Gecko [ fernandoquevedodop.com ]

Name	Size	Permission
2to3.html	70.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
__future__.html	20.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
__main__.html	44.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
_thread.html	30.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
abc.html	46.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
aifc.html	35.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
allos.html	34.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
archiving.html	17 KB	-rw-r--r--
argparse.html	300.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
array.html	37.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
ast.html	293.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
asynchat.html	37.41 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-api-index.html	27.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-dev.html	36.1 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-eventloop.html	204.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-exceptions.html	17.11 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-future.html	38.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-llapi-index.html	61.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-platforms.html	21.77 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-policy.html	39.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-protocol.html	118.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-queue.html	31.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-stream.html	69.98 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-subprocess.html	49.25 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-sync.html	42.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-task.html	109.14 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio.html	17.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncore.html	49.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
atexit.html	22.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
audioop.html	46 KB	-rw-r--r--
audit_events.html	72.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
base64.html	48.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
bdb.html	66 KB	-rw-r--r--
binary.html	15.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
binascii.html	36.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
binhex.html	15.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
bisect.html	43.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
builtins.html	14.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
bz2.html	50.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
calendar.html	69.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
cgi.html	59.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
cgitb.html	19.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
chunk.html	22.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
cmath.html	43.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
cmd.html	50.42 KB	-rw-r--r--
code.html	35.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
codecs.html	157.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
codeop.html	18.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
collections.abc.html	79.17 KB	-rw-r--r--
collections.html	189.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
colorsys.html	17.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
compileall.html	50.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrency.html	24.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrent.futures.html	79.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrent.html	11.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
configparser.html	159.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
constants.html	22.41 KB	-rw-r--r--
contextlib.html	117.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
contextvars.html	38.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
copy.html	17.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
copyreg.html	18.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
crypt.html	28.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
crypto.html	13.93 KB	-rw-r--r--
csv.html	82.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
ctypes.html	295.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.ascii.html	32.04 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.html	221.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.panel.html	22.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
custominterp.html	11.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
dataclasses.html	113.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
datatypes.html	31.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
datetime.html	374.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
dbm.html	51.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
debug.html	17 KB	-rw-r--r--
decimal.html	270.12 KB	-rw-r--r--
development.html	32.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
devmode.html	31.72 KB	-rw-r--r--
dialog.html	43.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
difflib.html	111.99 KB	-rw-r--r--
dis.html	136.07 KB	-rw-r--r--
distribution.html	13.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
distutils.html	14.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
doctest.html	199.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.charset.html	31.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.compat32-message.html	97.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.contentmanager.html	37.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.encoders.html	18.47 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.errors.html	24.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.examples.html	60.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.generator.html	48.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.header.html	37.61 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.headerregistry.html	66.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.html	30.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.iterators.html	18.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.message.html	99.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.mime.html	44.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.parser.html	57.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.policy.html	84.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.utils.html	42.57 KB	-rw-r--r--
ensurepip.html	23.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
enum.html	151 KB	-rw-r--r--
errno.html	60.17 KB	-rw-r--r--
exceptions.html	108.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
faulthandler.html	31.5 KB	-rw-r--r--
fcntl.html	36.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
filecmp.html	32.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
fileformats.html	13.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
fileinput.html	40.37 KB	-rw-r--r--
filesys.html	16.78 KB	-rw-r--r--
fnmatch.html	21.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
fractions.html	35.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
frameworks.html	16.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
ftplib.html	71.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
functional.html	12.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
functions.html	260.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
functools.html	92.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
gc.html	40.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
getopt.html	29.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
getpass.html	16.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
gettext.html	98.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
glob.html	27.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
graphlib.html	34.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
grp.html	16.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
gzip.html	45.65 KB	-rw-r--r--
hashlib.html	93.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
heapq.html	42.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
hmac.html	24.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.entities.html	14.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.html	14.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.parser.html	47.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.client.html	85.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.cookiejar.html	113.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.cookies.html	47.64 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.html	45.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.server.html	73.05 KB	-rw-r--r--
i18n.html	13.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
idle.html	77.18 KB	-rw-r--r--
imaplib.html	87.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
imghdr.html	17.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
imp.html	54.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
importlib.html	239.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
importlib.metadata.html	43.14 KB	-rw-r--r--
index.html	75.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
inspect.html	168.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
internet.html	29.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
intro.html	13.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
io.html	154.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
ipaddress.html	137.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
ipc.html	12.6 KB	-rw-r--r--
itertools.html	153.27 KB	-rw-r--r--
json.html	98.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
keyword.html	14.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
language.html	16.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
linecache.html	18.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
locale.html	77.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.config.html	100.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.handlers.html	146.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.html	169.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
lzma.html	66.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
mailbox.html	176.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
mailcap.html	20.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
markup.html	22.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
marshal.html	24.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
math.html	85.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
mimetypes.html	40.27 KB	-rw-r--r--
mm.html	11.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
mmap.html	55.53 KB	-rw-r--r--
modulefinder.html	23.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
modules.html	15.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
msilib.html	78.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
msvcrt.html	29.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.html	405.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.shared_memory....	60 KB	-rw-r--r--
netdata.html	20.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
netrc.html	20.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
nis.html	16.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
nntplib.html	84.93 KB	-rw-r--r--
numbers.html	45.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
numeric.html	19.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
operator.html	107.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
optparse.html	256.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
os.html	594.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
os.path.html	65.54 KB	-rw-r--r--
ossaudiodev.html	56.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
pathlib.html	170.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
pdb.html	68.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
persistence.html	19.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
pickle.html	154.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
pickletools.html	22.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
pipes.html	21.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
pkgutil.html	42.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
platform.html	45.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
plistlib.html	30.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
poplib.html	41.42 KB	-rw-r--r--
posix.html	20.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
pprint.html	55.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
profile.html	84.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
pty.html	23.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
pwd.html	16.84 KB	-rw-r--r--
py_compile.html	29 KB	-rw-r--r--
pyclbr.html	24.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
pydoc.html	19.59 KB	-rw-r--r--
pyexpat.html	104.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
python.html	22.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
queue.html	43.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
quopri.html	18.64 KB	-rw-r--r--
random.html	86.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
re.html	214.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
readline.html	50.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
reprlib.html	30.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
resource.html	48.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
rlcompleter.html	18.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
runpy.html	30.99 KB	-rw-r--r--
sched.html	27.04 KB	-rw-r--r--
secrets.html	30.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
security_warnings.html	16.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
select.html	74.58 KB	-rw-r--r--
selectors.html	41.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
shelve.html	36.54 KB	-rw-r--r--
shlex.html	61.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
shutil.html	100.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
signal.html	95.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
site.html	38.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
smtpd.html	44.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
smtplib.html	81.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
sndhdr.html	16.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
socket.html	256.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
socketserver.html	91.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
spwd.html	16.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
sqlite3.html	225.51 KB	-rw-r--r--
ssl.html	328.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
stat.html	57.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
statistics.html	123.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
stdtypes.html	615.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
string.html	108.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
stringprep.html	24.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
struct.html	70.58 KB	-rw-r--r--
subprocess.html	199.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
sunau.html	39.84 KB	-rw-r--r--
superseded.html	26.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
symtable.html	33.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
sys.html	198.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
sysconfig.html	39.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
syslog.html	27.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
tabnanny.html	16.18 KB	-rw-r--r--
tarfile.html	161.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
telnetlib.html	38.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
tempfile.html	58.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
termios.html	22.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
test.html	222.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
text.html	16.8 KB	-rw-r--r--
textwrap.html	48.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
threading.html	128.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
time.html	107.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
timeit.html	52.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
tk.html	28.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.colorchooser.html	14.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.dnd.html	17.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.font.html	22.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.html	106.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.messagebox.html	20.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.scrolledtext.html	14.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.tix.html	59.69 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.ttk.html	138.37 KB	-rw-r--r--
token.html	45.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
tokenize.html	39.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
trace.html	38.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
traceback.html	75.61 KB	-rw-r--r--
tracemalloc.html	122.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
tty.html	14.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
turtle.html	271.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
types.html	64.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
typing.html	315.69 KB	-rw-r--r--
unicodedata.html	27.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.html	310.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock-examples.html	177.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock.html	363.51 KB	-rw-r--r--
unix.html	13.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.error.html	18.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.html	12.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.parse.html	104.65 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.request.html	208.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.robotparser.html	22.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
uu.html	18.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
uuid.html	42.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
venv.html	90.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
warnings.html	69.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
wave.html	36.12 KB	-rw-r--r--
weakref.html	73.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
webbrowser.html	33.98 KB	-rw-r--r--
windows.html	12.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
winreg.html	89.48 KB	-rw-r--r--
winsound.html	26.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
wsgiref.html	111.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
xdrlib.html	42.07 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.html	114.66 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.minidom.html	49.6 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.pulldom.html	30.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.etree.elementtree.html	186.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.html	22.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.handler.html	55.78 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.html	31.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.reader.html	56.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.utils.html	22.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.client.html	79.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.html	11.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.server.html	63.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipapp.html	52.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipfile.html	116.59 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipimport.html	33.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
zlib.html	42.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
zoneinfo.html	57.25 KB	-rw-r--r--

Code Editor : json.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>json — JSON encoder and decoder &#8212; Python 3.10.12 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
 
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" />
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?2022.1" />
 
 <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
 
 <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
 
 <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
 title="Search within Python 3.10.12 documentation"
 href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
 <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
 <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
 <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
 <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
 <link rel="next" title="mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats" href="mailbox.html" />
 <link rel="prev" title="email.iterators: Iterators" href="email.iterators.html" />
 <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3.10/html/library/json.html" />

</head>
<body>
<div class="mobile-nav">
 <input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation"
 aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu" />
 <label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label">
 
 </label>
 <nav class="nav-content" role="navigation">
 <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo">
 <img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Logo"/>
 </a>
 <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon">
 <path fill-rule="nonzero"
 d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" fill="#444"></path>
 </svg>
 <input type="text" name="q" aria-label="Quick search"/>
 <input type="submit" value="Go"/>
 </form>
 </nav>
 <div class="menu-wrapper">
 <nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#encoders-and-decoders">Encoders and Decoders</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-compliance-and-interoperability">Standard Compliance and Interoperability</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#character-encodings">Character Encodings</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#infinite-and-nan-number-values">Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#repeated-names-within-an-object">Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementation-limitations">Implementation Limitations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-json.tool">Command Line Interface</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
 <h3>Navigation</h3>
 <ul>
 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
 accesskey="I">index</a></li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
 >modules</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="mailbox.html" title="mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"
 accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="email.iterators.html" title="email.iterators: Iterators"
 accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>

<li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
 <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="switchers">
 <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 
 </li>
 <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
 <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> &#187;
 </li>

<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="netdata.html" accesskey="U">Internet Data Handling</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li>
 <li class="right">

<div class="document">
 <div class="documentwrapper">
 <div class="bodywrapper">
 <div class="body" role="main">
 
 <section id="module-json">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-json" title="json: Encode and decode the JSON format."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code></a> — JSON encoder and decoder<a class="headerlink" href="#module-json" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/json/__init__.py">Lib/json/__init__.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
<a class="reference external" href="https://json.org">JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)</a>, specified by
<a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7159.html">RFC 7159</a> (which obsoletes <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4627.html">RFC 4627</a>) and by
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/">ECMA-404</a>,
is a lightweight data interchange format inspired by
<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a> object literal syntax
(although it is not a strict subset of JavaScript <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#rfc-errata" id="id1">1</a> ).
<div class="admonition warning">
Warning
Be cautious when parsing JSON data from untrusted sources. A malicious
JSON string may cause the decoder to consume considerable CPU and memory
resources. Limiting the size of data to be parsed is recommended.
</div>
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-json" title="json: Encode and decode the JSON format."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code></a> exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
<a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html#module-marshal" title="marshal: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">marshal</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickle</code></a> modules.
Encoding basic Python object hierarchies:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import json
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.dumps([&#39;foo&#39;, {&#39;bar&#39;: (&#39;baz&#39;, None, 1.0, 2)}])
&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;: [&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(json.dumps(&quot;\&quot;foo\bar&quot;))
&quot;\&quot;foo\bar&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(json.dumps(&#39;\u1234&#39;))
&quot;\u1234&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(json.dumps(&#39;\\&#39;))
&quot;\\&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(json.dumps({&quot;c&quot;: 0, &quot;b&quot;: 0, &quot;a&quot;: 0}, sort_keys=True))
{&quot;a&quot;: 0, &quot;b&quot;: 0, &quot;c&quot;: 0}
&gt;&gt;&gt; from io import StringIO
&gt;&gt;&gt; io = StringIO()
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.dump([&#39;streaming API&#39;], io)
&gt;&gt;&gt; io.getvalue()
&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
Compact encoding:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import json
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.dumps([1, 2, 3, {&#39;4&#39;: 5, &#39;6&#39;: 7}], separators=(&#39;,&#39;, &#39;:&#39;))
&#39;[1,2,3,{&quot;4&quot;:5,&quot;6&quot;:7}]&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
Pretty printing:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import json
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(json.dumps({&#39;4&#39;: 5, &#39;6&#39;: 7}, sort_keys=True, indent=4))
{
 &quot;4&quot;: 5,
 &quot;6&quot;: 7
}
</pre></div>
</div>
Decoding JSON:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import json
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.loads(&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;:[&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;)
[&#39;foo&#39;, {&#39;bar&#39;: [&#39;baz&#39;, None, 1.0, 2]}]
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.loads(&#39;&quot;\\&quot;foo\\bar&quot;&#39;)
&#39;&quot;foo\x08ar&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; from io import StringIO
&gt;&gt;&gt; io = StringIO(&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.load(io)
[&#39;streaming API&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
Specializing JSON object decoding:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import json
&gt;&gt;&gt; def as_complex(dct):
... if &#39;__complex__&#39; in dct:
... return complex(dct[&#39;real&#39;], dct[&#39;imag&#39;])
... return dct
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.loads(&#39;{&quot;__complex__&quot;: true, &quot;real&quot;: 1, &quot;imag&quot;: 2}&#39;,
... object_hook=as_complex)
(1+2j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; import decimal
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.loads(&#39;1.1&#39;, parse_float=decimal.Decimal)
Decimal(&#39;1.1&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
Extending <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">JSONEncoder</code></a>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import json
&gt;&gt;&gt; class ComplexEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
... def default(self, obj):
... if isinstance(obj, complex):
... return [obj.real, obj.imag]
... # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
... return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.dumps(2 + 1j, cls=ComplexEncoder)
&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; ComplexEncoder().encode(2 + 1j)
&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; list(ComplexEncoder().iterencode(2 + 1j))
[&#39;[2.0&#39;, &#39;, 1.0&#39;, &#39;]&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
Using <a class="reference internal" href="#module-json.tool" title="json.tool: A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json.tool</code></a> from the shell to validate and pretty-print:
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ echo &#39;{&quot;json&quot;:&quot;obj&quot;}&#39; | python -m json.tool
{
 &quot;json&quot;: &quot;obj&quot;
}
$ echo &#39;{1.2:3.4}&#39; | python -m json.tool
Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)
</pre></div>
</div>
See <a class="reference internal" href="#json-commandline">Command Line Interface</a> for detailed documentation.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
JSON is a subset of <a class="reference external" href="https://yaml.org/">YAML</a> 1.2. The JSON produced by
this module’s default settings (in particular, the default separators
value) is also a subset of YAML 1.0 and 1.1. This module can thus also be
used as a YAML serializer.
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
This module’s encoders and decoders preserve input and output order by
default. Order is only lost if the underlying containers are unordered.
</div>
<section id="basic-usage">
<h2>Basic Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.dump">
json.dump(obj, fp, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.dump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Serialize obj as a JSON formatted stream to fp (a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.write()</code>-supporting
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object">file-like object</a>) using this <a class="reference internal" href="#py-to-json-table">conversion table</a>.
If skipkeys is true (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>), then dict keys that are not
of a basic type (<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">int</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bool</code></a>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>) will be skipped instead of raising a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>.
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-json" title="json: Encode and decode the JSON format."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code></a> module always produces <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> objects, not
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> objects. Therefore, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fp.write()</code> must support <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>
input.
If ensure_ascii is true (the default), the output is guaranteed to
have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped. If ensure_ascii is
false, these characters will be output as-is.
If check_circular is false (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>), then the circular
reference check for container types will be skipped and a circular reference
will result in an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RecursionError" title="RecursionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">RecursionError</code></a> (or worse).
If allow_nan is false (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>), then it will be a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> to serialize out of range <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code></a> values (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">nan</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">inf</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-inf</code>) in strict compliance of the JSON specification.
If allow_nan is true, their JavaScript equivalents (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">NaN</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">Infinity</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-Infinity</code>) will be used.
If indent is a non-negative integer or string, then JSON array elements and
object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level
of 0, negative, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;&quot;</code> will only insert newlines. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> (the default)
selects the most compact representation. Using a positive integer indent
indents that many spaces per level. If indent is a string (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;\t&quot;</code>),
that string is used to indent each level.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Allow strings for indent in addition to integers.
</div>
If specified, separators should be an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(item_separator, key_separator)</code>
tuple. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(', ', ': ')</code> if indent is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(',', ': ')</code> otherwise. To get the most compact JSON representation,
you should specify <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(',', ':')</code> to eliminate whitespace.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(',', ': ')</code> as default if indent is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
</div>
If specified, default should be a function that gets called for objects that
can’t otherwise be serialized. It should return a JSON encodable version of
the object or raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>. If not specified, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>
is raised.
If sort_keys is true (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>), then the output of
dictionaries will be sorted by key.
To use a custom <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">JSONEncoder</code></a> subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">default()</code> method to serialize additional types), specify it with the
cls kwarg; otherwise <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">JSONEncoder</code></a> is used.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: All optional parameters are now <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#keyword-only-parameter">keyword-only</a>.
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickle</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html#module-marshal" title="marshal: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">marshal</code></a>, JSON is not a framed protocol,
so trying to serialize multiple objects with repeated calls to
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.dump" title="json.dump"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">dump()</code></a> using the same fp will result in an invalid JSON file.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.dumps">
json.dumps(obj, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.dumps" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Serialize obj to a JSON formatted <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> using this <a class="reference internal" href="#py-to-json-table">conversion
table</a>. The arguments have the same meaning as in
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.dump" title="json.dump"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">dump()</code></a>.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Keys in key/value pairs of JSON are always of the type <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>. When
a dictionary is converted into JSON, all the keys of the dictionary are
coerced to strings. As a result of this, if a dictionary is converted
into JSON and then back into a dictionary, the dictionary may not equal
the original one. That is, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">loads(dumps(x)) != x</code> if x has non-string
keys.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.load">
json.load(fp, *, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Deserialize fp (a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.read()</code>-supporting <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-text-file">text file</a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-binary-file">binary file</a> containing a JSON document) to a Python object using
this <a class="reference internal" href="#json-to-py-table">conversion table</a>.
object_hook is an optional function that will be called with the result of
any object literal decoded (a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a>). The return value of
object_hook will be used instead of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a>. This feature can be used
to implement custom decoders (e.g. <a class="reference external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org">JSON-RPC</a>
class hinting).
object_pairs_hook is an optional function that will be called with the
result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The
return value of object_pairs_hook will be used instead of the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a>. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders.
If object_hook is also defined, the object_pairs_hook takes priority.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.1: Added support for object_pairs_hook.
</div>
parse_float, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">float(num_str)</code>.
This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">decimal.Decimal</code></a>).
parse_int, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">int(num_str)</code>. This can
be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code></a>).
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10.7: The default parse_int of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">int()</code></a> now limits the maximum length of
the integer string via the interpreter’s <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#int-max-str-digits">integer string
conversion length limitation</a> to help avoid denial
of service attacks.
</div>
parse_constant, if specified, will be called with one of the following
strings: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'-Infinity'</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'Infinity'</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'NaN'</code>.
This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
are encountered.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.1: parse_constant doesn’t get called on ‘null’, ‘true’, ‘false’ anymore.
</div>
To use a custom <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="json.JSONDecoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">JSONDecoder</code></a> subclass, specify it with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">cls</code>
kwarg; otherwise <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="json.JSONDecoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">JSONDecoder</code></a> is used. Additional keyword arguments
will be passed to the constructor of the class.
If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecodeError" title="json.JSONDecodeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">JSONDecodeError</code></a> will be raised.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: All optional parameters are now <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#keyword-only-parameter">keyword-only</a>.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: fp can now be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-binary-file">binary file</a>. The input encoding should be
UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.loads">
json.loads(s, *, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.loads" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Deserialize s (a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a>
instance containing a JSON document) to a Python object using this
<a class="reference internal" href="#json-to-py-table">conversion table</a>.
The other arguments have the same meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="#json.load" title="json.load"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">load()</code></a>.
If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecodeError" title="json.JSONDecodeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">JSONDecodeError</code></a> will be raised.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: s can now be of type <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a>. The
input encoding should be UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9: The keyword argument encoding has been removed.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="encoders-and-decoders">
<h2>Encoders and Decoders<a class="headerlink" href="#encoders-and-decoders" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecoder">
class json.JSONDecoder(*, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, strict=True, object_pairs_hook=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Simple JSON decoder.
Performs the following translations in decoding by default:
<table class="docutils align-default" id="json-to-py-table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 44%" />
<col style="width: 56%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">JSON</th>
<th class="head">Python</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td>object</td>
<td>dict</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>array</td>
<td>list</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>string</td>
<td>str</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>number (int)</td>
<td>int</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>number (real)</td>
<td>float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>true</td>
<td>True</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>false</td>
<td>False</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>null</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
It also understands <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NaN</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Infinity</code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-Infinity</code> as their
corresponding <code class="docutils literal notranslate">float</code> values, which is outside the JSON spec.
object_hook, if specified, will be called with the result of every JSON
object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the given
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a>. This can be used to provide custom deserializations (e.g. to
support <a class="reference external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org">JSON-RPC</a> class hinting).
object_pairs_hook, if specified will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The return value of
object_pairs_hook will be used instead of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a>. This
feature can be used to implement custom decoders. If object_hook is also
defined, the object_pairs_hook takes priority.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.1: Added support for object_pairs_hook.
</div>
parse_float, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">float(num_str)</code>.
This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">decimal.Decimal</code></a>).
parse_int, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">int(num_str)</code>. This can
be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code></a>).
parse_constant, if specified, will be called with one of the following
strings: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'-Infinity'</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'Infinity'</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'NaN'</code>.
This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
are encountered.
If strict is false (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> is the default), then control characters
will be allowed inside strings. Control characters in this context are
those with character codes in the 0–31 range, including <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'\t'</code> (tab),
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'\n'</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'\r'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'\0'</code>.
If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecodeError" title="json.JSONDecodeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">JSONDecodeError</code></a> will be raised.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: All parameters are now <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#keyword-only-parameter">keyword-only</a>.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecoder.decode">
decode(s)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder.decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the Python representation of s (a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> instance
containing a JSON document).
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecodeError" title="json.JSONDecodeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">JSONDecodeError</code></a> will be raised if the given JSON document is not
valid.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecoder.raw_decode">
raw_decode(s)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder.raw_decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Decode a JSON document from s (a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> beginning with a
JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python representation
and the index in s where the document ended.
This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may have
extraneous data at the end.
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONEncoder">
class json.JSONEncoder(*, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, sort_keys=False, indent=None, separators=None, default=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Extensible JSON encoder for Python data structures.
Supports the following objects and types by default:
<table class="docutils align-default" id="py-to-json-table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 73%" />
<col style="width: 27%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Python</th>
<th class="head">JSON</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td>dict</td>
<td>object</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>list, tuple</td>
<td>array</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>str</td>
<td>string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>int, float, int- &amp; float-derived Enums</td>
<td>number</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>True</td>
<td>true</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>False</td>
<td>false</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>None</td>
<td>null</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Added support for int- and float-derived Enum classes.
</div>
To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder.default" title="json.JSONEncoder.default"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">default()</code></a> method with another method that returns a serializable object
for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">o</code> if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass implementation
(to raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>).
If skipkeys is false (the default), a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a> will be raised when
trying to encode keys that are not <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">int</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code></a>
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. If skipkeys is true, such items are simply skipped.
If ensure_ascii is true (the default), the output is guaranteed to
have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped. If ensure_ascii is
false, these characters will be output as-is.
If check_circular is true (the default), then lists, dicts, and custom
encoded objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to
prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RecursionError" title="RecursionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">RecursionError</code></a>).
Otherwise, no such check takes place.
If allow_nan is true (the default), then <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NaN</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Infinity</code>, and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">-Infinity</code> will be encoded as such. This behavior is not JSON
specification compliant, but is consistent with most JavaScript based
encoders and decoders. Otherwise, it will be a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> to encode
such floats.
If sort_keys is true (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>), then the output of dictionaries
will be sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure that
JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.
If indent is a non-negative integer or string, then JSON array elements and
object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level
of 0, negative, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;&quot;</code> will only insert newlines. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> (the default)
selects the most compact representation. Using a positive integer indent
indents that many spaces per level. If indent is a string (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;\t&quot;</code>),
that string is used to indent each level.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Allow strings for indent in addition to integers.
</div>
If specified, separators should be an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(item_separator, key_separator)</code>
tuple. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(', ', ': ')</code> if indent is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(',', ': ')</code> otherwise. To get the most compact JSON representation,
you should specify <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(',', ':')</code> to eliminate whitespace.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(',', ': ')</code> as default if indent is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
</div>
If specified, default should be a function that gets called for objects that
can’t otherwise be serialized. It should return a JSON encodable version of
the object or raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>. If not specified, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>
is raised.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: All parameters are now <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#keyword-only-parameter">keyword-only</a>.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONEncoder.default">
default(o)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.default" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns a serializable
object for o, or calls the base implementation (to raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a>).
For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could implement
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder.default" title="json.JSONEncoder.default"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">default()</code></a> like this:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def default(self, o):
 try:
 iterable = iter(o)
 except TypeError:
 pass
 else:
 return list(iterable)
 # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
 return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONEncoder.encode">
encode(o)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure, o. For
example:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; json.JSONEncoder().encode({&quot;foo&quot;: [&quot;bar&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;]})
&#39;{&quot;foo&quot;: [&quot;bar&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;]}&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONEncoder.iterencode">
iterencode(o)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.iterencode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Encode the given object, o, and yield each string representation as
available. For example:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>for chunk in json.JSONEncoder().iterencode(bigobject):
 mysocket.write(chunk)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="exceptions">
<h2>Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecodeError">
exception json.JSONDecodeError(msg, doc, pos)<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecodeError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> with the following additional attributes:
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecodeError.msg">
msg<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecodeError.msg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The unformatted error message.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecodeError.doc">
doc<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecodeError.doc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The JSON document being parsed.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecodeError.pos">
pos<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecodeError.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The start index of doc where parsing failed.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecodeError.lineno">
lineno<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecodeError.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The line corresponding to pos.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="json.JSONDecodeError.colno">
colno<a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecodeError.colno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The column corresponding to pos.
</dd></dl>

<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="standard-compliance-and-interoperability">
<h2>Standard Compliance and Interoperability<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-compliance-and-interoperability" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The JSON format is specified by <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7159.html">RFC 7159</a> and by
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/">ECMA-404</a>.
This section details this module’s level of compliance with the RFC.
For simplicity, <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">JSONEncoder</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="json.JSONDecoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">JSONDecoder</code></a> subclasses, and
parameters other than those explicitly mentioned, are not considered.
This module does not comply with the RFC in a strict fashion, implementing some
extensions that are valid JavaScript but not valid JSON. In particular:
<ul class="simple">
<li>Infinite and NaN number values are accepted and output;</li>
<li>Repeated names within an object are accepted, and only the value of the last
name-value pair is used.</li>
</ul>
Since the RFC permits RFC-compliant parsers to accept input texts that are not
RFC-compliant, this module’s deserializer is technically RFC-compliant under
default settings.
<section id="character-encodings">
<h3>Character Encodings<a class="headerlink" href="#character-encodings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The RFC requires that JSON be represented using either UTF-8, UTF-16, or
UTF-32, with UTF-8 being the recommended default for maximum interoperability.
As permitted, though not required, by the RFC, this module’s serializer sets
ensure_ascii=True by default, thus escaping the output so that the resulting
strings only contain ASCII characters.
Other than the ensure_ascii parameter, this module is defined strictly in
terms of conversion between Python objects and
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Unicode strings</code></a>, and thus does not otherwise directly address
the issue of character encodings.
The RFC prohibits adding a byte order mark (BOM) to the start of a JSON text,
and this module’s serializer does not add a BOM to its output.
The RFC permits, but does not require, JSON deserializers to ignore an initial
BOM in their input. This module’s deserializer raises a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a>
when an initial BOM is present.
The RFC does not explicitly forbid JSON strings which contain byte sequences
that don’t correspond to valid Unicode characters (e.g. unpaired UTF-16
surrogates), but it does note that they may cause interoperability problems.
By default, this module accepts and outputs (when present in the original
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>) code points for such sequences.
</section>
<section id="infinite-and-nan-number-values">
<h3>Infinite and NaN Number Values<a class="headerlink" href="#infinite-and-nan-number-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The RFC does not permit the representation of infinite or NaN number values.
Despite that, by default, this module accepts and outputs <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Infinity</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">-Infinity</code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NaN</code> as if they were valid JSON number literal values:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; # Neither of these calls raises an exception, but the results are not valid JSON
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.dumps(float(&#39;-inf&#39;))
&#39;-Infinity&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.dumps(float(&#39;nan&#39;))
&#39;NaN&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; # Same when deserializing
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.loads(&#39;-Infinity&#39;)
-inf
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.loads(&#39;NaN&#39;)
nan
</pre></div>
</div>
In the serializer, the allow_nan parameter can be used to alter this
behavior. In the deserializer, the parse_constant parameter can be used to
alter this behavior.
</section>
<section id="repeated-names-within-an-object">
<h3>Repeated Names Within an Object<a class="headerlink" href="#repeated-names-within-an-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The RFC specifies that the names within a JSON object should be unique, but
does not mandate how repeated names in JSON objects should be handled. By
default, this module does not raise an exception; instead, it ignores all but
the last name-value pair for a given name:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; weird_json = &#39;{&quot;x&quot;: 1, &quot;x&quot;: 2, &quot;x&quot;: 3}&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; json.loads(weird_json)
{&#39;x&#39;: 3}
</pre></div>
</div>
The object_pairs_hook parameter can be used to alter this behavior.
</section>
<section id="top-level-non-object-non-array-values">
<h3>Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values<a class="headerlink" href="#top-level-non-object-non-array-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The old version of JSON specified by the obsolete <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4627.html">RFC 4627</a> required that
the top-level value of a JSON text must be either a JSON object or array
(Python <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">list</code></a>), and could not be a JSON null,
boolean, number, or string value. <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7159.html">RFC 7159</a> removed that restriction, and
this module does not and has never implemented that restriction in either its
serializer or its deserializer.
Regardless, for maximum interoperability, you may wish to voluntarily adhere
to the restriction yourself.
</section>
<section id="implementation-limitations">
<h3>Implementation Limitations<a class="headerlink" href="#implementation-limitations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
Some JSON deserializer implementations may set limits on:
<ul class="simple">
<li>the size of accepted JSON texts</li>
<li>the maximum level of nesting of JSON objects and arrays</li>
<li>the range and precision of JSON numbers</li>
<li>the content and maximum length of JSON strings</li>
</ul>
This module does not impose any such limits beyond those of the relevant
Python datatypes themselves or the Python interpreter itself.
When serializing to JSON, beware any such limitations in applications that may
consume your JSON. In particular, it is common for JSON numbers to be
deserialized into IEEE 754 double precision numbers and thus subject to that
representation’s range and precision limitations. This is especially relevant
when serializing Python <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">int</code></a> values of extremely large magnitude, or
when serializing instances of “exotic” numerical types such as
<a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">decimal.Decimal</code></a>.
</section>
</section>
<section id="module-json.tool">
<h2>Command Line Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#module-json.tool" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/json/tool.py">Lib/json/tool.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-json.tool" title="json.tool: A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json.tool</code></a> module provides a simple command line interface to validate
and pretty-print JSON objects.
If the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate">infile</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">outfile</code> arguments are not
specified, <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdin" title="sys.stdin"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdin</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code></a> will be used respectively:
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ echo &#39;{&quot;json&quot;: &quot;obj&quot;}&#39; | python -m json.tool
{
 &quot;json&quot;: &quot;obj&quot;
}
$ echo &#39;{1.2:3.4}&#39; | python -m json.tool
Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The output is now in the same order as the input. Use the
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-sort-keys"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate">--sort-keys</code></a> option to sort the output of dictionaries
alphabetically by key.
</div>
<section id="command-line-options">
<h3>Command line options<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-json.tool-arg-infile">
infile<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-arg-infile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The JSON file to be validated or pretty-printed:
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -m json.tool mp_films.json
[
 {
 &quot;title&quot;: &quot;And Now for Something Completely Different&quot;,
 &quot;year&quot;: 1971
 },
 {
 &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Monty Python and the Holy Grail&quot;,
 &quot;year&quot;: 1975
 }
]
</pre></div>
</div>
If infile is not specified, read from <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdin" title="sys.stdin"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdin</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-json.tool-arg-outfile">
outfile<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-arg-outfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Write the output of the infile to the given outfile. Otherwise, write it
to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-json.tool-sort-keys">
--sort-keys<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-sort-keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sort the output of dictionaries alphabetically by key.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-json.tool-no-ensure-ascii">
--no-ensure-ascii<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-no-ensure-ascii" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disable escaping of non-ascii characters, see <a class="reference internal" href="#json.dumps" title="json.dumps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">json.dumps()</code></a> for more information.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-json.tool-json-lines">
--json-lines<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-json-lines" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Parse every input line as separate JSON object.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.8.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-json.tool-indent">
--indent, --tab, --no-indent, --compact<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-indent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Mutually exclusive options for whitespace control.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-json.tool-h">
-h, --help<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-json.tool-h" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Show the help message.
</dd></dl>

Footnotes
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="rfc-errata"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></dt>
<dd>As noted in <a class="reference external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=7159">the errata for RFC 7159</a>,
JSON permits literal U+2028 (LINE SEPARATOR) and
U+2029 (PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR) characters in strings, whereas JavaScript
(as of ECMAScript Edition 5.1) does not.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<div class="clearer"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#encoders-and-decoders">Encoders and Decoders</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-compliance-and-interoperability">Standard Compliance and Interoperability</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#character-encodings">Character Encodings</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#infinite-and-nan-number-values">Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#repeated-names-within-an-object">Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementation-limitations">Implementation Limitations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-json.tool">Command Line Interface</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<h4>Previous topic</h4>
 <a href="email.iterators.html"
 title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.iterators</code>: Iterators</a>
 <h4>Next topic</h4>
 <a href="mailbox.html"
 title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">mailbox</code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a>
 <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
 <h3>This Page</h3>
 <ul class="this-page-menu">
 <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
 <li>
 <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Doc/library/json.rst"
 rel="nofollow">Show Source
 </a>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="clearer"></div>
 </div> 
 <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
 <h3>Navigation</h3>
 <ul>
 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
 >index</a></li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
 >modules</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="mailbox.html" title="mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"
 >next</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="email.iterators.html" title="email.iterators: Iterators"
 >previous</a> |</li>

<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="netdata.html" >Internet Data Handling</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li>
 <li class="right">

<div class="inline-search" role="search">
 <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
 <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
 <input type="submit" value="Go" />
 <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
 <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
 </form>
 </div>
 |
 </li>
 
 </ul>
 </div> 
 <div class="footer">
 &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2026, Python Software Foundation.
 
 This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
 
 Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
 
 See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.

The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>

Last updated on January 26, 2026.
 <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?

Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.3.2.
 </div>

</body>
</html>

${this.title}

Code Editor : json.html