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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">types</code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dynamic-type-creation">Dynamic Type Creation</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-interpreter-types">Standard Interpreter Types</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-utility-classes-and-functions">Additional Utility Classes and Functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#coroutine-utility-functions">Coroutine Utility Functions</a></li>
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 <section id="module-types">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-types" title="types: Names for built-in types."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">types</code></a> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types<a class="headerlink" href="#module-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/types.py">Lib/types.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
This module defines utility functions to assist in dynamic creation of
new types.
It also defines names for some object types that are used by the standard
Python interpreter, but not exposed as builtins like <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">int</code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> are.
Finally, it provides some additional type-related utility classes and functions
that are not fundamental enough to be builtins.
<section id="dynamic-type-creation">
<h2>Dynamic Type Creation<a class="headerlink" href="#dynamic-type-creation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.new_class">
types.new_class(name, bases=(), kwds=None, exec_body=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.new_class" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates a class object dynamically using the appropriate metaclass.
The first three arguments are the components that make up a class
definition header: the class name, the base classes (in order), the
keyword arguments (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">metaclass</code>).
The exec_body argument is a callback that is used to populate the
freshly created class namespace. It should accept the class namespace
as its sole argument and update the namespace directly with the class
contents. If no callback is provided, it has the same effect as passing
in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">lambda ns: None</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.prepare_class">
types.prepare_class(name, bases=(), kwds=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.prepare_class" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calculates the appropriate metaclass and creates the class namespace.
The arguments are the components that make up a class definition header:
the class name, the base classes (in order) and the keyword arguments
(such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">metaclass</code>).
The return value is a 3-tuple: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">metaclass, namespace, kwds</code>
metaclass is the appropriate metaclass, namespace is the
prepared class namespace and kwds is an updated copy of the passed
in kwds argument with any <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'metaclass'</code> entry removed. If no kwds
argument is passed in, this will be an empty dict.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: The default value for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">namespace</code> element of the returned
tuple has changed. Now an insertion-order-preserving mapping is
used when the metaclass does not have a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__prepare__</code> method.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#metaclasses">Metaclasses</a></dt><dd>Full details of the class creation process supported by these functions
</dd>
<dt><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3115">PEP 3115</a> - Metaclasses in Python 3000</dt><dd>Introduced the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__prepare__</code> namespace hook
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.resolve_bases">
types.resolve_bases(bases)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.resolve_bases" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Resolve MRO entries dynamically as specified by <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0560">PEP 560</a>.
This function looks for items in bases that are not instances of
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#type" title="type"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">type</code></a>, and returns a tuple where each such object that has
an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__mro_entries__</code> method is replaced with an unpacked result of
calling this method. If a bases item is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#type" title="type"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">type</code></a>,
or it doesn’t have an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__mro_entries__</code> method, then it is included in
the return tuple unchanged.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0560">PEP 560</a> - Core support for typing module and generic types
</div>
</section>
<section id="standard-interpreter-types">
<h2>Standard Interpreter Types<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-interpreter-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
This module provides names for many of the types that are required to
implement a Python interpreter. It deliberately avoids including some of
the types that arise only incidentally during processing such as the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">listiterator</code> type.
Typical use of these names is for <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#isinstance" title="isinstance"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">isinstance()</code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#issubclass" title="issubclass"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">issubclass()</code></a> checks.
If you instantiate any of these types, note that signatures may vary between Python versions.
Standard names are defined for the following types:
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.NoneType">
types.NoneType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.NoneType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.FunctionType">
types.FunctionType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.FunctionType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.LambdaType">
types.LambdaType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.LambdaType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of user-defined functions and functions created by
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#lambda"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">lambda</code></a> expressions.
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">function.__new__</code> with argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate">code</code>.
The audit event only occurs for direct instantiation of function objects,
and is not raised for normal compilation.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.GeneratorType">
types.GeneratorType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.GeneratorType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator">generator</a>-iterator objects, created by
generator functions.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.CoroutineType">
types.CoroutineType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.CoroutineType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine">coroutine</a> objects, created by
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-def"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">async def</code></a> functions.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.AsyncGeneratorType">
types.AsyncGeneratorType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.AsyncGeneratorType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-asynchronous-generator">asynchronous generator</a>-iterator objects, created by
asynchronous generator functions.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.CodeType">
class types.CodeType(**kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.CodeType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type for code objects such as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">compile()</code></a>.
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">code.__new__</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">code</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">filename</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">name</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">argcount</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">posonlyargcount</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">kwonlyargcount</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">nlocals</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">stacksize</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">flags</code>.
Note that the audited arguments may not match the names or positions
required by the initializer. The audit event only occurs for direct
instantiation of code objects, and is not raised for normal compilation.
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.CodeType.replace">
replace(**kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.CodeType.replace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a copy of the code object with new values for the specified fields.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.8.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.CellType">
types.CellType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.CellType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type for cell objects: such objects are used as containers for
a function’s free variables.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.8.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MethodType">
types.MethodType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MethodType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of methods of user-defined class instances.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.BuiltinFunctionType">
types.BuiltinFunctionType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.BuiltinFunctionType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.BuiltinMethodType">
types.BuiltinMethodType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.BuiltinMethodType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of built-in functions like <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#len" title="len"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">len()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sys.exit()</code></a>, and
methods of built-in classes. (Here, the term “built-in” means “written in
C”.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.WrapperDescriptorType">
types.WrapperDescriptorType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.WrapperDescriptorType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of methods of some built-in data types and base classes such as
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__init__" title="object.__init__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">object.__init__()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__lt__" title="object.__lt__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">object.__lt__()</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MethodWrapperType">
types.MethodWrapperType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MethodWrapperType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of bound methods of some built-in data types and base classes.
For example it is the type of <code class="code docutils literal notranslate">object().__str__</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.NotImplementedType">
types.NotImplementedType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.NotImplementedType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#NotImplemented" title="NotImplemented"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">NotImplemented</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MethodDescriptorType">
types.MethodDescriptorType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MethodDescriptorType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of methods of some built-in data types such as <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str.join" title="str.join"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">str.join()</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.ClassMethodDescriptorType">
types.ClassMethodDescriptorType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.ClassMethodDescriptorType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of unbound class methods of some built-in data types such as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">dict.__dict__['fromkeys']</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.ModuleType">
class types.ModuleType(name, doc=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.ModuleType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-module">modules</a>. The constructor takes the name of the
module to be created and optionally its <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-docstring">docstring</a>.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Use <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.util.module_from_spec" title="importlib.util.module_from_spec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">importlib.util.module_from_spec()</code></a> to create a new module if you
wish to set the various import-controlled attributes.
</div>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.ModuleType.__doc__">
__doc__<a class="headerlink" href="#types.ModuleType.__doc__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-docstring">docstring</a> of the module. Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.ModuleType.__loader__">
__loader__<a class="headerlink" href="#types.ModuleType.__loader__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-loader">loader</a> which loaded the module. Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
This attribute is to match <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.loader" title="importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.loader"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.loader</code></a>
as stored in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#spec__" title="__spec__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__spec__</code></a> object.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
A future version of Python may stop setting this attribute by default.
To guard against this potential change, preferably read from the
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#spec__" title="__spec__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__spec__</code></a> attribute instead or use
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">getattr(module, &quot;__loader__&quot;, None)</code> if you explicitly need to use
this attribute.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. Previously the attribute was optional.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.ModuleType.__name__">
__name__<a class="headerlink" href="#types.ModuleType.__name__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The name of the module. Expected to match
<a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.name" title="importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.name"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.name</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.ModuleType.__package__">
__package__<a class="headerlink" href="#types.ModuleType.__package__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Which <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-package">package</a> a module belongs to. If the module is top-level
(i.e. not a part of any specific package) then the attribute should be set
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">''</code>, else it should be set to the name of the package (which can be
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#name__" title="__name__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__name__</code></a> if the module is a package itself). Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
This attribute is to match <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.parent" title="importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.parent"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.parent</code></a>
as stored in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#spec__" title="__spec__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__spec__</code></a> object.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
A future version of Python may stop setting this attribute by default.
To guard against this potential change, preferably read from the
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#spec__" title="__spec__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__spec__</code></a> attribute instead or use
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">getattr(module, &quot;__package__&quot;, None)</code> if you explicitly need to use
this attribute.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. Previously the attribute was optional.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.ModuleType.__spec__">
__spec__<a class="headerlink" href="#types.ModuleType.__spec__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A record of the module’s import-system-related state. Expected to be an
instance of <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec" title="importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.EllipsisType">
types.EllipsisType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.EllipsisType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">Ellipsis</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.GenericAlias">
class types.GenericAlias(t_origin, t_args)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.GenericAlias" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#types-genericalias">parameterized generics</a> such as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">list[int]</code>.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">t_origin</code> should be a non-parameterized generic class, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">list</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">tuple</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">dict</code>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">t_args</code> should be a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tuple</code></a> (possibly of
length 1) of types which parameterize <code class="docutils literal notranslate">t_origin</code>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from types import GenericAlias

&gt;&gt;&gt; list[int] == GenericAlias(list, (int,))
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; dict[str, int] == GenericAlias(dict, (str, int))
True
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9.2: This type can now be subclassed.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.UnionType">
class types.UnionType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.UnionType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#types-union">union type expressions</a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.TracebackType">
class types.TracebackType(tb_next, tb_frame, tb_lasti, tb_lineno)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.TracebackType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of traceback objects such as found in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.exc_info()[2]</code>.
See <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#traceback-objects">the language reference</a> for details of the
available attributes and operations, and guidance on creating tracebacks
dynamically.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.FrameType">
types.FrameType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.FrameType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of frame objects such as found in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">tb.tb_frame</code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">tb</code> is a
traceback object.
See <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#frame-objects">the language reference</a> for details of the
available attributes and operations.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.GetSetDescriptorType">
types.GetSetDescriptorType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.GetSetDescriptorType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of objects defined in extension modules with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyGetSetDef</code>, such
as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">FrameType.f_locals</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">array.array.typecode</code>. This type is used as
descriptor for object attributes; it has the same purpose as the
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#property" title="property"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">property</code></a> type, but for classes defined in extension modules.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MemberDescriptorType">
types.MemberDescriptorType<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MemberDescriptorType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The type of objects defined in extension modules with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyMemberDef</code>, such
as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">datetime.timedelta.days</code>. This type is used as descriptor for simple C
data members which use standard conversion functions; it has the same purpose
as the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#property" title="property"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">property</code></a> type, but for classes defined in extension modules.
<div class="impl-detail compound">
CPython implementation detail: In other implementations of Python, this type may be identical to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">GetSetDescriptorType</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MappingProxyType">
class types.MappingProxyType(mapping)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MappingProxyType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Read-only proxy of a mapping. It provides a dynamic view on the mapping’s
entries, which means that when the mapping changes, the view reflects these
changes.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9: Updated to support the new union (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">|</code>) operator from <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0584">PEP 584</a>, which
simply delegates to the underlying mapping.
</div>
<dl class="describe">
<dt class="sig sig-object">
key in proxy</dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the underlying mapping has a key key, else
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="describe">
<dt class="sig sig-object">
proxy[key]</dt>
<dd>Return the item of the underlying mapping with key key. Raises a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">KeyError</code></a> if key is not in the underlying mapping.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="describe">
<dt class="sig sig-object">
iter(proxy)</dt>
<dd>Return an iterator over the keys of the underlying mapping. This is a
shortcut for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">iter(proxy.keys())</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="describe">
<dt class="sig sig-object">
len(proxy)</dt>
<dd>Return the number of items in the underlying mapping.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MappingProxyType.copy">
copy()<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MappingProxyType.copy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a shallow copy of the underlying mapping.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MappingProxyType.get">
get(key[, default])<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MappingProxyType.get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the value for key if key is in the underlying mapping, else
default. If default is not given, it defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, so that
this method never raises a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">KeyError</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MappingProxyType.items">
items()<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MappingProxyType.items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new view of the underlying mapping’s items (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(key, value)</code>
pairs).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MappingProxyType.keys">
keys()<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MappingProxyType.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new view of the underlying mapping’s keys.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.MappingProxyType.values">
values()<a class="headerlink" href="#types.MappingProxyType.values" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new view of the underlying mapping’s values.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="describe">
<dt class="sig sig-object">
reversed(proxy)</dt>
<dd>Return a reverse iterator over the keys of the underlying mapping.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="additional-utility-classes-and-functions">
<h2>Additional Utility Classes and Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-utility-classes-and-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.SimpleNamespace">
class types.SimpleNamespace<a class="headerlink" href="#types.SimpleNamespace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A simple <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#object" title="object"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">object</code></a> subclass that provides attribute access to its
namespace, as well as a meaningful repr.
Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#object" title="object"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">object</code></a>, with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">SimpleNamespace</code> you can add and remove
attributes. If a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">SimpleNamespace</code> object is initialized with keyword
arguments, those are directly added to the underlying namespace.
The type is roughly equivalent to the following code:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>class SimpleNamespace:
 def __init__(self, /, **kwargs):
 self.__dict__.update(kwargs)

def __repr__(self):
 items = (f&quot;{k}={v!r}&quot; for k, v in self.__dict__.items())
 return &quot;{}({})&quot;.format(type(self).__name__, &quot;, &quot;.join(items))

def __eq__(self, other):
 if isinstance(self, SimpleNamespace) and isinstance(other, SimpleNamespace):
 return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
 return NotImplemented
</pre></div>
</div>
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">SimpleNamespace</code> may be useful as a replacement for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">class NS: pass</code>.
However, for a structured record type use <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">namedtuple()</code></a>
instead.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9: Attribute order in the repr changed from alphabetical to insertion (like
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">dict</code>).
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.DynamicClassAttribute">
types.DynamicClassAttribute(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.DynamicClassAttribute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Route attribute access on a class to __getattr__.
This is a descriptor, used to define attributes that act differently when
accessed through an instance and through a class. Instance access remains
normal, but access to an attribute through a class will be routed to the
class’s __getattr__ method; this is done by raising AttributeError.
This allows one to have properties active on an instance, and have virtual
attributes on the class with the same name (see <a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#enum.Enum" title="enum.Enum"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">enum.Enum</code></a> for an example).
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="coroutine-utility-functions">
<h2>Coroutine Utility Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#coroutine-utility-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="types.coroutine">
types.coroutine(gen_func)<a class="headerlink" href="#types.coroutine" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This function transforms a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator">generator</a> function into a
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine-function">coroutine function</a> which returns a generator-based coroutine.
The generator-based coroutine is still a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator-iterator">generator iterator</a>,
but is also considered to be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine">coroutine</a> object and is
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable">awaitable</a>. However, it may not necessarily implement
the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__await__" title="object.__await__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__await__()</code></a> method.
If gen_func is a generator function, it will be modified in-place.
If gen_func is not a generator function, it will be wrapped. If it
returns an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Generator" title="collections.abc.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">collections.abc.Generator</code></a>, the instance
will be wrapped in an awaitable proxy object. All other types
of objects will be returned as is.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">types</code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dynamic-type-creation">Dynamic Type Creation</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-interpreter-types">Standard Interpreter Types</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-utility-classes-and-functions">Additional Utility Classes and Functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#coroutine-utility-functions">Coroutine Utility Functions</a></li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
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