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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Subprocesses</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-subprocesses">Creating Subprocesses</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interacting-with-subprocesses">Interacting with Subprocesses</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess-and-threads">Subprocess and Threads</a></li>
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 <section id="subprocesses">
<h1>Subprocesses<a class="headerlink" href="#subprocesses" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py">Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py">Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
This section describes high-level async/await asyncio APIs to
create and manage subprocesses.
Here’s an example of how asyncio can run a shell command and
obtain its result:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import asyncio

async def run(cmd):
 proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_shell(
 cmd,
 stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
 stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE)

stdout, stderr = await proc.communicate()

print(f&#39;[{cmd!r} exited with {proc.returncode}]&#39;)
 if stdout:
 print(f&#39;[stdout]\n{stdout.decode()}&#39;)
 if stderr:
 print(f&#39;[stderr]\n{stderr.decode()}&#39;)

asyncio.run(run(&#39;ls /zzz&#39;))
</pre></div>
</div>
will print:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>[&#39;ls /zzz&#39; exited with 1]
[stderr]
ls: /zzz: No such file or directory
</pre></div>
</div>
Because all asyncio subprocess functions are asynchronous and asyncio
provides many tools to work with such functions, it is easy to execute
and monitor multiple subprocesses in parallel. It is indeed trivial
to modify the above example to run several commands simultaneously:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>async def main():
 await asyncio.gather(
 run(&#39;ls /zzz&#39;),
 run(&#39;sleep 1; echo &quot;hello&quot;&#39;))

asyncio.run(main())
</pre></div>
</div>
See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a> subsection.
<section id="creating-subprocesses">
<h2>Creating Subprocesses<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-subprocesses" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec">
coroutine asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(program, *args, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, limit=None, **kwds)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create a subprocess.
The limit argument sets the buffer limit for <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamReader</code></a>
wrappers for <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">Process.stdout</code> and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">Process.stderr</code>
(if <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">subprocess.PIPE</code></a> is passed to stdout and stderr arguments).
Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Process</code></a> instance.
See the documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.subprocess_exec()</code></a> for other
parameters.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: Removed the loop parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.create_subprocess_shell">
coroutine asyncio.create_subprocess_shell(cmd, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, limit=None, **kwds)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_shell" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Run the cmd shell command.
The limit argument sets the buffer limit for <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamReader</code></a>
wrappers for <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">Process.stdout</code> and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">Process.stderr</code>
(if <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">subprocess.PIPE</code></a> is passed to stdout and stderr arguments).
Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Process</code></a> instance.
See the documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.subprocess_shell()</code></a> for other
parameters.
<div class="admonition important">
Important
It is the application’s responsibility to ensure that all whitespace and
special characters are quoted appropriately to avoid <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_injection#Shell_injection">shell injection</a>
vulnerabilities. The <a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html#shlex.quote" title="shlex.quote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shlex.quote()</code></a> function can be used to properly
escape whitespace and special shell characters in strings that are going
to be used to construct shell commands.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: Removed the loop parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition note">
Note
Subprocesses are available for Windows if a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.ProactorEventLoop" title="asyncio.ProactorEventLoop"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ProactorEventLoop</code></a> is
used. See <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-platforms.html#asyncio-windows-subprocess">Subprocess Support on Windows</a>
for details.
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
asyncio also has the following low-level APIs to work with subprocesses:
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.subprocess_exec()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.subprocess_shell()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.connect_read_pipe" title="asyncio.loop.connect_read_pipe"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.connect_read_pipe()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.connect_write_pipe" title="asyncio.loop.connect_write_pipe"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.connect_write_pipe()</code></a>,
as well as the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio-subprocess-transports">Subprocess Transports</a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio-subprocess-protocols">Subprocess Protocols</a>.
</div>
</section>
<section id="constants">
<h2>Constants<a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.PIPE">
asyncio.subprocess.PIPE<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.PIPE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Can be passed to the stdin, stdout or stderr parameters.
If PIPE is passed to stdin argument, the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">Process.stdin</code></a> attribute
will point to a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamWriter</code> instance.
If PIPE is passed to stdout or stderr arguments, the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">Process.stdout</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">Process.stderr</code></a>
attributes will point to <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamReader</code> instances.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.STDOUT">
asyncio.subprocess.STDOUT<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.STDOUT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Special value that can be used as the stderr argument and indicates
that standard error should be redirected into standard output.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL">
asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Special value that can be used as the stdin, stdout or stderr argument
to process creation functions. It indicates that the special file
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.devnull" title="os.devnull"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">os.devnull</code></a> will be used for the corresponding subprocess stream.
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="interacting-with-subprocesses">
<h2>Interacting with Subprocesses<a class="headerlink" href="#interacting-with-subprocesses" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Both <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">create_subprocess_exec()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">create_subprocess_shell()</code></a>
functions return instances of the Process class. Process is a high-level
wrapper that allows communicating with subprocesses and watching for
their completion.
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process">
class asyncio.subprocess.Process<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>An object that wraps OS processes created by the
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">create_subprocess_exec()</code> and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">create_subprocess_shell()</code>
functions.
This class is designed to have a similar API to the
<a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">subprocess.Popen</code></a> class, but there are some
notable differences:
<ul class="simple">
<li>unlike Popen, Process instances do not have an equivalent to
the <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen.poll" title="subprocess.Popen.poll"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">poll()</code></a> method;</li>
<li>the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">communicate()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">wait()</code></a> methods don’t have a
timeout parameter: use the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.wait_for" title="asyncio.wait_for"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">wait_for()</code></a> function;</li>
<li>the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Process.wait()</code></a> method
is asynchronous, whereas <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen.wait" title="subprocess.Popen.wait"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">subprocess.Popen.wait()</code></a> method
is implemented as a blocking busy loop;</li>
<li>the universal_newlines parameter is not supported.</li>
</ul>
This class is <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-dev.html#asyncio-multithreading">not thread safe</a>.
See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio-subprocess-threads">Subprocess and Threads</a>
section.
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait">
coroutine wait()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Wait for the child process to terminate.
Set and return the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">returncode</code></a> attribute.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
This method can deadlock when using <code class="docutils literal notranslate">stdout=PIPE</code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">stderr=PIPE</code> and the child process generates so much output
that it blocks waiting for the OS pipe buffer to accept
more data. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">communicate()</code></a> method when using pipes
to avoid this condition.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate">
coroutine communicate(input=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Interact with process:
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>send data to stdin (if input is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>);</li>
<li>read data from stdout and stderr, until EOF is reached;</li>
<li>wait for process to terminate.</li>
</ol>
The optional input argument is the data (<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> object)
that will be sent to the child process.
Return a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(stdout_data, stderr_data)</code>.
If either <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#BrokenPipeError" title="BrokenPipeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">BrokenPipeError</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionResetError" title="ConnectionResetError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ConnectionResetError</code></a>
exception is raised when writing input into stdin, the
exception is ignored. This condition occurs when the process
exits before all data are written into stdin.
If it is desired to send data to the process’ stdin,
the process needs to be created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">stdin=PIPE</code>. Similarly,
to get anything other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> in the result tuple, the
process has to be created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">stdout=PIPE</code> and/or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">stderr=PIPE</code> arguments.
Note, that the data read is buffered in memory, so do not use
this method if the data size is large or unlimited.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.send_signal">
send_signal(signal)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.send_signal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sends the signal signal to the child process.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
On Windows, <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">SIGTERM</code> is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">terminate()</code></a>.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">CTRL_C_EVENT</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">CTRL_BREAK_EVENT</code> can be sent to processes
started with a creationflags parameter which includes
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate">
terminate()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stop the child process.
On POSIX systems this method sends <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIGTERM" title="signal.SIGTERM"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">signal.SIGTERM</code></a> to the
child process.
On Windows the Win32 API function <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">TerminateProcess()</code> is
called to stop the child process.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.kill">
kill()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.kill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Kill the child process.
On POSIX systems this method sends <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">SIGKILL</code> to the child
process.
On Windows this method is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">terminate()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin">
stdin<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Standard input stream (<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamWriter</code>) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>
if the process was created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">stdin=None</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout">
stdout<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Standard output stream (<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamReader</code>) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>
if the process was created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">stdout=None</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr">
stderr<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Standard error stream (<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamReader</code>) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>
if the process was created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">stderr=None</code>.
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition warning">
Warning
Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">communicate()</code></a> method rather than
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">process.stdin.write()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">await process.stdout.read()</code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">await process.stderr.read()</code></a>.
This avoids deadlocks due to streams pausing reading or writing
and blocking the child process.
</div>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.pid">
pid<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.pid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Process identification number (PID).
Note that for processes created by the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">create_subprocess_shell()</code>
function, this attribute is the PID of the spawned shell.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode">
returncode<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return code of the process when it exits.
A <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> value indicates that the process has not terminated yet.
A negative value <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-N</code> indicates that the child was terminated
by signal <code class="docutils literal notranslate">N</code> (POSIX only).
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<section id="subprocess-and-threads">
<h3>Subprocess and Threads<a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess-and-threads" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
Standard asyncio event loop supports running subprocesses from different threads by
default.
On Windows subprocesses are provided by <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.ProactorEventLoop" title="asyncio.ProactorEventLoop"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ProactorEventLoop</code></a> only (default),
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.SelectorEventLoop" title="asyncio.SelectorEventLoop"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SelectorEventLoop</code></a> has no subprocess support.
On UNIX child watchers are used for subprocess finish waiting, see
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-policy.html#asyncio-watchers">Process Watchers</a> for more info.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: UNIX switched to use <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-policy.html#asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher" title="asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ThreadedChildWatcher</code></a> for spawning subprocesses from
different threads without any limitation.
Spawning a subprocess with inactive current child watcher raises
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">RuntimeError</code></a>.
</div>
Note that alternative event loop implementations might have own limitations;
please refer to their documentation.
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
The <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-dev.html#asyncio-multithreading">Concurrency and multithreading in asyncio</a> section.
</div>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h3>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
An example using the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Process</code></a> class to
control a subprocess and the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StreamReader</code></a> class to read from
its standard output.
The subprocess is created by the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">create_subprocess_exec()</code></a>
function:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import asyncio
import sys

async def get_date():
 code = &#39;import datetime; print(datetime.datetime.now())&#39;

# Create the subprocess; redirect the standard output
 # into a pipe.
 proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
 sys.executable, &#39;-c&#39;, code,
 stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE)

# Read one line of output.
 data = await proc.stdout.readline()
 line = data.decode(&#39;ascii&#39;).rstrip()

# Wait for the subprocess exit.
 await proc.wait()
 return line

date = asyncio.run(get_date())
print(f&quot;Current date: {date}&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
See also the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio-example-subprocess-proto">same example</a>
written using low-level APIs.
</section>
</section>
</section>

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 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Subprocesses</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-subprocesses">Creating Subprocesses</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interacting-with-subprocesses">Interacting with Subprocesses</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess-and-threads">Subprocess and Threads</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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</ul>

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