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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>The Python Standard Library — Python 3.10.12 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?2022.1" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.10.12 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Introduction" href="intro.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="10. Full Grammar specification" href="../reference/grammar.html" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3.10/html/library/index.html" /> <style> @media only screen { table.full-width-table { width: 100%; } } </style> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.svg" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/menu.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="mobile-nav"> <input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation" aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu" /> <label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label"> <span></span> </label> <nav class="nav-content" role="navigation"> <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo"> <img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Logo"/> </a> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> <form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"> <path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" fill="#444"></path> </svg> <input type="text" name="q" aria-label="Quick search"/> <input type="submit" value="Go"/> </form> </nav> <div class="menu-wrapper"> <nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="../reference/grammar.html" title="previous chapter"><span class="section-number">10. </span>Full Grammar specification</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="intro.html" title="next chapter">Introduction</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Doc/library/index.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="intro.html" title="Introduction" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../reference/grammar.html" title="10. Full Grammar specification" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li class="switchers"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> </li> <li> </li> <li id="cpython-language-and-version"> <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">The Python Standard Library</a></li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="the-python-standard-library"> <span id="library-index"></span><h1>The Python Standard Library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-standard-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>While <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions.</p> <p>Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.</p> <p>The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.</p> <p>In addition to the standard library, there is a growing collection of several thousand components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index</a>.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#notes-on-availability">Notes on availability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html">Built-in Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">Constants added by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html">Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">Truth Value Testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">Boolean Operations — <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and</span></code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or</span></code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex">Numeric Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator-types">Iterator Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str">Text Sequence Type — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">Binary Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">Set Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">Mapping Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">Context Manager Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#type-annotation-types-generic-alias-union">Type Annotation Types — <span class="xref std std-ref">Generic Alias</span>, <span class="xref std std-ref">Union</span></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">Other Built-in Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#special-attributes">Special Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#integer-string-conversion-length-limitation">Integer string conversion length limitation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html">Built-in Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-context">Exception context</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#inheriting-from-built-in-exceptions">Inheriting from built-in exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#base-classes">Base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions">Concrete exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#warnings">Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">Exception hierarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="text.html">Text Processing Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code> — Common string operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="re.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> — Regular expression operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="difflib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="textwrap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicodedata.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code> — Unicode Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringprep.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="binary.html">Binary Data Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="struct.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codecs.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datatypes.html">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — Basic date and time types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zoneinfo.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoneinfo</span></code> — IANA time zone support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — Container datatypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — Heap queue algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — Array bisection algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reprlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reprlib</span></code> — Alternate <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enum</span></code> — Support for enumerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="graphlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">graphlib</span></code> — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="numeric.html">Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statistics</span></code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functional.html">Functional Programming Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools</span></code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="filesys.html">File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fileinput.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat</span></code> — Interpreting <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat()</span></code> results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="filecmp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tempfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="glob.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code> — Random access to text lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shutil</span></code> — High-level file operations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="persistence.html">Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> — Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copyreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></code> — Register <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> support functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shelve.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code> — Python object persistence</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbm.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm</span></code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlite3.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="archiving.html">Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gzip.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bz2</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">bzip2</strong> compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lzma.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lzma</span></code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code> — Work with ZIP archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tarfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></code> — Read and write tar archive files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fileformats.html">File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="csv.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">csv</span></code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">configparser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="netrc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="plistlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> — Generate and parse Apple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.plist</span></code> files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="crypto.html">Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="secrets.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">secrets</span></code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="allos.html">Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrency.html">Concurrent Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Thread-based parallelism</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based parallelism</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.shared_memory.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.shared_memory</span></code> — Shared memory for direct access across processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.html">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent</span></code> package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> — Launching parallel tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextvars.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextvars</span></code> — Context Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="_thread.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code> — Low-level threading API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipc.html">Networking and Interprocess Communication</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code> — Asynchronous I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selectors</span></code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="netdata.html">Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base64.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binhex.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binhex</span></code> — Encode and decode binhex4 files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="markup.html">Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html</span></code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html.parser</span></code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.entities.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html.entities</span></code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html">XML Processing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code> — The ElementTree XML API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code> — The Document Object Model API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></code> — Interface for XML parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="internet.html">Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient web-browser controller</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to <strong>RFC 4122</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mm.html">Multimedia Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wave.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wave</span></code> — Read and write WAV files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorsys.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="i18n.html">Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="frameworks.html">Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tk.html">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.colorchooser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.colorchooser</span></code> — Color choosing dialog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.font.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.font</span></code> — Tkinter font wrapper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dialog.html">Tkinter Dialogs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.messagebox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.messagebox</span></code> — Tkinter message prompts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.scrolledtext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.dnd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.dnd</span></code> — Drag and drop support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.ttk.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.ttk</span></code> — Tk themed widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.tix.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="idle.html">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="development.html">Development Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html">Python Development Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#effects-of-the-python-development-mode">Effects of the Python Development Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#resourcewarning-example">ResourceWarning Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#bad-file-descriptor-error-example">Bad file descriptor error example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — mock object library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html">2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.socket_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.socket_helper</span></code> — Utilities for socket tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.script_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.script_helper</span></code> — Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.bytecode_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.bytecode_helper</span></code> — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.threading_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.threading_helper</span></code> — Utilities for threading tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.os_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.os_helper</span></code> — Utilities for os tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.import_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.import_helper</span></code> — Utilities for import tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.warnings_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.warnings_helper</span></code> — Utilities for warnings tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="debug.html">Debugging and Profiling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audit_events.html">Audit events table</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> — Dump the Python traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html">The Python Profilers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tracemalloc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> — Trace memory allocations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distribution.html">Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> — Building and installing Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensurepip</span></code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> installer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="venv.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> — Creation of virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipapp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code> — Manage executable Python zip archives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="python.html">Python Runtime Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sysconfig.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="builtins.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">builtins</span></code> — Built-in objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> — Top-level code environment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="warnings.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code> — Warning control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dataclasses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dataclasses</span></code> — Data Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> — Utilities for <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code>-statement contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__future__.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code> — Inspect live objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="site.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="custominterp.html">Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="code.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codeop.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code> — Compile Python code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipimport.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkgutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modulefinder.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="runpy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — The implementation of <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.metadata.html">Using <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.metadata</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Python Language Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="token.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="keyword.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python module browser support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msvcrt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">winreg</span></code> — Windows registry access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winsound.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">winsound</span></code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unix.html">Unix Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posix.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="grp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="termios.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">termios</span></code> — POSIX style tty control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tty</span></code> — Terminal control functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> — The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ioctl</span></code> system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="resource.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resource</span></code> — Resource usage information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="syslog.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">syslog</span></code> — Unix syslog library routines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="superseded.html">Superseded Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aifc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aifc</span></code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audioop.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">audioop</span></code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="chunk.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">chunk</span></code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="crypt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imghdr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp</span></code> — Access the <span class="xref std std-ref">import</span> internals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailcap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msilib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nis.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nis</span></code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ossaudiodev.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pipes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sndhdr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="spwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code> — The shadow password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunau.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunau</span></code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uu.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uu</span></code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="security_warnings.html">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" 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