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margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li class="switchers"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> </li> <li> </li> <li id="cpython-language-and-version"> <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="debug.html" accesskey="U">Debugging and Profiling</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a></li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="module-trace"> <span id="trace-trace-or-track-python-statement-execution"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> — Trace or track Python statement execution<a class="headerlink" href="#module-trace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/trace.py">Lib/trace.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> module allows you to trace program execution, generate annotated statement coverage listings, print caller/callee relationships and list functions executed during a program run. It can be used in another program or from the command line.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="simple"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://coverage.readthedocs.io/">Coverage.py</a></dt><dd><p>A popular third-party coverage tool that provides HTML output along with advanced features such as branch coverage.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <section id="command-line-usage"> <span id="trace-cli"></span><h2>Command-Line Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> module can be invoked from the command line. It can be as simple as</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">trace</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">C</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">somefile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">...</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The above will execute <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">somefile.py</span></code> and generate annotated listings of all Python modules imported during the execution into the current directory.</p> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-help"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--help</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-help" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display usage and exit.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-version"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--version</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display the version of the module and exit.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8: </span>Added <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--module</span></code> option that allows to run an executable module.</p> </div> <section id="main-options"> <h3>Main options<a class="headerlink" href="#main-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>At least one of the following options must be specified when invoking <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-l"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--listfuncs</span></code></a> option is mutually exclusive with the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-t"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--trace</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> options. When <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-l"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--listfuncs</span></code></a> is provided, neither <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> nor <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-t"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--trace</span></code></a> are accepted, and vice versa.</p> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-c"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-count"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-c</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--count</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-c" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Produce a set of annotated listing files upon program completion that shows how many times each statement was executed. See also <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-C"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--coverdir</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-f"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--file</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-R"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--no-report</span></code></a> below.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-t"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-trace"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-t</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--trace</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-t" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display lines as they are executed.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-l"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-listfuncs"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-l</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--listfuncs</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-l" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display the functions executed by running the program.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-r"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-report"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-r</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--report</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-r" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Produce an annotated list from an earlier program run that used the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-f"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--file</span></code></a> option. This does not execute any code.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-T"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-trackcalls"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-T</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--trackcalls</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-T" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display the calling relationships exposed by running the program.</p> </dd></dl> </section> <section id="modifiers"> <h3>Modifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#modifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-f"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-file"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-f</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--file</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=<file></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-f" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Name of a file to accumulate counts over several tracing runs. Should be used with the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> option.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-C"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-coverdir"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-C</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--coverdir</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=<dir></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-C" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Directory where the report files go. The coverage report for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package.module</span></code> is written to file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">dir</span></em><span class="pre">/</span><em><span class="pre">package</span></em><span class="pre">/</span><em><span class="pre">module</span></em><span class="pre">.cover</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-m"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-missing"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-m</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--missing</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-m" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>When generating annotated listings, mark lines which were not executed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>>>>></span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-s"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-summary"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-s</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--summary</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-s" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>When using <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-r"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--report</span></code></a>, write a brief summary to stdout for each file processed.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-R"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-no-report"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-R</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--no-report</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-R" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Do not generate annotated listings. This is useful if you intend to make several runs with <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a>, and then produce a single set of annotated listings at the end.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-g"> <span id="cmdoption-trace-timing"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-g</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--timing</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-g" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Prefix each line with the time since the program started. Only used while tracing.</p> </dd></dl> </section> <section id="filters"> <h3>Filters<a class="headerlink" href="#filters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>These options may be repeated multiple times.</p> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-ignore-module"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--ignore-module</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=<mod></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-ignore-module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Ignore each of the given module names and its submodules (if it is a package). The argument can be a list of names separated by a comma.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std cmdoption"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-trace-ignore-dir"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--ignore-dir</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=<dir></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-ignore-dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Ignore all modules and packages in the named directory and subdirectories. The argument can be a list of directories separated by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.pathsep" title="os.pathsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.pathsep</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> </section> </section> <section id="programmatic-interface"> <span id="trace-api"></span><h2>Programmatic Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#programmatic-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="py class"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.Trace"> <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">trace.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Trace</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">count</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">trace</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">countfuncs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">countcallers</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignoremods</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">()</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignoredirs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">()</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">infile</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">outfile</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">timing</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create an object to trace execution of a single statement or expression. All parameters are optional. <em>count</em> enables counting of line numbers. <em>trace</em> enables line execution tracing. <em>countfuncs</em> enables listing of the functions called during the run. <em>countcallers</em> enables call relationship tracking. <em>ignoremods</em> is a list of modules or packages to ignore. <em>ignoredirs</em> is a list of directories whose modules or packages should be ignored. <em>infile</em> is the name of the file from which to read stored count information. <em>outfile</em> is the name of the file in which to write updated count information. <em>timing</em> enables a timestamp relative to when tracing was started to be displayed.</p> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.Trace.run"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">run</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cmd</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Execute the command and gather statistics from the execution with the current tracing parameters. <em>cmd</em> must be a string or code object, suitable for passing into <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.Trace.runctx"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runctx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cmd</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.runctx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Execute the command and gather statistics from the execution with the current tracing parameters, in the defined global and local environments. If not defined, <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> default to empty dictionaries.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.Trace.runfunc"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runfunc</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwds</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.runfunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Call <em>func</em> with the given arguments under control of the <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace" title="trace.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a> object with the current tracing parameters.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.Trace.results"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">results</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.results" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="trace.CoverageResults"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CoverageResults</span></code></a> object that contains the cumulative results of all previous calls to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runctx</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runfunc</span></code> for the given <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace" title="trace.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a> instance. Does not reset the accumulated trace results.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <dl class="py class"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.CoverageResults"> <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">trace.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CoverageResults</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A container for coverage results, created by <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace.results" title="trace.Trace.results"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace.results()</span></code></a>. Should not be created directly by the user.</p> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.CoverageResults.update"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">update</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">other</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults.update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Merge in data from another <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="trace.CoverageResults"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CoverageResults</span></code></a> object.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="trace.CoverageResults.write_results"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write_results</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_missing</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">summary</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">coverdir</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults.write_results" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Write coverage results. Set <em>show_missing</em> to show lines that had no hits. Set <em>summary</em> to include in the output the coverage summary per module. <em>coverdir</em> specifies the directory into which the coverage result files will be output. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, the results for each source file are placed in its directory.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <p>A simple example demonstrating the use of the programmatic interface:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">trace</span> <span class="c1"># create a Trace object, telling it what to ignore, and whether to</span> <span class="c1"># do tracing or line-counting or both.</span> <span class="n">tracer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">trace</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Trace</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">ignoredirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exec_prefix</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">trace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># run the new command using the given tracer</span> <span class="n">tracer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'main()'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># make a report, placing output in the current directory</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_results</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">show_missing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coverdir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"."</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </section> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#main-options">Main options</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#modifiers">Modifiers</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#filters">Filters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#programmatic-interface">Programmatic Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="timeit.html" title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="tracemalloc.html" title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> — Trace memory allocations</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Doc/library/trace.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="tracemalloc.html" title="tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="timeit.html" title="timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; 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