Gecko [ fernandoquevedodop.com ]

Name	Size	Permission
2to3.html	70.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
__future__.html	20.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
__main__.html	44.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
_thread.html	30.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
abc.html	46.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
aifc.html	35.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
allos.html	34.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
archiving.html	17 KB	-rw-r--r--
argparse.html	300.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
array.html	37.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
ast.html	293.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
asynchat.html	37.41 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-api-index.html	27.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-dev.html	36.1 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-eventloop.html	204.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-exceptions.html	17.11 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-future.html	38.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-llapi-index.html	61.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-platforms.html	21.77 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-policy.html	39.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-protocol.html	118.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-queue.html	31.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-stream.html	69.98 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-subprocess.html	49.25 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-sync.html	42.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-task.html	109.14 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio.html	17.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncore.html	49.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
atexit.html	22.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
audioop.html	46 KB	-rw-r--r--
audit_events.html	72.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
base64.html	48.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
bdb.html	66 KB	-rw-r--r--
binary.html	15.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
binascii.html	36.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
binhex.html	15.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
bisect.html	43.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
builtins.html	14.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
bz2.html	50.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
calendar.html	69.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
cgi.html	59.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
cgitb.html	19.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
chunk.html	22.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
cmath.html	43.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
cmd.html	50.42 KB	-rw-r--r--
code.html	35.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
codecs.html	157.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
codeop.html	18.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
collections.abc.html	79.17 KB	-rw-r--r--
collections.html	189.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
colorsys.html	17.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
compileall.html	50.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrency.html	24.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrent.futures.html	79.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrent.html	11.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
configparser.html	159.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
constants.html	22.41 KB	-rw-r--r--
contextlib.html	117.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
contextvars.html	38.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
copy.html	17.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
copyreg.html	18.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
crypt.html	28.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
crypto.html	13.93 KB	-rw-r--r--
csv.html	82.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
ctypes.html	295.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.ascii.html	32.04 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.html	221.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.panel.html	22.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
custominterp.html	11.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
dataclasses.html	113.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
datatypes.html	31.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
datetime.html	374.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
dbm.html	51.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
debug.html	17 KB	-rw-r--r--
decimal.html	270.12 KB	-rw-r--r--
development.html	32.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
devmode.html	31.72 KB	-rw-r--r--
dialog.html	43.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
difflib.html	111.99 KB	-rw-r--r--
dis.html	136.07 KB	-rw-r--r--
distribution.html	13.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
distutils.html	14.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
doctest.html	199.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.charset.html	31.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.compat32-message.html	97.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.contentmanager.html	37.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.encoders.html	18.47 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.errors.html	24.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.examples.html	60.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.generator.html	48.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.header.html	37.61 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.headerregistry.html	66.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.html	30.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.iterators.html	18.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.message.html	99.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.mime.html	44.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.parser.html	57.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.policy.html	84.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.utils.html	42.57 KB	-rw-r--r--
ensurepip.html	23.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
enum.html	151 KB	-rw-r--r--
errno.html	60.17 KB	-rw-r--r--
exceptions.html	108.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
faulthandler.html	31.5 KB	-rw-r--r--
fcntl.html	36.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
filecmp.html	32.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
fileformats.html	13.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
fileinput.html	40.37 KB	-rw-r--r--
filesys.html	16.78 KB	-rw-r--r--
fnmatch.html	21.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
fractions.html	35.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
frameworks.html	16.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
ftplib.html	71.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
functional.html	12.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
functions.html	260.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
functools.html	92.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
gc.html	40.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
getopt.html	29.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
getpass.html	16.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
gettext.html	98.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
glob.html	27.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
graphlib.html	34.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
grp.html	16.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
gzip.html	45.65 KB	-rw-r--r--
hashlib.html	93.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
heapq.html	42.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
hmac.html	24.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.entities.html	14.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.html	14.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.parser.html	47.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.client.html	85.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.cookiejar.html	113.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.cookies.html	47.64 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.html	45.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.server.html	73.05 KB	-rw-r--r--
i18n.html	13.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
idle.html	77.18 KB	-rw-r--r--
imaplib.html	87.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
imghdr.html	17.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
imp.html	54.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
importlib.html	239.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
importlib.metadata.html	43.14 KB	-rw-r--r--
index.html	75.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
inspect.html	168.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
internet.html	29.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
intro.html	13.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
io.html	154.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
ipaddress.html	137.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
ipc.html	12.6 KB	-rw-r--r--
itertools.html	153.27 KB	-rw-r--r--
json.html	98.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
keyword.html	14.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
language.html	16.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
linecache.html	18.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
locale.html	77.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.config.html	100.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.handlers.html	146.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.html	169.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
lzma.html	66.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
mailbox.html	176.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
mailcap.html	20.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
markup.html	22.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
marshal.html	24.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
math.html	85.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
mimetypes.html	40.27 KB	-rw-r--r--
mm.html	11.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
mmap.html	55.53 KB	-rw-r--r--
modulefinder.html	23.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
modules.html	15.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
msilib.html	78.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
msvcrt.html	29.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.html	405.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.shared_memory....	60 KB	-rw-r--r--
netdata.html	20.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
netrc.html	20.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
nis.html	16.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
nntplib.html	84.93 KB	-rw-r--r--
numbers.html	45.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
numeric.html	19.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
operator.html	107.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
optparse.html	256.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
os.html	594.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
os.path.html	65.54 KB	-rw-r--r--
ossaudiodev.html	56.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
pathlib.html	170.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
pdb.html	68.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
persistence.html	19.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
pickle.html	154.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
pickletools.html	22.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
pipes.html	21.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
pkgutil.html	42.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
platform.html	45.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
plistlib.html	30.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
poplib.html	41.42 KB	-rw-r--r--
posix.html	20.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
pprint.html	55.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
profile.html	84.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
pty.html	23.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
pwd.html	16.84 KB	-rw-r--r--
py_compile.html	29 KB	-rw-r--r--
pyclbr.html	24.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
pydoc.html	19.59 KB	-rw-r--r--
pyexpat.html	104.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
python.html	22.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
queue.html	43.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
quopri.html	18.64 KB	-rw-r--r--
random.html	86.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
re.html	214.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
readline.html	50.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
reprlib.html	30.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
resource.html	48.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
rlcompleter.html	18.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
runpy.html	30.99 KB	-rw-r--r--
sched.html	27.04 KB	-rw-r--r--
secrets.html	30.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
security_warnings.html	16.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
select.html	74.58 KB	-rw-r--r--
selectors.html	41.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
shelve.html	36.54 KB	-rw-r--r--
shlex.html	61.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
shutil.html	100.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
signal.html	95.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
site.html	38.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
smtpd.html	44.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
smtplib.html	81.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
sndhdr.html	16.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
socket.html	256.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
socketserver.html	91.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
spwd.html	16.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
sqlite3.html	225.51 KB	-rw-r--r--
ssl.html	328.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
stat.html	57.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
statistics.html	123.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
stdtypes.html	615.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
string.html	108.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
stringprep.html	24.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
struct.html	70.58 KB	-rw-r--r--
subprocess.html	199.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
sunau.html	39.84 KB	-rw-r--r--
superseded.html	26.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
symtable.html	33.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
sys.html	198.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
sysconfig.html	39.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
syslog.html	27.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
tabnanny.html	16.18 KB	-rw-r--r--
tarfile.html	161.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
telnetlib.html	38.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
tempfile.html	58.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
termios.html	22.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
test.html	222.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
text.html	16.8 KB	-rw-r--r--
textwrap.html	48.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
threading.html	128.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
time.html	107.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
timeit.html	52.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
tk.html	28.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.colorchooser.html	14.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.dnd.html	17.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.font.html	22.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.html	106.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.messagebox.html	20.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.scrolledtext.html	14.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.tix.html	59.69 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.ttk.html	138.37 KB	-rw-r--r--
token.html	45.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
tokenize.html	39.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
trace.html	38.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
traceback.html	75.61 KB	-rw-r--r--
tracemalloc.html	122.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
tty.html	14.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
turtle.html	271.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
types.html	64.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
typing.html	315.69 KB	-rw-r--r--
unicodedata.html	27.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.html	310.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock-examples.html	177.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock.html	363.51 KB	-rw-r--r--
unix.html	13.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.error.html	18.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.html	12.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.parse.html	104.65 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.request.html	208.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.robotparser.html	22.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
uu.html	18.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
uuid.html	42.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
venv.html	90.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
warnings.html	69.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
wave.html	36.12 KB	-rw-r--r--
weakref.html	73.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
webbrowser.html	33.98 KB	-rw-r--r--
windows.html	12.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
winreg.html	89.48 KB	-rw-r--r--
winsound.html	26.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
wsgiref.html	111.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
xdrlib.html	42.07 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.html	114.66 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.minidom.html	49.6 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.pulldom.html	30.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.etree.elementtree.html	186.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.html	22.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.handler.html	55.78 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.html	31.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.reader.html	56.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.utils.html	22.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.client.html	79.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.html	11.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.server.html	63.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipapp.html	52.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipfile.html	116.59 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipimport.html	33.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
zlib.html	42.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
zoneinfo.html	57.25 KB	-rw-r--r--

Code Editor : traceback.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback &#8212; Python 3.10.12 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
 
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" />
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?2022.1" />
 
 <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
 
 <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
 
 <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
 title="Search within Python 3.10.12 documentation"
 href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
 <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
 <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
 <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
 <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
 <link rel="next" title="__future__ — Future statement definitions" href="__future__.html" />
 <link rel="prev" title="atexit — Exit handlers" href="atexit.html" />
 <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3.10/html/library/traceback.html" />

</head>
<body>
<div class="mobile-nav">
 <input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation"
 aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu" />
 <label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label">
 
 </label>
 <nav class="nav-content" role="navigation">
 <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo">
 <img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Logo"/>
 </a>
 <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon">
 <path fill-rule="nonzero"
 d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" fill="#444"></path>
 </svg>
 <input type="text" name="q" aria-label="Quick search"/>
 <input type="submit" value="Go"/>
 </form>
 </nav>
 <div class="menu-wrapper">
 <nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracebackexception-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TracebackException</code> Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#stacksummary-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code> Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#framesummary-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code> Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback-examples">Traceback Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
 <h3>Navigation</h3>
 <ul>
 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
 accesskey="I">index</a></li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
 >modules</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="__future__.html" title="__future__ — Future statement definitions"
 accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="atexit.html" title="atexit — Exit handlers"
 accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>

<li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
 <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="switchers">
 <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 
 </li>
 <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
 <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> &#187;
 </li>

<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="python.html" accesskey="U">Python Runtime Services</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li>
 <li class="right">

<div class="document">
 <div class="documentwrapper">
 <div class="bodywrapper">
 <div class="body" role="main">
 
 <section id="module-traceback">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-traceback" title="traceback: Print or retrieve a stack traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code></a> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback<a class="headerlink" href="#module-traceback" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/traceback.py">Lib/traceback.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
This module provides a standard interface to extract, format and print stack
traces of Python programs. It exactly mimics the behavior of the Python
interpreter when it prints a stack trace. This is useful when you want to print
stack traces under program control, such as in a “wrapper” around the
interpreter.
The module uses traceback objects — this is the object type that is stored in
the <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.last_traceback" title="sys.last_traceback"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.last_traceback</code></a> variable and returned as the third item from
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sys.exc_info()</code></a>.
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#module-faulthandler" title="faulthandler: Dump the Python traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">faulthandler</code></a></dt><dd>Used to dump Python tracebacks explicitly, on a fault, after a timeout, or on a user signal.
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pdb</code></a></dt><dd>Interactive source code debugger for Python programs.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
The module defines the following functions:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.print_tb">
traceback.print_tb(tb, limit=None, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.print_tb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print up to limit stack trace entries from traceback object tb (starting
from the caller’s frame) if limit is positive. Otherwise, print the last
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">abs(limit)</code> entries. If limit is omitted or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, all entries are
printed. If file is omitted or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, the output goes to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stderr</code>; otherwise it should be an open file or file-like object to
receive the output.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: Added negative limit support.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.print_exception">
traceback.print_exception(exc, /, [value, tb, ]limit=None, file=None, chain=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.print_exception" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print exception information and stack trace entries from traceback object
tb to file. This differs from <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_tb" title="traceback.print_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_tb()</code></a> in the following
ways:
<ul class="simple">
<li>if tb is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, it prints a header <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Traceback (most recent
call last):</code></li>
<li>it prints the exception type and value after the stack trace</li>
</ul>
<ul class="simple" id="index-1">
<li>if type(value) is <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">SyntaxError</code></a> and value has the appropriate
format, it prints the line where the syntax error occurred with a caret
indicating the approximate position of the error.</li>
</ul>
Since Python 3.10, instead of passing value and tb, an exception object
can be passed as the first argument. If value and tb are provided, the
first argument is ignored in order to provide backwards compatibility.
The optional limit argument has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_tb" title="traceback.print_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_tb()</code></a>.
If chain is true (the default), then chained exceptions (the
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__cause__</code> or <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__context__</code> attributes of the exception) will be
printed as well, like the interpreter itself does when printing an unhandled
exception.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The etype argument is ignored and inferred from the type of value.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The etype parameter has been renamed to exc and is now
positional-only.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.print_exc">
traceback.print_exc(limit=None, file=None, chain=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.print_exc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is a shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">print_exception(*sys.exc_info(), limit, file,
chain)</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.print_last">
traceback.print_last(limit=None, file=None, chain=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.print_last" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is a shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">print_exception(sys.last_type, sys.last_value,
sys.last_traceback, limit, file, chain)</code>. In general it will work only
after an exception has reached an interactive prompt (see
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.last_type" title="sys.last_type"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.last_type</code></a>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.print_stack">
traceback.print_stack(f=None, limit=None, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.print_stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print up to limit stack trace entries (starting from the invocation
point) if limit is positive. Otherwise, print the last <code class="docutils literal notranslate">abs(limit)</code>
entries. If limit is omitted or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, all entries are printed.
The optional f argument can be used to specify an alternate stack frame
to start. The optional file argument has the same meaning as for
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_tb" title="traceback.print_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_tb()</code></a>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: Added negative limit support.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.extract_tb">
traceback.extract_tb(tb, limit=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.extract_tb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> object representing a list of “pre-processed”
stack trace entries extracted from the traceback object tb. It is useful
for alternate formatting of stack traces. The optional limit argument has
the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_tb" title="traceback.print_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_tb()</code></a>. A “pre-processed” stack trace
entry is a <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a> object containing attributes
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">filename</code>, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">lineno</code>,
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">name</code>, and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">line</code> representing the
information that is usually printed for a stack trace. The
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">line</code> is a string with leading and trailing
whitespace stripped; if the source is not available it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.extract_stack">
traceback.extract_stack(f=None, limit=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.extract_stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Extract the raw traceback from the current stack frame. The return value has
the same format as for <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.extract_tb" title="traceback.extract_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">extract_tb()</code></a>. The optional f and limit
arguments have the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_stack" title="traceback.print_stack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_stack()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.format_list">
traceback.format_list(extracted_list)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.format_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Given a list of tuples or <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a> objects as returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.extract_tb" title="traceback.extract_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">extract_tb()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.extract_stack" title="traceback.extract_stack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">extract_stack()</code></a>, return a list of strings ready
for printing. Each string in the resulting list corresponds to the item with
the same index in the argument list. Each string ends in a newline; the
strings may contain internal newlines as well, for those items whose source
text line is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.format_exception_only">
traceback.format_exception_only(exc, /[, value])<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.format_exception_only" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Format the exception part of a traceback using an exception value such as
given by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.last_value</code>. The return value is a list of strings, each
ending in a newline. Normally, the list contains a single string; however,
for <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">SyntaxError</code></a> exceptions, it contains several lines that (when
printed) display detailed information about where the syntax error occurred.
The message indicating which exception occurred is the always last string in
the list.
Since Python 3.10, instead of passing value, an exception object
can be passed as the first argument. If value is provided, the first
argument is ignored in order to provide backwards compatibility.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The etype parameter has been renamed to exc and is now
positional-only.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.format_exception">
traceback.format_exception(exc, /, [value, tb, ]limit=None, chain=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.format_exception" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Format a stack trace and the exception information. The arguments have the
same meaning as the corresponding arguments to <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_exception" title="traceback.print_exception"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_exception()</code></a>. The
return value is a list of strings, each ending in a newline and some
containing internal newlines. When these lines are concatenated and printed,
exactly the same text is printed as does <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_exception" title="traceback.print_exception"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_exception()</code></a>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The etype argument is ignored and inferred from the type of value.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: This function’s behavior and signature were modified to match
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_exception" title="traceback.print_exception"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_exception()</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.format_exc">
traceback.format_exc(limit=None, chain=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.format_exc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is like <code class="docutils literal notranslate">print_exc(limit)</code> but returns a string instead of printing to
a file.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.format_tb">
traceback.format_tb(tb, limit=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.format_tb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">format_list(extract_tb(tb, limit))</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.format_stack">
traceback.format_stack(f=None, limit=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.format_stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">format_list(extract_stack(f, limit))</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.clear_frames">
traceback.clear_frames(tb)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.clear_frames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Clears the local variables of all the stack frames in a traceback tb
by calling the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">clear()</code> method of each frame object.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.walk_stack">
traceback.walk_stack(f)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.walk_stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Walk a stack following <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f.f_back</code> from the given frame, yielding the frame
and line number for each frame. If f is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, the current stack is
used. This helper is used with <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary.extract" title="traceback.StackSummary.extract"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary.extract()</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.walk_tb">
traceback.walk_tb(tb)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.walk_tb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Walk a traceback following <code class="docutils literal notranslate">tb_next</code> yielding the frame and line number
for each frame. This helper is used with <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary.extract" title="traceback.StackSummary.extract"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary.extract()</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The module also defines the following classes:
<section id="tracebackexception-objects">
<h2><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.TracebackException" title="traceback.TracebackException"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TracebackException</code></a> Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#tracebackexception-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.TracebackException" title="traceback.TracebackException"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TracebackException</code></a> objects are created from actual exceptions to
capture data for later printing in a lightweight fashion.
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException">
class traceback.TracebackException(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback, *, limit=None, lookup_lines=True, capture_locals=False, compact=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Capture an exception for later rendering. limit, lookup_lines and
capture_locals are as for the <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> class.
If compact is true, only data that is required by <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.TracebackException" title="traceback.TracebackException"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TracebackException</code></a>’s
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">format</code> method is saved in the class attributes. In particular, the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">__context__</code> field is calculated only if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__cause__</code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">__suppress_context__</code> is false.
Note that when locals are captured, they are also shown in the traceback.
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.__cause__">
__cause__<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.__cause__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.TracebackException" title="traceback.TracebackException"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TracebackException</code></a> of the original <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__cause__</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.__context__">
__context__<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.__context__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.TracebackException" title="traceback.TracebackException"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TracebackException</code></a> of the original <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__context__</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.__suppress_context__">
__suppress_context__<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.__suppress_context__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__suppress_context__</code> value from the original exception.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.stack">
stack<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> representing the traceback.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.exc_type">
exc_type<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.exc_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The class of the original traceback.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.filename">
filename<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.filename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>For syntax errors - the file name where the error occurred.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.lineno">
lineno<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>For syntax errors - the line number where the error occurred.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.end_lineno">
end_lineno<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.end_lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>For syntax errors - the end line number where the error occurred.
Can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> if not present.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.text">
text<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>For syntax errors - the text where the error occurred.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.offset">
offset<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.offset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>For syntax errors - the offset into the text where the error occurred.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.end_offset">
end_offset<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.end_offset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>For syntax errors - the end offset into the text where the error occurred.
Can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> if not present.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.msg">
msg<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.msg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>For syntax errors - the compiler error message.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.from_exception">
classmethod from_exception(exc, *, limit=None, lookup_lines=True, capture_locals=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.from_exception" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Capture an exception for later rendering. limit, lookup_lines and
capture_locals are as for the <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> class.
Note that when locals are captured, they are also shown in the traceback.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.format">
format(*, chain=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Format the exception.
If chain is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__cause__</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__context__</code> will not
be formatted.
The return value is a generator of strings, each ending in a newline and
some containing internal newlines. <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.print_exception" title="traceback.print_exception"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">print_exception()</code></a>
is a wrapper around this method which just prints the lines to a file.
The message indicating which exception occurred is always the last
string in the output.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.TracebackException.format_exception_only">
format_exception_only()<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.TracebackException.format_exception_only" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Format the exception part of the traceback.
The return value is a generator of strings, each ending in a newline.
Normally, the generator emits a single string; however, for
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">SyntaxError</code></a> exceptions, it emits several lines that (when
printed) display detailed information about where the syntax
error occurred.
The message indicating which exception occurred is always the last
string in the output.
</dd></dl>

<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: Added the compact parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="stacksummary-objects">
<h2><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#stacksummary-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> objects represent a call stack ready for formatting.
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.StackSummary">
class traceback.StackSummary<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.StackSummary.extract">
classmethod extract(frame_gen, *, limit=None, lookup_lines=True, capture_locals=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.StackSummary.extract" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> object from a frame generator (such as
is returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.walk_stack" title="traceback.walk_stack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">walk_stack()</code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.walk_tb" title="traceback.walk_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">walk_tb()</code></a>).
If limit is supplied, only this many frames are taken from frame_gen.
If lookup_lines is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>, the returned <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a>
objects will not have read their lines in yet, making the cost of
creating the <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> cheaper (which may be valuable if it
may not actually get formatted). If capture_locals is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> the
local variables in each <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a> are captured as object
representations.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.StackSummary.from_list">
classmethod from_list(a_list)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.StackSummary.from_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code></a> object from a supplied list of
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a> objects or old-style list of tuples. Each tuple
should be a 4-tuple with filename, lineno, name, line as the elements.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.StackSummary.format">
format()<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.StackSummary.format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Returns a list of strings ready for printing. Each string in the
resulting list corresponds to a single frame from the stack.
Each string ends in a newline; the strings may contain internal
newlines as well, for those items with source text lines.
For long sequences of the same frame and line, the first few
repetitions are shown, followed by a summary line stating the exact
number of further repetitions.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Long sequences of repeated frames are now abbreviated.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="framesummary-objects">
<h2><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a> Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#framesummary-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
<a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a> objects represent a single frame in a traceback.
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="traceback.FrameSummary">
class traceback.FrameSummary(filename, lineno, name, lookup_line=True, locals=None, line=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Represent a single frame in the traceback or stack that is being formatted
or printed. It may optionally have a stringified version of the frames
locals included in it. If lookup_line is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>, the source code is not
looked up until the <a class="reference internal" href="#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code></a> has the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">line</code>
attribute accessed (which also happens when casting it to a tuple).
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">line</code> may be directly provided, and will prevent line
lookups happening at all. locals is an optional local variable
dictionary, and if supplied the variable representations are stored in the
summary for later display.
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="traceback-examples">
<h2>Traceback Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
This simple example implements a basic read-eval-print loop, similar to (but
less useful than) the standard Python interactive interpreter loop. For a more
complete implementation of the interpreter loop, refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#module-code" title="code: Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">code</code></a>
module.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sys, traceback

def run_user_code(envdir):
 source = input(&quot;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;)
 try:
 exec(source, envdir)
 except Exception:
 print(&quot;Exception in user code:&quot;)
 print(&quot;-&quot;*60)
 traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
 print(&quot;-&quot;*60)

envdir = {}
while True:
 run_user_code(envdir)
</pre></div>
</div>
The following example demonstrates the different ways to print and format the
exception and traceback:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sys, traceback

def lumberjack():
 bright_side_of_life()

def bright_side_of_life():
 return tuple()[0]

try:
 lumberjack()
except IndexError:
 exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()
 print(&quot;*** print_tb:&quot;)
 traceback.print_tb(exc_traceback, limit=1, file=sys.stdout)
 print(&quot;*** print_exception:&quot;)
 traceback.print_exception(exc_value, limit=2, file=sys.stdout)
 print(&quot;*** print_exc:&quot;)
 traceback.print_exc(limit=2, file=sys.stdout)
 print(&quot;*** format_exc, first and last line:&quot;)
 formatted_lines = traceback.format_exc().splitlines()
 print(formatted_lines[0])
 print(formatted_lines[-1])
 print(&quot;*** format_exception:&quot;)
 print(repr(traceback.format_exception(exc_value)))
 print(&quot;*** extract_tb:&quot;)
 print(repr(traceback.extract_tb(exc_traceback)))
 print(&quot;*** format_tb:&quot;)
 print(repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback)))
 print(&quot;*** tb_lineno:&quot;, exc_traceback.tb_lineno)
</pre></div>
</div>
The output for the example would look similar to this:
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>*** print_tb:
 File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;
 lumberjack()
*** print_exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;
 lumberjack()
 File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 4, in lumberjack
 bright_side_of_life()
IndexError: tuple index out of range
*** print_exc:
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;
 lumberjack()
 File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 4, in lumberjack
 bright_side_of_life()
IndexError: tuple index out of range
*** format_exc, first and last line:
Traceback (most recent call last):
IndexError: tuple index out of range
*** format_exception:
[&#39;Traceback (most recent call last):\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;\n lumberjack()\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 4, in lumberjack\n bright_side_of_life()\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 7, in bright_side_of_life\n return tuple()[0]\n&#39;,
 &#39;IndexError: tuple index out of range\n&#39;]
*** extract_tb:
[&lt;FrameSummary file &lt;doctest...&gt;, line 10 in &lt;module&gt;&gt;,
 &lt;FrameSummary file &lt;doctest...&gt;, line 4 in lumberjack&gt;,
 &lt;FrameSummary file &lt;doctest...&gt;, line 7 in bright_side_of_life&gt;]
*** format_tb:
[&#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;\n lumberjack()\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 4, in lumberjack\n bright_side_of_life()\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest...&gt;&quot;, line 7, in bright_side_of_life\n return tuple()[0]\n&#39;]
*** tb_lineno: 10
</pre></div>
</div>
The following example shows the different ways to print and format the stack:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import traceback
&gt;&gt;&gt; def another_function():
... lumberstack()
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; def lumberstack():
... traceback.print_stack()
... print(repr(traceback.extract_stack()))
... print(repr(traceback.format_stack()))
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; another_function()
 File &quot;&lt;doctest&gt;&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;
 another_function()
 File &quot;&lt;doctest&gt;&quot;, line 3, in another_function
 lumberstack()
 File &quot;&lt;doctest&gt;&quot;, line 6, in lumberstack
 traceback.print_stack()
[(&#39;&lt;doctest&gt;&#39;, 10, &#39;&lt;module&gt;&#39;, &#39;another_function()&#39;),
 (&#39;&lt;doctest&gt;&#39;, 3, &#39;another_function&#39;, &#39;lumberstack()&#39;),
 (&#39;&lt;doctest&gt;&#39;, 7, &#39;lumberstack&#39;, &#39;print(repr(traceback.extract_stack()))&#39;)]
[&#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest&gt;&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;\n another_function()\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest&gt;&quot;, line 3, in another_function\n lumberstack()\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;&lt;doctest&gt;&quot;, line 8, in lumberstack\n print(repr(traceback.format_stack()))\n&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
This last example demonstrates the final few formatting functions:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import traceback
&gt;&gt;&gt; traceback.format_list([(&#39;spam.py&#39;, 3, &#39;&lt;module&gt;&#39;, &#39;spam.eggs()&#39;),
... (&#39;eggs.py&#39;, 42, &#39;eggs&#39;, &#39;return &quot;bacon&quot;&#39;)])
[&#39; File &quot;spam.py&quot;, line 3, in &lt;module&gt;\n spam.eggs()\n&#39;,
 &#39; File &quot;eggs.py&quot;, line 42, in eggs\n return &quot;bacon&quot;\n&#39;]
&gt;&gt;&gt; an_error = IndexError(&#39;tuple index out of range&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; traceback.format_exception_only(type(an_error), an_error)
[&#39;IndexError: tuple index out of range\n&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>

<div class="clearer"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracebackexception-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TracebackException</code> Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#stacksummary-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StackSummary</code> Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#framesummary-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">FrameSummary</code> Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback-examples">Traceback Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<h4>Previous topic</h4>
 <a href="atexit.html"
 title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">atexit</code> — Exit handlers</a>
 <h4>Next topic</h4>
 <a href="__future__.html"
 title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">__future__</code> — Future statement definitions</a>
 <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
 <h3>This Page</h3>
 <ul class="this-page-menu">
 <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
 <li>
 <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Doc/library/traceback.rst"
 rel="nofollow">Show Source
 </a>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="clearer"></div>
 </div> 
 <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
 <h3>Navigation</h3>
 <ul>
 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
 >index</a></li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
 >modules</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="__future__.html" title="__future__ — Future statement definitions"
 >next</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="atexit.html" title="atexit — Exit handlers"
 >previous</a> |</li>

<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="python.html" >Python Runtime Services</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li>
 <li class="right">

<div class="inline-search" role="search">
 <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
 <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
 <input type="submit" value="Go" />
 <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
 <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
 </form>
 </div>
 |
 </li>
 
 </ul>
 </div> 
 <div class="footer">
 &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2026, Python Software Foundation.
 
 This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
 
 Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
 
 See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.

The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>

Last updated on January 26, 2026.
 <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?

Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.3.2.
 </div>

</body>
</html>

${this.title}

Code Editor : traceback.html