command was a <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-list"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">list</code></a> command, the next 11 lines are listed.
Commands that the debugger doesn’t recognize are assumed to be Python statements
and are executed in the context of the program being debugged. Python
statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation point (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">!</code>). This is a
powerful way to inspect the program being debugged; it is even possible to
change a variable or call a function. When an exception occurs in such a
statement, the exception name is printed but the debugger’s state is not
changed.
The debugger supports <a class="reference internal" href="#debugger-aliases">aliases</a>. Aliases can have
parameters which allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under
examination.
Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">;;</code>. (A
single <code class="docutils literal notranslate">;</code> is not used as it is the separator for multiple commands in a line
that is passed to the Python parser.) No intelligence is applied to separating
the commands; the input is split at the first <code class="docutils literal notranslate">;;</code> pair, even if it is in the
middle of a quoted string. A workaround for strings with double semicolons
is to use implicit string concatenation <code class="docutils literal notranslate">';'';'</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;;&quot;&quot;;&quot;</code>.
If a file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">.pdbrc</code> exists in the user’s home directory or in the current
directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed at the debugger
prompt. This is particularly useful for aliases. If both files exist, the one
in the home directory is read first and aliases defined there can be overridden
by the local file.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">.pdbrc</code> can now contain commands that continue debugging, such as
<a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">continue</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">next</code></a>. Previously, these commands had no
effect.
</div>
<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-help">
h(elp) [command]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-help" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Without argument, print the list of available commands. With a command as
argument, print help about that command. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">help pdb</code> displays the full
documentation (the docstring of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pdb</code></a> module). Since the command
argument must be an identifier, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">help exec</code> must be entered to get help on
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">!</code> command.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-where">
w(here)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-where" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom. An arrow
indicates the current frame, which determines the context of most commands.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-down">
d(own) [count]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-down" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Move the current frame count (default one) levels down in the stack trace
(to a newer frame).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-up">
u(p) [count]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-up" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Move the current frame count (default one) levels up in the stack trace (to
an older frame).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-break">
b(reak) [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-break" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>With a lineno argument, set a break there in the current file. With a
function argument, set a break at the first executable statement within
that function. The line number may be prefixed with a filename and a colon,
to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that hasn’t been loaded
yet). The file is searched on <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.path</code></a>. Note that each breakpoint
is assigned a number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.
If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must evaluate to
true before the breakpoint is honored.
Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint, the number
of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current ignore count, and the
associated condition if any.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-tbreak">
tbreak [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-tbreak" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is first hit.
The arguments are the same as for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-break"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">break</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-clear">
cl(ear) [filename:lineno | bpnumber ...]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>With a filename:lineno argument, clear all the breakpoints at this line.
With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear those breakpoints.
Without argument, clear all breaks (but first ask confirmation).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-disable">
disable [bpnumber ...]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-disable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disable the breakpoints given as a space separated list of breakpoint
numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause the program to stop
execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it remains in the list of
breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-enable">
enable [bpnumber ...]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-enable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Enable the breakpoints specified.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-ignore">
ignore bpnumber [count]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-ignore" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If count is omitted,
the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint becomes active when the ignore
count is zero. When non-zero, the count is decremented each time the
breakpoint is reached and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated
condition evaluates to true.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-condition">
condition bpnumber [condition]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-condition" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set a new condition for the breakpoint, an expression which must evaluate
to true before the breakpoint is honored. If condition is absent, any
existing condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint is made unconditional.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-commands">
commands [bpnumber]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-commands" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number bpnumber. The commands
themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line containing just
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">end</code> to terminate the commands. An example:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>(Pdb) commands 1
(com) p some_variable
(com) end
(Pdb)
</pre></div>
</div>
To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type <code class="docutils literal notranslate">commands</code> and follow it
immediately with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">end</code>; that is, give no commands.
With no bpnumber argument, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">commands</code> refers to the last breakpoint set.
You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply use
the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">continue</code></a> command, or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">step</code></a>,
or any other command that resumes execution.
Specifying any command resuming execution
(currently <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">continue</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">step</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">next</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-return"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">return</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-jump"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">jump</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-quit"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">quit</code></a> and their abbreviations)
terminates the command list (as if
that command was immediately followed by end). This is because any time you
resume execution (even with a simple next or step), you may encounter another
breakpoint—which could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about
which list to execute.
If you use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">silent</code> command in the command list, the usual message about
stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may be desirable for breakpoints
that are to print a specific message and then continue. If none of the other
commands print anything, you see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-step">
s(tep)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-step" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion (either in a
function that is called or on the next line in the current function).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-next">
n(ext)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Continue execution until the next line in the current function is reached or
it returns. (The difference between <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">next</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">step</code></a> is
that <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">step</code></a> stops inside a called function, while <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">next</code></a>
executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only stopping at the next
line in the current function.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-until">
unt(il) [lineno]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-until" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Without argument, continue execution until the line with a number greater
than the current one is reached.
With lineno, continue execution until a line with a number greater or
equal to lineno is reached. In both cases, also stop when the current frame
returns.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Allow giving an explicit line number.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-return">
r(eturn)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-return" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Continue execution until the current function returns.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-continue">
c(ont(inue))<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-continue" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-jump">
j(ump) lineno<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-jump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the next line that will be executed. Only available in the bottom-most
frame. This lets you jump back and execute code again, or jump forward to
skip code that you don’t want to run.
It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed – for instance it is not
possible to jump into the middle of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">for</code></a> loop or out of a
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">finally</code></a> clause.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-list">
l(ist) [first[, last]]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>List source code for the current file. Without arguments, list 11 lines
around the current line or continue the previous listing. With <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.</code> as
argument, list 11 lines around the current line. With one argument,
list 11 lines around at that line. With two arguments, list the given range;
if the second argument is less than the first, it is interpreted as a count.
The current line in the current frame is indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-&gt;</code>. If an
exception is being debugged, the line where the exception was originally
raised or propagated is indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;&gt;</code>, if it differs from the current
line.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2: The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;&gt;</code> marker.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-ll">
ll | longlist<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-ll" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>List all source code for the current function or frame. Interesting lines
are marked as for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-list"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">list</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-args">
a(rgs)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-args" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print the argument list of the current function.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-p">
p expression<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-p" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Evaluate expression in the current context and print its value.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">print()</code> can also be used, but is not a debugger command — this executes the
Python <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print()</code></a> function.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-pp">
pp expression<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-pp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-p"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">p</code></a> command, except the value of expression is
pretty-printed using the <a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pprint</code></a> module.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-whatis">
whatis expression<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-whatis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print the type of expression.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-source">
source expression<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Try to get source code of expression and display it.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-display">
display [expression]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-display" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Display the value of expression if it changed, each time execution stops
in the current frame.
Without expression, list all display expressions for the current frame.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-undisplay">
undisplay [expression]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-undisplay" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Do not display expression anymore in the current frame. Without
expression, clear all display expressions for the current frame.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-interact">
interact<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-interact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Start an interactive interpreter (using the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#module-code" title="code: Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">code</code></a> module) whose global
namespace contains all the (global and local) names found in the current
scope.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-alias">
alias [name [command]]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-alias" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create an alias called name that executes command. The command must
not be enclosed in quotes. Replaceable parameters can be indicated by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">%1</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">%2</code>, and so on, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate">%*</code> is replaced by all the parameters.
If command is omitted, the current alias for name is shown. If no
arguments are given, all aliases are listed.
Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be legally typed at
the pdb prompt. Note that internal pdb commands can be overridden by
aliases. Such a command is then hidden until the alias is removed. Aliasing
is recursively applied to the first word of the command line; all other words
in the line are left alone.
As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed in the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate">.pdbrc</code> file):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre># Print instance variables (usage &quot;pi classInst&quot;)
alias pi for k in %1.__dict__.keys(): print(f&quot;%1.{k} = {%1.__dict__[k]}&quot;)
# Print instance variables in self
alias ps pi self
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-unalias">
unalias name<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-unalias" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Delete the specified alias name.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-0">
! statement<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Execute the (one-line) statement in the context of the current stack frame.
The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first word of the statement
resembles a debugger command. To set a global variable, you can prefix the
assignment command with a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#global"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">global</code></a> statement on the same line,
e.g.:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>(Pdb) global list_options; list_options = [&#39;-l&#39;]
(Pdb)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-run">
run [args ...]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-restart">
restart [args ...]<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-restart" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Restart the debugged Python program. If args is supplied, it is split
with <a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html#module-shlex" title="shlex: Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shlex</code></a> and the result is used as the new <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.argv" title="sys.argv"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.argv</code></a>.
History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are preserved.
<a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-restart"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">restart</code></a> is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-run"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate">run</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-quit">
q(uit)<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-quit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Quit from the debugger. The program being executed is aborted.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-debug">
debug code<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-debug" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Enter a recursive debugger that steps through code
(which is an arbitrary expression or statement to be
executed in the current environment).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std pdbcommand">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-retval">
retval<a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-retval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print the return value for the last return of a function.
</dd></dl>

Footnotes
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="id3"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></dt>
<dd>Whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain module
is determined by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__name__</code> in the frame globals.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>

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