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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-interface">Python Interface</a></li>
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 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></li>
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 <section id="module-timeit">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-timeit" title="timeit: Measure the execution time of small code snippets."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code></a> — Measure execution time of small code snippets<a class="headerlink" href="#module-timeit" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/timeit.py">Lib/timeit.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
This module provides a simple way to time small bits of Python code. It has both
a <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit-command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a> as well as a <a class="reference internal" href="#python-interface">callable</a>
one. It avoids a number of common traps for measuring execution times.
See also Tim Peters’ introduction to the “Algorithms” chapter in the second
edition of Python Cookbook, published by O’Reilly.
<section id="basic-examples">
<h2>Basic Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The following example shows how the <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit-command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a>
can be used to compare three different expressions:
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python3 -m timeit &#39;&quot;-&quot;.join(str(n) for n in range(100))&#39;
10000 loops, best of 5: 30.2 usec per loop
$ python3 -m timeit &#39;&quot;-&quot;.join([str(n) for n in range(100)])&#39;
10000 loops, best of 5: 27.5 usec per loop
$ python3 -m timeit &#39;&quot;-&quot;.join(map(str, range(100)))&#39;
10000 loops, best of 5: 23.2 usec per loop
</pre></div>
</div>
This can be achieved from the <a class="reference internal" href="#python-interface">Python Interface</a> with:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import timeit
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(&#39;&quot;-&quot;.join(str(n) for n in range(100))&#39;, number=10000)
0.3018611848820001
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(&#39;&quot;-&quot;.join([str(n) for n in range(100)])&#39;, number=10000)
0.2727368790656328
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(&#39;&quot;-&quot;.join(map(str, range(100)))&#39;, number=10000)
0.23702679807320237
</pre></div>
</div>
A callable can also be passed from the <a class="reference internal" href="#python-interface">Python Interface</a>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(lambda: &quot;-&quot;.join(map(str, range(100))), number=10000)
0.19665591977536678
</pre></div>
</div>
Note however that <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.timeit" title="timeit.timeit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> will automatically determine the number of
repetitions only when the command-line interface is used. In the
<a class="reference internal" href="#timeit-examples">Examples</a> section you can find more advanced examples.
</section>
<section id="python-interface">
<h2>Python Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#python-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The module defines three convenience functions and a public class:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.timeit">
timeit.timeit(stmt='pass', setup='pass', timer=&lt;default timer&gt;, number=1000000, globals=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.timeit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create a <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer" title="timeit.Timer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Timer</code></a> instance with the given statement, setup code and
timer function and run its <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> method with number executions.
The optional globals argument specifies a namespace in which to execute the
code.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The optional globals parameter was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.repeat">
timeit.repeat(stmt='pass', setup='pass', timer=&lt;default timer&gt;, repeat=5, number=1000000, globals=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.repeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create a <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer" title="timeit.Timer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Timer</code></a> instance with the given statement, setup code and
timer function and run its <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.repeat" title="timeit.Timer.repeat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">repeat()</code></a> method with the given repeat
count and number executions. The optional globals argument specifies a
namespace in which to execute the code.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The optional globals parameter was added.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: Default value of repeat changed from 3 to 5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.default_timer">
timeit.default_timer()<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.default_timer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The default timer, which is always <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.perf_counter" title="time.perf_counter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">time.perf_counter()</code></a>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.3: <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.perf_counter" title="time.perf_counter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">time.perf_counter()</code></a> is now the default timer.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.Timer">
class timeit.Timer(stmt='pass', setup='pass', timer=&lt;timer function&gt;, globals=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.Timer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Class for timing execution speed of small code snippets.
The constructor takes a statement to be timed, an additional statement used
for setup, and a timer function. Both statements default to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'pass'</code>;
the timer function is platform-dependent (see the module doc string).
stmt and setup may also contain multiple statements separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">;</code>
or newlines, as long as they don’t contain multi-line string literals. The
statement will by default be executed within timeit’s namespace; this behavior
can be controlled by passing a namespace to globals.
To measure the execution time of the first statement, use the <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a>
method. The <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.repeat" title="timeit.Timer.repeat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">repeat()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.autorange" title="timeit.Timer.autorange"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">autorange()</code></a> methods are convenience
methods to call <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> multiple times.
The execution time of setup is excluded from the overall timed execution run.
The stmt and setup parameters can also take objects that are callable
without arguments. This will embed calls to them in a timer function that
will then be executed by <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a>. Note that the timing overhead is a
little larger in this case because of the extra function calls.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The optional globals parameter was added.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.Timer.timeit">
timeit(number=1000000)<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Time number executions of the main statement. This executes the setup
statement once, and then returns the time it takes to execute the main
statement a number of times, measured in seconds as a float.
The argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting to one
million. The main statement, the setup statement and the timer function
to be used are passed to the constructor.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
By default, <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> temporarily turns off <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-garbage-collection">garbage
collection</a> during the timing. The advantage of this approach is that
it makes independent timings more comparable. The disadvantage is
that GC may be an important component of the performance of the
function being measured. If so, GC can be re-enabled as the first
statement in the setup string. For example:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>timeit.Timer(&#39;for i in range(10): oct(i)&#39;, &#39;gc.enable()&#39;).timeit()
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.Timer.autorange">
autorange(callback=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.Timer.autorange" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Automatically determine how many times to call <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a>.
This is a convenience function that calls <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> repeatedly
so that the total time &gt;= 0.2 second, returning the eventual
(number of loops, time taken for that number of loops). It calls
<a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> with increasing numbers from the sequence 1, 2, 5,
10, 20, 50, … until the time taken is at least 0.2 second.
If callback is given and is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, it will be called after
each trial with two arguments: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">callback(number, time_taken)</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.Timer.repeat">
repeat(repeat=5, number=1000000)<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.Timer.repeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Call <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> a few times.
This is a convenience function that calls the <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a> repeatedly,
returning a list of results. The first argument specifies how many times
to call <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a>. The second argument specifies the number
argument for <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer.timeit" title="timeit.Timer.timeit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">timeit()</code></a>.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
It’s tempting to calculate mean and standard deviation from the result
vector and report these. However, this is not very useful.
In a typical case, the lowest value gives a lower bound for how fast
your machine can run the given code snippet; higher values in the
result vector are typically not caused by variability in Python’s
speed, but by other processes interfering with your timing accuracy.
So the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#min" title="min"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">min()</code></a> of the result is probably the only number you
should be interested in. After that, you should look at the entire
vector and apply common sense rather than statistics.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: Default value of repeat changed from 3 to 5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="timeit.Timer.print_exc">
print_exc(file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit.Timer.print_exc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Helper to print a traceback from the timed code.
Typical use:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>t = Timer(...) # outside the try/except
try:
 t.timeit(...) # or t.repeat(...)
except Exception:
 t.print_exc()
</pre></div>
</div>
The advantage over the standard traceback is that source lines in the
compiled template will be displayed. The optional file argument directs
where the traceback is sent; it defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.stderr</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="command-line-interface">
<h2>Command-Line Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
When called as a program from the command line, the following form is used:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>python -m timeit [-n N] [-r N] [-u U] [-s S] [-h] [statement ...]
</pre></div>
</div>
Where the following options are understood:
<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-timeit-n">
-n N, --number=N<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-timeit-n" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>how many times to execute ‘statement’
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-timeit-r">
-r N, --repeat=N<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-timeit-r" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>how many times to repeat the timer (default 5)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-timeit-s">
-s S, --setup=S<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-timeit-s" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>statement to be executed once initially (default <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pass</code>)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-timeit-p">
-p, --process<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-timeit-p" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>measure process time, not wallclock time, using <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.process_time" title="time.process_time"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">time.process_time()</code></a>
instead of <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.perf_counter" title="time.perf_counter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">time.perf_counter()</code></a>, which is the default
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-timeit-u">
-u, --unit=U<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-timeit-u" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>specify a time unit for timer output; can select nsec, usec, msec, or sec
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-timeit-v">
-v, --verbose<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-timeit-v" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>print raw timing results; repeat for more digits precision
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std cmdoption">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-timeit-h">
-h, --help<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-timeit-h" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>print a short usage message and exit
</dd></dl>

A multi-line statement may be given by specifying each line as a separate
statement argument; indented lines are possible by enclosing an argument in
quotes and using leading spaces. Multiple <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-timeit-s"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate">-s</code></a> options are treated
similarly.
If <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-timeit-n"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate">-n</code></a> is not given, a suitable number of loops is calculated by trying
increasing numbers from the sequence 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, … until the total
time is at least 0.2 seconds.
<a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.default_timer" title="timeit.default_timer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">default_timer()</code></a> measurements can be affected by other programs running on
the same machine, so the best thing to do when accurate timing is necessary is
to repeat the timing a few times and use the best time. The <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-timeit-r"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate">-r</code></a>
option is good for this; the default of 5 repetitions is probably enough in
most cases. You can use <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.process_time" title="time.process_time"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">time.process_time()</code></a> to measure CPU time.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
There is a certain baseline overhead associated with executing a pass statement.
The code here doesn’t try to hide it, but you should be aware of it. The
baseline overhead can be measured by invoking the program without arguments,
and it might differ between Python versions.
</div>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
It is possible to provide a setup statement that is executed only once at the beginning:
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -m timeit -s &#39;text = &quot;sample string&quot;; char = &quot;g&quot;&#39; &#39;char in text&#39;
5000000 loops, best of 5: 0.0877 usec per loop
$ python -m timeit -s &#39;text = &quot;sample string&quot;; char = &quot;g&quot;&#39; &#39;text.find(char)&#39;
1000000 loops, best of 5: 0.342 usec per loop
</pre></div>
</div>
In the output, there are three fields. The loop count, which tells you how many
times the statement body was run per timing loop repetition. The repetition
count (‘best of 5’) which tells you how many times the timing loop was
repeated, and finally the time the statement body took on average within the
best repetition of the timing loop. That is, the time the fastest repetition
took divided by the loop count.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import timeit
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(&#39;char in text&#39;, setup=&#39;text = &quot;sample string&quot;; char = &quot;g&quot;&#39;)
0.41440500499993504
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(&#39;text.find(char)&#39;, setup=&#39;text = &quot;sample string&quot;; char = &quot;g&quot;&#39;)
1.7246671520006203
</pre></div>
</div>
The same can be done using the <a class="reference internal" href="#timeit.Timer" title="timeit.Timer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Timer</code></a> class and its methods:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import timeit
&gt;&gt;&gt; t = timeit.Timer(&#39;char in text&#39;, setup=&#39;text = &quot;sample string&quot;; char = &quot;g&quot;&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; t.timeit()
0.3955516149999312
&gt;&gt;&gt; t.repeat()
[0.40183617287970225, 0.37027556854118704, 0.38344867356679524, 0.3712595970846668, 0.37866875250654886]
</pre></div>
</div>
The following examples show how to time expressions that contain multiple lines.
Here we compare the cost of using <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#hasattr" title="hasattr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">hasattr()</code></a> vs. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">try</code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#except"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">except</code></a>
to test for missing and present object attributes:
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -m timeit &#39;try:&#39; &#39; str.__bool__&#39; &#39;except AttributeError:&#39; &#39; pass&#39;
20000 loops, best of 5: 15.7 usec per loop
$ python -m timeit &#39;if hasattr(str, &quot;__bool__&quot;): pass&#39;
50000 loops, best of 5: 4.26 usec per loop

$ python -m timeit &#39;try:&#39; &#39; int.__bool__&#39; &#39;except AttributeError:&#39; &#39; pass&#39;
200000 loops, best of 5: 1.43 usec per loop
$ python -m timeit &#39;if hasattr(int, &quot;__bool__&quot;): pass&#39;
100000 loops, best of 5: 2.23 usec per loop
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import timeit
&gt;&gt;&gt; # attribute is missing
&gt;&gt;&gt; s = &quot;&quot;&quot;\
... try:
... str.__bool__
... except AttributeError:
... pass
... &quot;&quot;&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(stmt=s, number=100000)
0.9138244460009446
&gt;&gt;&gt; s = &quot;if hasattr(str, &#39;__bool__&#39;): pass&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(stmt=s, number=100000)
0.5829014980008651
&gt;&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; # attribute is present
&gt;&gt;&gt; s = &quot;&quot;&quot;\
... try:
... int.__bool__
... except AttributeError:
... pass
... &quot;&quot;&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(stmt=s, number=100000)
0.04215312199994514
&gt;&gt;&gt; s = &quot;if hasattr(int, &#39;__bool__&#39;): pass&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; timeit.timeit(stmt=s, number=100000)
0.08588060699912603
</pre></div>
</div>
To give the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-timeit" title="timeit: Measure the execution time of small code snippets."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code></a> module access to functions you define, you can pass a
setup parameter which contains an import statement:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def test():
 &quot;&quot;&quot;Stupid test function&quot;&quot;&quot;
 L = [i for i in range(100)]

if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
 import timeit
 print(timeit.timeit(&quot;test()&quot;, setup=&quot;from __main__ import test&quot;))
</pre></div>
</div>
Another option is to pass <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#globals" title="globals"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">globals()</code></a> to the globals parameter, which will cause the code
to be executed within your current global namespace. This can be more convenient
than individually specifying imports:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def f(x):
 return x**2
def g(x):
 return x**4
def h(x):
 return x**8

import timeit
print(timeit.timeit(&#39;[func(42) for func in (f,g,h)]&#39;, globals=globals()))
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>

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 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-interface">Python Interface</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
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