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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-place-operators">In-place Operators</a></li>
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 <section id="module-operator">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code></a> — Standard operators as functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/operator.py">Lib/operator.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code></a> module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to
the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">operator.add(x, y)</code> is
equivalent to the expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate">x+y</code>. Many function names are those used for
special methods, without the double underscores. For backward compatibility,
many of these have a variant with the double underscores kept. The variants
without the double underscores are preferred for clarity.
The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical
operations, mathematical operations and sequence operations.
The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after
the rich comparison operators they support:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.lt">
operator.lt(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.le">
operator.le(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.le" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.eq">
operator.eq(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.eq" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ne">
operator.ne(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ge">
operator.ge(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.gt">
operator.gt(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.gt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__lt__">
operator.__lt__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__le__">
operator.__le__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__le__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__eq__">
operator.__eq__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__eq__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ne__">
operator.__ne__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ne__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ge__">
operator.__ge__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ge__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__gt__">
operator.__gt__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__gt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Perform “rich comparisons” between a and b. Specifically, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">lt(a, b)</code> is
equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &lt; b</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">le(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &lt;= b</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">eq(a,
b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a == b</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ne(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a != b</code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">gt(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &gt; b</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ge(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a
&gt;= b</code>. Note that these functions can return any value, which may
or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value. See
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a> for more information about rich comparisons.
</dd></dl>

The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support
truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.not_">
operator.not_(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.not_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__not__">
operator.__not__(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__not__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the outcome of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#not"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">not</code></a> obj. (Note that there is no
<a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__not__" title="operator.__not__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__not__()</code></a> method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines
this operation. The result is affected by the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__bool__()</code> and
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__len__()</code> methods.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.truth">
operator.truth(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truth" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">True</code></a> if obj is true, and <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">False</code></a> otherwise. This is
equivalent to using the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bool</code></a> constructor.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.is_">
operator.is_(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a is b</code>. Tests object identity.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.is_not">
operator.is_not(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_not" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a is not b</code>. Tests object identity.
</dd></dl>

The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.abs">
operator.abs(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.abs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__abs__">
operator.__abs__(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__abs__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the absolute value of obj.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.add">
operator.add(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__add__">
operator.__add__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__add__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a + b</code>, for a and b numbers.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.and_">
operator.and_(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.and_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__and__">
operator.__and__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__and__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the bitwise and of a and b.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.floordiv">
operator.floordiv(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.floordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__floordiv__">
operator.__floordiv__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__floordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a // b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.index">
operator.index(a)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__index__">
operator.__index__(a)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__index__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a converted to an integer. Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a.__index__()</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The result always has exact type <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">int</code></a>. Previously, the result
could have been an instance of a subclass of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">int</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.inv">
operator.inv(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.inv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.invert">
operator.invert(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.invert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__inv__">
operator.__inv__(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__inv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__invert__">
operator.__invert__(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__invert__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the bitwise inverse of the number obj. This is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">~obj</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.lshift">
operator.lshift(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__lshift__">
operator.__lshift__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a shifted left by b.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.mod">
operator.mod(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__mod__">
operator.__mod__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a % b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.mul">
operator.mul(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__mul__">
operator.__mul__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a * b</code>, for a and b numbers.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.matmul">
operator.matmul(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.matmul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__matmul__">
operator.__matmul__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__matmul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &#64; b</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.neg">
operator.neg(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.neg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__neg__">
operator.__neg__(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__neg__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return obj negated (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">-obj</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.or_">
operator.or_(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.or_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__or__">
operator.__or__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__or__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the bitwise or of a and b.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.pos">
operator.pos(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__pos__">
operator.__pos__(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pos__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return obj positive (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">+obj</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.pow">
operator.pow(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__pow__">
operator.__pow__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a ** b</code>, for a and b numbers.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.rshift">
operator.rshift(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.rshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__rshift__">
operator.__rshift__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__rshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a shifted right by b.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.sub">
operator.sub(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__sub__">
operator.__sub__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__sub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a - b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.truediv">
operator.truediv(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__truediv__">
operator.__truediv__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__truediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a / b</code> where 2/3 is .66 rather than 0. This is also known as
“true” division.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.xor">
operator.xor(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.xor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__xor__">
operator.__xor__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__xor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the bitwise exclusive or of a and b.
</dd></dl>

Operations which work with sequences (some of them with mappings too) include:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.concat">
operator.concat(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__concat__">
operator.__concat__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__concat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a + b</code> for a and b sequences.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.contains">
operator.contains(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.contains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__contains__">
operator.__contains__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the outcome of the test <code class="docutils literal notranslate">b in a</code>. Note the reversed operands.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.countOf">
operator.countOf(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.countOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the number of occurrences of b in a.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.delitem">
operator.delitem(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__delitem__">
operator.__delitem__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Remove the value of a at index b.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.getitem">
operator.getitem(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__getitem__">
operator.__getitem__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the value of a at index b.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.indexOf">
operator.indexOf(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.indexOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the index of the first of occurrence of b in a.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.setitem">
operator.setitem(a, b, c)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__setitem__">
operator.__setitem__(a, b, c)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the value of a at index b to c.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.length_hint">
operator.length_hint(obj, default=0)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.length_hint" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return an estimated length for the object o. First try to return its
actual length, then an estimate using <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__length_hint__" title="object.__length_hint__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">object.__length_hint__()</code></a>, and
finally return the default value.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code></a> module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item
lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">map()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sorted()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.groupby" title="itertools.groupby"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">itertools.groupby()</code></a>, or other functions that
expect a function argument.
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.attrgetter">
operator.attrgetter(attr)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.attrgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
operator.attrgetter(*attrs)</dt>
<dd>Return a callable object that fetches attr from its operand.
If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes.
The attribute names can also contain dots. For example:
<ul class="simple">
<li>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f = attrgetter('name')</code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f(b)</code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">b.name</code>.</li>
<li>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f = attrgetter('name', 'date')</code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f(b)</code> returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(b.name, b.date)</code>.</li>
<li>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f = attrgetter('name.first', 'name.last')</code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f(b)</code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(b.name.first, b.name.last)</code>.</li>
</ul>
Equivalent to:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def attrgetter(*items):
 if any(not isinstance(item, str) for item in items):
 raise TypeError(&#39;attribute name must be a string&#39;)
 if len(items) == 1:
 attr = items[0]
 def g(obj):
 return resolve_attr(obj, attr)
 else:
 def g(obj):
 return tuple(resolve_attr(obj, attr) for attr in items)
 return g

def resolve_attr(obj, attr):
 for name in attr.split(&quot;.&quot;):
 obj = getattr(obj, name)
 return obj
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.itemgetter">
operator.itemgetter(item)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
operator.itemgetter(*items)</dt>
<dd>Return a callable object that fetches item from its operand using the
operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__getitem__()</code></a> method. If multiple items are specified,
returns a tuple of lookup values. For example:
<ul class="simple">
<li>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f = itemgetter(2)</code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f(r)</code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">r[2]</code>.</li>
<li>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate">g = itemgetter(2, 5, 3)</code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">g(r)</code> returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(r[2], r[5], r[3])</code>.</li>
</ul>
Equivalent to:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def itemgetter(*items):
 if len(items) == 1:
 item = items[0]
 def g(obj):
 return obj[item]
 else:
 def g(obj):
 return tuple(obj[item] for item in items)
 return g
</pre></div>
</div>
The items can be any type accepted by the operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__getitem__()</code></a>
method. Dictionaries accept any <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-hashable">hashable</a> value. Lists, tuples, and
strings accept an index or a slice:
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; itemgetter(1)(&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;)
&#39;B&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; itemgetter(1, 3, 5)(&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;)
(&#39;B&#39;, &#39;D&#39;, &#39;F&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; itemgetter(slice(2, None))(&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;)
&#39;CDEFG&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; soldier = dict(rank=&#39;captain&#39;, name=&#39;dotterbart&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; itemgetter(&#39;rank&#39;)(soldier)
&#39;captain&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
Example of using <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="operator.itemgetter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">itemgetter()</code></a> to retrieve specific fields from a
tuple record:
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; inventory = [(&#39;apple&#39;, 3), (&#39;banana&#39;, 2), (&#39;pear&#39;, 5), (&#39;orange&#39;, 1)]
&gt;&gt;&gt; getcount = itemgetter(1)
&gt;&gt;&gt; list(map(getcount, inventory))
[3, 2, 5, 1]
&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(inventory, key=getcount)
[(&#39;orange&#39;, 1), (&#39;banana&#39;, 2), (&#39;apple&#39;, 3), (&#39;pear&#39;, 5)]
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.methodcaller">
operator.methodcaller(name, /, *args, **kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.methodcaller" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a callable object that calls the method name on its operand. If
additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given
to the method as well. For example:
<ul class="simple">
<li>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f = methodcaller('name')</code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f(b)</code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">b.name()</code>.</li>
<li>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f = methodcaller('name', 'foo', bar=1)</code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f(b)</code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">b.name('foo', bar=1)</code>.</li>
</ul>
Equivalent to:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def methodcaller(name, /, *args, **kwargs):
 def caller(obj):
 return getattr(obj, name)(*args, **kwargs)
 return caller
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<section id="mapping-operators-to-functions">
<h2>Mapping Operators to Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the
Python syntax and the functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code></a> module.
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 26%" />
<col style="width: 29%" />
<col style="width: 45%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Operation</th>
<th class="head">Syntax</th>
<th class="head">Function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Addition</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a + b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">add(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Concatenation</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">seq1 + seq2</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">concat(seq1, seq2)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Containment Test</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">obj in seq</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">contains(seq, obj)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Division</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a / b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">truediv(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Division</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a // b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">floordiv(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Bitwise And</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &amp; b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">and_(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Bitwise Exclusive Or</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a ^ b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">xor(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Bitwise Inversion</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">~ a</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">invert(a)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Bitwise Or</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a | b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">or_(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Exponentiation</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a ** b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">pow(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Identity</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a is b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">is_(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Identity</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a is not b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">is_not(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Indexed Assignment</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">obj[k] = v</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">setitem(obj, k, v)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Indexed Deletion</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">del obj[k]</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">delitem(obj, k)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Indexing</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">obj[k]</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">getitem(obj, k)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Left Shift</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &lt;&lt; b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">lshift(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Modulo</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a % b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">mod(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Multiplication</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a * b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">mul(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Matrix Multiplication</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &#64; b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">matmul(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Negation (Arithmetic)</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">- a</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">neg(a)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Negation (Logical)</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">not a</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">not_(a)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Positive</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">+ a</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">pos(a)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Right Shift</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &gt;&gt; b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">rshift(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Slice Assignment</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">seq[i:j] = values</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">setitem(seq, slice(i, j), values)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Slice Deletion</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">del seq[i:j]</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">delitem(seq, slice(i, j))</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Slicing</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">seq[i:j]</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">getitem(seq, slice(i, j))</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>String Formatting</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">s % obj</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">mod(s, obj)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Subtraction</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a - b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">sub(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Truth Test</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">obj</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">truth(obj)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &lt; b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">lt(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &lt;= b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">le(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Equality</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a == b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">eq(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Difference</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a != b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">ne(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &gt;= b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">ge(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &gt; b</code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">gt(a, b)</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="in-place-operators">
<h2>In-place Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#in-place-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Many operations have an “in-place” version. Listed below are functions
providing a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax
does; for example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-statement">statement</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">x += y</code> is equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">x = operator.iadd(x, y)</code>. Another way to put it is to say that
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">z = operator.iadd(x, y)</code> is equivalent to the compound statement
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">z = x; z += y</code>.
In those examples, note that when an in-place method is called, the computation
and assignment are performed in two separate steps. The in-place functions
listed below only do the first step, calling the in-place method. The second
step, assignment, is not handled.
For immutable targets such as strings, numbers, and tuples, the updated
value is computed, but not assigned back to the input variable:
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; a = &#39;hello&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; iadd(a, &#39; world&#39;)
&#39;hello world&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; a
&#39;hello&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
For mutable targets such as lists and dictionaries, the in-place method
will perform the update, so no subsequent assignment is necessary:
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; s = [&#39;h&#39;, &#39;e&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;o&#39;]
&gt;&gt;&gt; iadd(s, [&#39; &#39;, &#39;w&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39;r&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;d&#39;])
[&#39;h&#39;, &#39;e&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39; &#39;, &#39;w&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39;r&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;d&#39;]
&gt;&gt;&gt; s
[&#39;h&#39;, &#39;e&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39; &#39;, &#39;w&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39;r&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;d&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iadd">
operator.iadd(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iadd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iadd__">
operator.__iadd__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iadd__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = iadd(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a += b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iand">
operator.iand(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iand" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iand__">
operator.__iand__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iand__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = iand(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &amp;= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iconcat">
operator.iconcat(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iconcat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iconcat__">
operator.__iconcat__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iconcat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = iconcat(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a += b</code> for a and b sequences.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ifloordiv">
operator.ifloordiv(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ifloordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ifloordiv__">
operator.__ifloordiv__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ifloordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = ifloordiv(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a //= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ilshift">
operator.ilshift(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ilshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ilshift__">
operator.__ilshift__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ilshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = ilshift(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &lt;&lt;= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imod">
operator.imod(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imod__">
operator.__imod__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = imod(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a %= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imul">
operator.imul(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imul__">
operator.__imul__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = imul(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a *= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imatmul">
operator.imatmul(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imatmul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imatmul__">
operator.__imatmul__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imatmul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = imatmul(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &#64;= b</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ior">
operator.ior(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ior" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ior__">
operator.__ior__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ior__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = ior(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a |= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ipow">
operator.ipow(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ipow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ipow__">
operator.__ipow__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ipow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = ipow(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a **= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.irshift">
operator.irshift(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__irshift__">
operator.__irshift__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = irshift(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a &gt;&gt;= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.isub">
operator.isub(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__isub__">
operator.__isub__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__isub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = isub(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a -= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.itruediv">
operator.itruediv(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itruediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__itruediv__">
operator.__itruediv__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__itruediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = itruediv(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a /= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ixor">
operator.ixor(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ixor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ixor__">
operator.__ixor__(a, b)<a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ixor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a = ixor(a, b)</code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a ^= b</code>.
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-place-operators">In-place Operators</a></li>
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