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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Futures</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#future-functions">Future Functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#future-object">Future Object</a></li>
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 <section id="futures">
<h1>Futures<a class="headerlink" href="#futures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/asyncio/futures.py">Lib/asyncio/futures.py</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py">Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
Future objects are used to bridge low-level callback-based code
with high-level async/await code.
<section id="future-functions">
<h2>Future Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#future-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.isfuture">
asyncio.isfuture(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.isfuture" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if obj is either of:
<ul class="simple">
<li>an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future" title="asyncio.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future</code></a>,</li>
<li>an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Task" title="asyncio.Task"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Task</code></a>,</li>
<li>a Future-like object with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">_asyncio_future_blocking</code>
attribute.</li>
</ul>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.ensure_future">
asyncio.ensure_future(obj, *, loop=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.ensure_future" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return:
<ul class="simple">
<li>obj argument as is, if obj is a <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future" title="asyncio.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Future</code></a>,
a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Task" title="asyncio.Task"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Task</code></a>, or a Future-like object (<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.isfuture" title="asyncio.isfuture"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">isfuture()</code></a>
is used for the test.)</li>
<li>a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Task" title="asyncio.Task"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Task</code></a> object wrapping obj, if obj is a
coroutine (<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.iscoroutine" title="asyncio.iscoroutine"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">iscoroutine()</code></a> is used for the test);
in this case the coroutine will be scheduled by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">ensure_future()</code>.</li>
<li>a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Task" title="asyncio.Task"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Task</code></a> object that would await on obj, if obj is an
awaitable (<a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html#inspect.isawaitable" title="inspect.isawaitable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">inspect.isawaitable()</code></a> is used for the test.)</li>
</ul>
If obj is neither of the above a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code></a> is raised.
<div class="admonition important">
Important
See also the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.create_task" title="asyncio.create_task"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">create_task()</code></a> function which is the
preferred way for creating new Tasks.
Save a reference to the result of this function, to avoid
a task disappearing mid-execution.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5.1: The function accepts any <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable">awaitable</a> object.
</div>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.10: Deprecation warning is emitted if obj is not a Future-like object
and loop is not specified and there is no running event loop.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.wrap_future">
asyncio.wrap_future(future, *, loop=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.wrap_future" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Wrap a <a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures.Future</code></a> object in a
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future" title="asyncio.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future</code></a> object.
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.10: Deprecation warning is emitted if future is not a Future-like object
and loop is not specified and there is no running event loop.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="future-object">
<h2>Future Object<a class="headerlink" href="#future-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future">
class asyncio.Future(*, loop=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A Future represents an eventual result of an asynchronous
operation. Not thread-safe.
Future is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable">awaitable</a> object. Coroutines can await on
Future objects until they either have a result or an exception
set, or until they are cancelled. A Future can be awaited multiple
times and the result is same.
Typically Futures are used to enable low-level
callback-based code (e.g. in protocols implemented using asyncio
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio-transports-protocols">transports</a>)
to interoperate with high-level async/await code.
The rule of thumb is to never expose Future objects in user-facing
APIs, and the recommended way to create a Future object is to call
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.create_future" title="asyncio.loop.create_future"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.create_future()</code></a>. This way alternative event loop
implementations can inject their own optimized implementations
of a Future object.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: Added support for the <a class="reference internal" href="contextvars.html#module-contextvars" title="contextvars: Context Variables"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">contextvars</code></a> module.
</div>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.10: Deprecation warning is emitted if loop is not specified
and there is no running event loop.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.result">
result()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the result of the Future.
If the Future is done and has a result set by the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.set_result" title="asyncio.Future.set_result"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">set_result()</code></a> method, the result value is returned.
If the Future is done and has an exception set by the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.set_exception" title="asyncio.Future.set_exception"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">set_exception()</code></a> method, this method raises the exception.
If the Future has been cancelled, this method raises
a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-exceptions.html#asyncio.CancelledError" title="asyncio.CancelledError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">CancelledError</code></a> exception.
If the Future’s result isn’t yet available, this method raises
a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-exceptions.html#asyncio.InvalidStateError" title="asyncio.InvalidStateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">InvalidStateError</code></a> exception.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.set_result">
set_result(result)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.set_result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Mark the Future as done and set its result.
Raises a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-exceptions.html#asyncio.InvalidStateError" title="asyncio.InvalidStateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">InvalidStateError</code></a> error if the Future is
already done.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.set_exception">
set_exception(exception)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.set_exception" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Mark the Future as done and set an exception.
Raises a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-exceptions.html#asyncio.InvalidStateError" title="asyncio.InvalidStateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">InvalidStateError</code></a> error if the Future is
already done.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.done">
done()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.done" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the Future is done.
A Future is done if it was cancelled or if it has a result
or an exception set with <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.set_result" title="asyncio.Future.set_result"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">set_result()</code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.set_exception" title="asyncio.Future.set_exception"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">set_exception()</code></a> calls.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.cancelled">
cancelled()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.cancelled" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the Future was cancelled.
The method is usually used to check if a Future is not
cancelled before setting a result or an exception for it:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>if not fut.cancelled():
 fut.set_result(42)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.add_done_callback">
add_done_callback(callback, *, context=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.add_done_callback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Add a callback to be run when the Future is done.
The callback is called with the Future object as its only
argument.
If the Future is already done when this method is called,
the callback is scheduled with <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.call_soon" title="asyncio.loop.call_soon"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.call_soon()</code></a>.
An optional keyword-only context argument allows specifying a
custom <a class="reference internal" href="contextvars.html#contextvars.Context" title="contextvars.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">contextvars.Context</code></a> for the callback to run in.
The current context is used when no context is provided.
<a class="reference internal" href="functools.html#functools.partial" title="functools.partial"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">functools.partial()</code></a> can be used to pass parameters
to the callback, e.g.:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre># Call &#39;print(&quot;Future:&quot;, fut)&#39; when &quot;fut&quot; is done.
fut.add_done_callback(
 functools.partial(print, &quot;Future:&quot;))
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: The context keyword-only parameter was added.
See <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0567">PEP 567</a> for more details.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.remove_done_callback">
remove_done_callback(callback)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.remove_done_callback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Remove callback from the callbacks list.
Returns the number of callbacks removed, which is typically 1,
unless a callback was added more than once.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.cancel">
cancel(msg=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.cancel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Cancel the Future and schedule callbacks.
If the Future is already done or cancelled, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>.
Otherwise, change the Future’s state to cancelled,
schedule the callbacks, and return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9: Added the msg parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.exception">
exception()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.exception" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the exception that was set on this Future.
The exception (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> if no exception was set) is
returned only if the Future is done.
If the Future has been cancelled, this method raises a
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-exceptions.html#asyncio.CancelledError" title="asyncio.CancelledError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">CancelledError</code></a> exception.
If the Future isn’t done yet, this method raises an
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-exceptions.html#asyncio.InvalidStateError" title="asyncio.InvalidStateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">InvalidStateError</code></a> exception.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.Future.get_loop">
get_loop()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.Future.get_loop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the event loop the Future object is bound to.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

This example creates a Future object, creates and schedules an
asynchronous Task to set result for the Future, and waits until
the Future has a result:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>async def set_after(fut, delay, value):
 # Sleep for *delay* seconds.
 await asyncio.sleep(delay)

# Set *value* as a result of *fut* Future.
 fut.set_result(value)

async def main():
 # Get the current event loop.
 loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

# Create a new Future object.
 fut = loop.create_future()

# Run &quot;set_after()&quot; coroutine in a parallel Task.
 # We are using the low-level &quot;loop.create_task()&quot; API here because
 # we already have a reference to the event loop at hand.
 # Otherwise we could have just used &quot;asyncio.create_task()&quot;.
 loop.create_task(
 set_after(fut, 1, &#39;... world&#39;))

print(&#39;hello ...&#39;)

# Wait until *fut* has a result (1 second) and print it.
 print(await fut)

asyncio.run(main())
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
Important
The Future object was designed to mimic
<a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures.Future</code></a>. Key differences include:
<ul class="simple">
<li>unlike asyncio Futures, <a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures.Future</code></a>
instances cannot be awaited.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.result" title="asyncio.Future.result"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future.result()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.exception" title="asyncio.Future.exception"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future.exception()</code></a>
do not accept the timeout argument.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.result" title="asyncio.Future.result"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future.result()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.exception" title="asyncio.Future.exception"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future.exception()</code></a>
raise an <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-exceptions.html#asyncio.InvalidStateError" title="asyncio.InvalidStateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">InvalidStateError</code></a> exception when the Future is not
done.</li>
<li>Callbacks registered with <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.add_done_callback" title="asyncio.Future.add_done_callback"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future.add_done_callback()</code></a>
are not called immediately. They are scheduled with
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.call_soon" title="asyncio.loop.call_soon"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">loop.call_soon()</code></a> instead.</li>
<li>asyncio Future is not compatible with the
<a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.wait" title="concurrent.futures.wait"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures.wait()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.as_completed" title="concurrent.futures.as_completed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures.as_completed()</code></a> functions.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.Future.cancel" title="asyncio.Future.cancel"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">asyncio.Future.cancel()</code></a> accepts an optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate">msg</code> argument,
but <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures.cancel()</code> does not.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
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