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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.client</code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
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 <section id="module-http.client">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-http.client" title="http.client: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.client</code></a> — HTTP protocol client<a class="headerlink" href="#module-http.client" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/http/client.py">Lib/http/client.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-1" />
This module defines classes that implement the client side of the HTTP and
HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly — the module
<a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request" title="urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.request</code></a> uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS.
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
The <a class="reference external" href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/">Requests package</a>
is recommended for a higher-level HTTP client interface.
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
HTTPS support is only available if Python was compiled with SSL support
(through the <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ssl</code></a> module).
</div>
The module provides the following classes:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection">
class http.client.HTTPConnection(host, port=None, [timeout, ]source_address=None, blocksize=8192)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>An <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPConnection</code></a> instance represents one transaction with an HTTP
server. It should be instantiated by passing it a host and optional port
number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host
string if it has the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">host:port</code>, else the default HTTP port (80) is
used. If the optional timeout parameter is given, blocking
operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds
(if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used).
The optional source_address parameter may be a tuple of a (host, port)
to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from.
The optional blocksize parameter sets the buffer size in bytes for
sending a file-like message body.
For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server
at the same host and port:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; h1 = http.client.HTTPConnection(&#39;www.python.org&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; h2 = http.client.HTTPConnection(&#39;www.python.org:80&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; h3 = http.client.HTTPConnection(&#39;www.python.org&#39;, 80)
&gt;&gt;&gt; h4 = http.client.HTTPConnection(&#39;www.python.org&#39;, 80, timeout=10)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: source_address was added.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: The strict parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9-style “Simple Responses” are
no longer supported.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: blocksize parameter was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPSConnection">
class http.client.HTTPSConnection(host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, [timeout, ]source_address=None, *, context=None, check_hostname=None, blocksize=8192)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPSConnection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPConnection</code></a> that uses SSL for communication with
secure servers. Default port is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">443</code>. If context is specified, it
must be a <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ssl.SSLContext</code></a> instance describing the various SSL
options.
Please read <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-security">Security considerations</a> for more information on best practices.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: source_address, context and check_hostname were added.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: This class now supports HTTPS virtual hosts if possible (that is,
if <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.HAS_SNI" title="ssl.HAS_SNI"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">ssl.HAS_SNI</code></a> is true).
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: The strict parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9-style “Simple Responses” are
no longer supported.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4.3: This class now performs all the necessary certificate and hostname checks
by default. To revert to the previous, unverified, behavior
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ssl._create_unverified_context()</code> can be passed to the context
parameter.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: This class now enables TLS 1.3
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth" title="ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth</code></a> for the default context or
when cert_file is passed with a custom context.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: This class now sends an ALPN extension with protocol indicator
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">http/1.1</code> when no context is given. Custom context should set
ALPN protocols with <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">set_alpn_protocol()</code>.
</div>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.6: key_file and cert_file are deprecated in favor of context.
Please use <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain" title="ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain()</code></a> instead, or let
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.create_default_context" title="ssl.create_default_context"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ssl.create_default_context()</code></a> select the system’s trusted CA
certificates for you.
The check_hostname parameter is also deprecated; the
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname" title="ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname</code></a> attribute of context should
be used instead.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse">
class http.client.HTTPResponse(sock, debuglevel=0, method=None, url=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not
instantiated directly by user.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: The strict parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9 style “Simple Responses” are
no longer supported.
</div>
</dd></dl>

This module provides the following function:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.parse_headers">
http.client.parse_headers(fp)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.parse_headers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Parse the headers from a file pointer fp representing a HTTP
request/response. The file has to be a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">BufferedIOBase</code> reader
(i.e. not text) and must provide a valid <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2822.html">RFC 2822</a> style header.
This function returns an instance of <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">http.client.HTTPMessage</code>
that holds the header fields, but no payload
(the same as <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.msg" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.msg"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">HTTPResponse.msg</code></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html#http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.headers" title="http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.headers"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.headers</code></a>).
After returning, the file pointer fp is ready to read the HTTP body.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
<a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.parse_headers" title="http.client.parse_headers"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">parse_headers()</code></a> does not parse the start-line of a HTTP message;
it only parses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Name: value</code> lines. The file has to be ready to
read these field lines, so the first line should already be consumed
before calling the function.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPException">
exception http.client.HTTPException<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">Exception</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.NotConnected">
exception http.client.NotConnected<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.NotConnected" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.InvalidURL">
exception http.client.InvalidURL<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.InvalidURL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>, raised if a port is given and is either
non-numeric or empty.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.UnknownProtocol">
exception http.client.UnknownProtocol<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnknownProtocol" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding">
exception http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.UnimplementedFileMode">
exception http.client.UnimplementedFileMode<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnimplementedFileMode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.IncompleteRead">
exception http.client.IncompleteRead<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.IncompleteRead" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.ImproperConnectionState">
exception http.client.ImproperConnectionState<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.CannotSendRequest">
exception http.client.CannotSendRequest<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.CannotSendRequest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ImproperConnectionState</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.CannotSendHeader">
exception http.client.CannotSendHeader<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.CannotSendHeader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ImproperConnectionState</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.ResponseNotReady">
exception http.client.ResponseNotReady<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.ResponseNotReady" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ImproperConnectionState</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.BadStatusLine">
exception http.client.BadStatusLine<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP
status code that we don’t understand.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.LineTooLong">
exception http.client.LineTooLong<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.LineTooLong" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">HTTPException</code></a>. Raised if an excessively long line
is received in the HTTP protocol from the server.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.RemoteDisconnected">
exception http.client.RemoteDisconnected<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.RemoteDisconnected" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionResetError" title="ConnectionResetError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ConnectionResetError</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="http.client.BadStatusLine"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">BadStatusLine</code></a>. Raised
by <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">HTTPConnection.getresponse()</code></a> when the attempt to read the response
results in no data read from the connection, indicating that the remote end
has closed the connection.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5: Previously, <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="http.client.BadStatusLine"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">BadStatusLine</code></a><code class="docutils literal notranslate">('')</code> was raised.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The constants defined in this module are:
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTP_PORT">
http.client.HTTP_PORT<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTP_PORT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The default port for the HTTP protocol (always <code class="docutils literal notranslate">80</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPS_PORT">
http.client.HTTPS_PORT<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPS_PORT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always <code class="docutils literal notranslate">443</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.responses">
http.client.responses<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.responses" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.
Example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">http.client.responses[http.client.NOT_FOUND]</code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'Not Found'</code>.
</dd></dl>

See <a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-codes">HTTP status codes</a> for a list of HTTP status codes that are
available in this module as constants.
<section id="httpconnection-objects">
<h2>HTTPConnection Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#httpconnection-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPConnection</code></a> instances have the following methods:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.request">
HTTPConnection.request(method, url, body=None, headers={}, *, encode_chunked=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request
method method and the selector url.
If body is specified, the specified data is sent after the headers are
finished. It may be a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>, a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object">bytes-like object</a>, an
open <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a>, or an iterable of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>. If body
is a string, it is encoded as ISO-8859-1, the default for HTTP. If it
is a bytes-like object, the bytes are sent as is. If it is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file
object</a>, the contents of the file is sent; this file object should
support at least the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">read()</code> method. If the file object is an
instance of <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.TextIOBase" title="io.TextIOBase"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">io.TextIOBase</code></a>, the data returned by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">read()</code>
method will be encoded as ISO-8859-1, otherwise the data returned by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">read()</code> is sent as is. If body is an iterable, the elements of the
iterable are sent as is until the iterable is exhausted.
The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send
with the request.
If headers contains neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding,
but there is a request body, one of those
header fields will be added automatically. If
body is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, the Content-Length header is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> for
methods that expect a body (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">PUT</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">POST</code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PATCH</code>). If
body is a string or a bytes-like object that is not also a
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file</a>, the Content-Length header is
set to its length. Any other type of body (files
and iterables in general) will be chunk-encoded, and the
Transfer-Encoding header will automatically be set instead of
Content-Length.
The encode_chunked argument is only relevant if Transfer-Encoding is
specified in headers. If encode_chunked is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>, the
HTTPConnection object assumes that all encoding is handled by the
calling code. If it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, the body will be chunk-encoded.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Chunked transfer encoding has been added to the HTTP protocol
version 1.1. Unless the HTTP server is known to handle HTTP 1.1,
the caller must either specify the Content-Length, or must pass a
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> or bytes-like object that is not also a file as the
body representation.
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2: body can now be an iterable.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: If neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding are set in
headers, file and iterable body objects are now chunk-encoded.
The encode_chunked argument was added.
No attempt is made to determine the Content-Length for file
objects.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse">
HTTPConnection.getresponse()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server.
Returns an <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPResponse</code></a> instance.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new
request to the server.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: If a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionError" title="ConnectionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ConnectionError</code></a> or subclass is raised, the
<a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPConnection</code></a> object will be ready to reconnect when
a new request is sent.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel">
HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the debugging level. The default debug level is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code>, meaning no
debugging output is printed. Any value greater than <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> will cause all
currently defined debug output to be printed to stdout. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">debuglevel</code>
is passed to any new <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPResponse</code></a> objects that are created.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.1.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel">
HTTPConnection.set_tunnel(host, port=None, headers=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. This allows running
the connection through a proxy server.
The host and port arguments specify the endpoint of the tunneled connection
(i.e. the address included in the CONNECT request, not the address of the
proxy server).
The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with
the CONNECT request.
For example, to tunnel through a HTTPS proxy server running locally on port
8080, we would pass the address of the proxy to the <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPSConnection" title="http.client.HTTPSConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPSConnection</code></a>
constructor, and the address of the host that we eventually want to reach to
the <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">set_tunnel()</code></a> method:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import http.client
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(&quot;localhost&quot;, 8080)
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.set_tunnel(&quot;www.python.org&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.request(&quot;HEAD&quot;,&quot;/index.html&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.connect">
HTTPConnection.connect()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Connect to the server specified when the object was created. By default,
this is called automatically when making a request if the client does not
already have a connection.
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">http.client.connect</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">host</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">port</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.close">
HTTPConnection.close()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Close the connection to the server.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.blocksize">
HTTPConnection.blocksize<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.blocksize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Buffer size in bytes for sending a file-like message body.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

As an alternative to using the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">request()</code> method described above, you can
also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below.
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.putrequest">
HTTPConnection.putrequest(method, url, skip_host=False, skip_accept_encoding=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.putrequest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been
made. It sends a line to the server consisting of the method string,
the url string, and the HTTP version (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">HTTP/1.1</code>). To disable automatic
sending of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Host:</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Accept-Encoding:</code> headers (for example to accept
additional content encodings), specify skip_host or skip_accept_encoding
with non-False values.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.putheader">
HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...])<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.putheader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send an <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc822.html">RFC 822</a>-style header to the server. It sends a line to the server
consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more
arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and
an argument.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders">
HTTPConnection.endheaders(message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The
optional message_body argument can be used to pass a message body
associated with the request.
If encode_chunked is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, the result of each iteration of
message_body will be chunk-encoded as specified in <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230.html">RFC 7230</a>,
Section 3.3.1. How the data is encoded is dependent on the type of
message_body. If message_body implements the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/buffer.html#bufferobjects">buffer interface</a> the encoding will result in a single chunk.
If message_body is a <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Iterable" title="collections.abc.Iterable"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">collections.abc.Iterable</code></a>, each iteration
of message_body will result in a chunk. If message_body is a
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a>, each call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.read()</code> will result in a chunk.
The method automatically signals the end of the chunk-encoded data
immediately after message_body.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Due to the chunked encoding specification, empty chunks
yielded by an iterator body will be ignored by the chunk-encoder.
This is to avoid premature termination of the read of the request by
the target server due to malformed encoding.
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6: Chunked encoding support. The encode_chunked parameter was
added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPConnection.send">
HTTPConnection.send(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the
<a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">endheaders()</code></a> method has been called and before <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">getresponse()</code></a> is
called.
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">http.client.send</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">data</code>.
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="httpresponse-objects">
<h2>HTTPResponse Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#httpresponse-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
An <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTTPResponse</code></a> instance wraps the HTTP response from the
server. It provides access to the request headers and the entity
body. The response is an iterable object and can be used in a with
statement.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.BufferedIOBase" title="io.BufferedIOBase"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">io.BufferedIOBase</code></a> interface is now implemented and
all of its reader operations are supported.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.read">
HTTPResponse.read([amt])<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.read" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next amt bytes.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.readinto">
HTTPResponse.readinto(b)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.readinto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Reads up to the next len(b) bytes of the response body into the buffer b.
Returns the number of bytes read.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.getheader">
HTTPResponse.getheader(name, default=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.getheader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the value of the header name, or default if there is no header
matching name. If there is more than one header with the name name,
return all of the values joined by ‘, ‘. If default is any iterable other
than a single string, its elements are similarly returned joined by commas.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.getheaders">
HTTPResponse.getheaders()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.getheaders" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a list of (header, value) tuples.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.fileno">
HTTPResponse.fileno()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.fileno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fileno</code> of the underlying socket.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.msg">
HTTPResponse.msg<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.msg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">http.client.HTTPMessage</code> instance containing the response
headers. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">http.client.HTTPMessage</code> is a subclass of
<a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">email.message.Message</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.version">
HTTPResponse.version<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.url">
HTTPResponse.url<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>URL of the resource retrieved, commonly used to determine if a redirect was followed.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.headers">
HTTPResponse.headers<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.headers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Headers of the response in the form of an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">email.message.EmailMessage</code></a> instance.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.status">
HTTPResponse.status<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.status" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Status code returned by server.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.reason">
HTTPResponse.reason<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.reason" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Reason phrase returned by server.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel">
HTTPResponse.debuglevel<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A debugging hook. If <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">debuglevel</code></a> is greater than zero, messages
will be printed to stdout as the response is read and parsed.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.closed">
HTTPResponse.closed<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.closed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the stream is closed.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.geturl">
HTTPResponse.geturl()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.geturl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.9: Deprecated in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.url" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.url"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">url</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.info">
HTTPResponse.info()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.9: Deprecated in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.headers" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.headers"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">headers</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="http.client.HTTPResponse.getcode">
HTTPResponse.getcode()<a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.getcode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.9: Deprecated in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.status" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.status"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">status</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="examples">
<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Here is an example session that uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">GET</code> method:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import http.client
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(&quot;www.python.org&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.request(&quot;GET&quot;, &quot;/&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; r1 = conn.getresponse()
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(r1.status, r1.reason)
200 OK
&gt;&gt;&gt; data1 = r1.read() # This will return entire content.
&gt;&gt;&gt; # The following example demonstrates reading data in chunks.
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.request(&quot;GET&quot;, &quot;/&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; r1 = conn.getresponse()
&gt;&gt;&gt; while chunk := r1.read(200):
... print(repr(chunk))
b&#39;&lt;!doctype html&gt;\n&lt;!--[if&quot;...
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; # Example of an invalid request
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(&quot;docs.python.org&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.request(&quot;GET&quot;, &quot;/parrot.spam&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; r2 = conn.getresponse()
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(r2.status, r2.reason)
404 Not Found
&gt;&gt;&gt; data2 = r2.read()
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.close()
</pre></div>
</div>
Here is an example session that uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">HEAD</code> method. Note that the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">HEAD</code> method never returns any data.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import http.client
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(&quot;www.python.org&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.request(&quot;HEAD&quot;, &quot;/&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; res = conn.getresponse()
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(res.status, res.reason)
200 OK
&gt;&gt;&gt; data = res.read()
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(len(data))
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; data == b&#39;&#39;
True
</pre></div>
</div>
Here is an example session that uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">POST</code> method:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import http.client, urllib.parse
&gt;&gt;&gt; params = urllib.parse.urlencode({&#39;@number&#39;: 12524, &#39;@type&#39;: &#39;issue&#39;, &#39;@action&#39;: &#39;show&#39;})
&gt;&gt;&gt; headers = {&quot;Content-type&quot;: &quot;application/x-www-form-urlencoded&quot;,
... &quot;Accept&quot;: &quot;text/plain&quot;}
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(&quot;bugs.python.org&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.request(&quot;POST&quot;, &quot;&quot;, params, headers)
&gt;&gt;&gt; response = conn.getresponse()
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(response.status, response.reason)
302 Found
&gt;&gt;&gt; data = response.read()
&gt;&gt;&gt; data
b&#39;Redirecting to &lt;a href=&quot;https://bugs.python.org/issue12524&quot;&gt;https://bugs.python.org/issue12524&lt;/a&gt;&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.close()
</pre></div>
</div>
Client side HTTP <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PUT</code> requests are very similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">POST</code> requests. The
difference lies only on the server side where HTTP servers will allow resources to
be created via <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PUT</code> requests. It should be noted that custom HTTP methods
are also handled in <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib.request.Request" title="urllib.request.Request"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">urllib.request.Request</code></a> by setting the appropriate
method attribute. Here is an example session that uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PUT</code> method:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; # This creates an HTTP request
&gt;&gt;&gt; # with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation
&gt;&gt;&gt; # for the resource http://localhost:8080/file
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; import http.client
&gt;&gt;&gt; BODY = &quot;***filecontents***&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(&quot;localhost&quot;, 8080)
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.request(&quot;PUT&quot;, &quot;/file&quot;, BODY)
&gt;&gt;&gt; response = conn.getresponse()
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(response.status, response.reason)
200, OK
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="httpmessage-objects">
<h2>HTTPMessage Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#httpmessage-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
An <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">http.client.HTTPMessage</code> instance holds the headers from an HTTP
response. It is implemented using the <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">email.message.Message</code></a> class.
</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>
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