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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmd</code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cmd-objects">Cmd Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cmd-example">Cmd Example</a></li>
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 <section id="module-cmd">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmd</code></a> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters<a class="headerlink" href="#module-cmd" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/cmd.py">Lib/cmd.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
The <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a> class provides a simple framework for writing line-oriented
command interpreters. These are often useful for test harnesses, administrative
tools, and prototypes that will later be wrapped in a more sophisticated
interface.
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd">
class cmd.Cmd(completekey='tab', stdin=None, stdout=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a> instance or subclass instance is a line-oriented interpreter
framework. There is no good reason to instantiate <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a> itself; rather,
it’s useful as a superclass of an interpreter class you define yourself in order
to inherit <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a>’s methods and encapsulate action methods.
The optional argument completekey is the <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">readline</code></a> name of a completion
key; it defaults to <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Tab</kbd>. If completekey is not <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">readline</code></a> is available, command completion is done automatically.
The optional arguments stdin and stdout specify the input and output file
objects that the Cmd instance or subclass instance will use for input and
output. If not specified, they will default to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdin" title="sys.stdin"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdin</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code></a>.
If you want a given stdin to be used, make sure to set the instance’s
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput" title="cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">use_rawinput</code></a> attribute to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>, otherwise stdin will be
ignored.
</dd></dl>

<section id="cmd-objects">
<h2>Cmd Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
A <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a> instance has the following methods:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop">
Cmd.cmdloop(intro=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Repeatedly issue a prompt, accept input, parse an initial prefix off the
received input, and dispatch to action methods, passing them the remainder of
the line as argument.
The optional argument is a banner or intro string to be issued before the first
prompt (this overrides the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.intro" title="cmd.Cmd.intro"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">intro</code></a> class attribute).
If the <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">readline</code></a> module is loaded, input will automatically inherit
bash-like history-list editing (e.g. <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">P</kbd></kbd> scrolls back
to the last command, <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">N</kbd></kbd> forward to the next one, <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F</kbd></kbd>
moves the cursor to the right non-destructively, <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">B</kbd></kbd> moves the
cursor to the left non-destructively, etc.).
An end-of-file on input is passed back as the string <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'EOF'</code>.
An interpreter instance will recognize a command name <code class="docutils literal notranslate">foo</code> if and only if it
has a method <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_foo()</code>. As a special case, a line beginning with the
character <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'?'</code> is dispatched to the method <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_help()</code>. As another
special case, a line beginning with the character <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'!'</code> is dispatched to the
method <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_shell()</code> (if such a method is defined).
This method will return when the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">postcmd()</code></a> method returns a true value.
The stop argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">postcmd()</code></a> is the return value from the command’s
corresponding <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_*()</code> method.
If completion is enabled, completing commands will be done automatically, and
completing of commands args is done by calling <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">complete_foo()</code> with
arguments text, line, begidx, and endidx. text is the string prefix
we are attempting to match: all returned matches must begin with it. line is
the current input line with leading whitespace removed, begidx and endidx
are the beginning and ending indexes of the prefix text, which could be used to
provide different completion depending upon which position the argument is in.
All subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a> inherit a predefined <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_help()</code>. This
method, called with an argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'bar'</code>, invokes the corresponding method
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">help_bar()</code>, and if that is not present, prints the docstring of
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_bar()</code>, if available. With no argument, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_help()</code> lists all
available help topics (that is, all commands with corresponding
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">help_*()</code> methods or commands that have docstrings), and also lists any
undocumented commands.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.onecmd">
Cmd.onecmd(str)<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.onecmd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Interpret the argument as though it had been typed in response to the prompt.
This may be overridden, but should not normally need to be; see the
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="cmd.Cmd.precmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">precmd()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">postcmd()</code></a> methods for useful execution hooks. The
return value is a flag indicating whether interpretation of commands by the
interpreter should stop. If there is a <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_*()</code> method for the command
str, the return value of that method is returned, otherwise the return value
from the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.default" title="cmd.Cmd.default"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">default()</code></a> method is returned.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.emptyline">
Cmd.emptyline()<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.emptyline" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Method called when an empty line is entered in response to the prompt. If this
method is not overridden, it repeats the last nonempty command entered.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.default">
Cmd.default(line)<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.default" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Method called on an input line when the command prefix is not recognized. If
this method is not overridden, it prints an error message and returns.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.completedefault">
Cmd.completedefault(text, line, begidx, endidx)<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.completedefault" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Method called to complete an input line when no command-specific
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">complete_*()</code> method is available. By default, it returns an empty list.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.precmd">
Cmd.precmd(line)<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Hook method executed just before the command line line is interpreted, but
after the input prompt is generated and issued. This method is a stub in
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a>; it exists to be overridden by subclasses. The return value is
used as the command which will be executed by the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.onecmd" title="cmd.Cmd.onecmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">onecmd()</code></a> method; the
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="cmd.Cmd.precmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">precmd()</code></a> implementation may re-write the command or simply return line
unchanged.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.postcmd">
Cmd.postcmd(stop, line)<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Hook method executed just after a command dispatch is finished. This method is
a stub in <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a>; it exists to be overridden by subclasses. line is the
command line which was executed, and stop is a flag which indicates whether
execution will be terminated after the call to <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">postcmd()</code></a>; this will be the
return value of the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.onecmd" title="cmd.Cmd.onecmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">onecmd()</code></a> method. The return value of this method will
be used as the new value for the internal flag which corresponds to stop;
returning false will cause interpretation to continue.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.preloop">
Cmd.preloop()<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.preloop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Hook method executed once when <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">cmdloop()</code></a> is called. This method is a stub
in <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a>; it exists to be overridden by subclasses.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.postloop">
Cmd.postloop()<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.postloop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Hook method executed once when <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">cmdloop()</code></a> is about to return. This method
is a stub in <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a>; it exists to be overridden by subclasses.
</dd></dl>

Instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a> subclasses have some public instance variables:
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.prompt">
Cmd.prompt<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.prompt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The prompt issued to solicit input.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.identchars">
Cmd.identchars<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.identchars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The string of characters accepted for the command prefix.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.lastcmd">
Cmd.lastcmd<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.lastcmd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The last nonempty command prefix seen.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.cmdqueue">
Cmd.cmdqueue<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdqueue" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A list of queued input lines. The cmdqueue list is checked in
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">cmdloop()</code></a> when new input is needed; if it is nonempty, its elements
will be processed in order, as if entered at the prompt.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.intro">
Cmd.intro<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.intro" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string to issue as an intro or banner. May be overridden by giving the
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">cmdloop()</code></a> method an argument.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.doc_header">
Cmd.doc_header<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.doc_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The header to issue if the help output has a section for documented commands.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.misc_header">
Cmd.misc_header<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.misc_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The header to issue if the help output has a section for miscellaneous help
topics (that is, there are <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">help_*()</code> methods without corresponding
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_*()</code> methods).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.undoc_header">
Cmd.undoc_header<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.undoc_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The header to issue if the help output has a section for undocumented commands
(that is, there are <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_*()</code> methods without corresponding <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">help_*()</code>
methods).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.ruler">
Cmd.ruler<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.ruler" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The character used to draw separator lines under the help-message headers. If
empty, no ruler line is drawn. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'='</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput">
Cmd.use_rawinput<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A flag, defaulting to true. If true, <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">cmdloop()</code></a> uses <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">input()</code></a> to
display a prompt and read the next command; if false, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout.write()</code>
and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdin.readline()</code> are used. (This means that by importing
<a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">readline</code></a>, on systems that support it, the interpreter will automatically
support Emacs-like line editing and command-history keystrokes.)
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="cmd-example">
<h2>Cmd Example<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmd</code></a> module is mainly useful for building custom shells that let a
user work with a program interactively.
This section presents a simple example of how to build a shell around a few of
the commands in the <a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a> module.
Basic turtle commands such as <a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html#turtle.forward" title="turtle.forward"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">forward()</code></a> are added to a
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Cmd</code></a> subclass with method named <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_forward()</code>. The argument is
converted to a number and dispatched to the turtle module. The docstring is
used in the help utility provided by the shell.
The example also includes a basic record and playback facility implemented with
the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="cmd.Cmd.precmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">precmd()</code></a> method which is responsible for converting the input to
lowercase and writing the commands to a file. The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_playback()</code> method
reads the file and adds the recorded commands to the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">cmdqueue</code> for
immediate playback:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import cmd, sys
from turtle import *

class TurtleShell(cmd.Cmd):
 intro = &#39;Welcome to the turtle shell. Type help or ? to list commands.\n&#39;
 prompt = &#39;(turtle) &#39;
 file = None

# ----- basic turtle commands -----
 def do_forward(self, arg):
 &#39;Move the turtle forward by the specified distance: FORWARD 10&#39;
 forward(*parse(arg))
 def do_right(self, arg):
 &#39;Turn turtle right by given number of degrees: RIGHT 20&#39;
 right(*parse(arg))
 def do_left(self, arg):
 &#39;Turn turtle left by given number of degrees: LEFT 90&#39;
 left(*parse(arg))
 def do_goto(self, arg):
 &#39;Move turtle to an absolute position with changing orientation. GOTO 100 200&#39;
 goto(*parse(arg))
 def do_home(self, arg):
 &#39;Return turtle to the home position: HOME&#39;
 home()
 def do_circle(self, arg):
 &#39;Draw circle with given radius an options extent and steps: CIRCLE 50&#39;
 circle(*parse(arg))
 def do_position(self, arg):
 &#39;Print the current turtle position: POSITION&#39;
 print(&#39;Current position is %d %d\n&#39; % position())
 def do_heading(self, arg):
 &#39;Print the current turtle heading in degrees: HEADING&#39;
 print(&#39;Current heading is %d\n&#39; % (heading(),))
 def do_color(self, arg):
 &#39;Set the color: COLOR BLUE&#39;
 color(arg.lower())
 def do_undo(self, arg):
 &#39;Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s): UNDO&#39;
 def do_reset(self, arg):
 &#39;Clear the screen and return turtle to center: RESET&#39;
 reset()
 def do_bye(self, arg):
 &#39;Stop recording, close the turtle window, and exit: BYE&#39;
 print(&#39;Thank you for using Turtle&#39;)
 self.close()
 bye()
 return True

# ----- record and playback -----
 def do_record(self, arg):
 &#39;Save future commands to filename: RECORD rose.cmd&#39;
 self.file = open(arg, &#39;w&#39;)
 def do_playback(self, arg):
 &#39;Playback commands from a file: PLAYBACK rose.cmd&#39;
 self.close()
 with open(arg) as f:
 self.cmdqueue.extend(f.read().splitlines())
 def precmd(self, line):
 line = line.lower()
 if self.file and &#39;playback&#39; not in line:
 print(line, file=self.file)
 return line
 def close(self):
 if self.file:
 self.file.close()
 self.file = None

def parse(arg):
 &#39;Convert a series of zero or more numbers to an argument tuple&#39;
 return tuple(map(int, arg.split()))

if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
 TurtleShell().cmdloop()
</pre></div>
</div>
Here is a sample session with the turtle shell showing the help functions, using
blank lines to repeat commands, and the simple record and playback facility:
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>Welcome to the turtle shell. Type help or ? to list commands.

(turtle) ?

Documented commands (type help &lt;topic&gt;):
========================================
bye     color    goto     home  playback  record  right
circle  forward  heading  left  position  reset   undo

(turtle) help forward
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance:  FORWARD 10
(turtle) record spiral.cmd
(turtle) position
Current position is 0 0

(turtle) heading
Current heading is 0

(turtle) reset
(turtle) circle 20
(turtle) right 30
(turtle) circle 40
(turtle) right 30
(turtle) circle 60
(turtle) right 30
(turtle) circle 80
(turtle) right 30
(turtle) circle 100
(turtle) right 30
(turtle) circle 120
(turtle) right 30
(turtle) circle 120
(turtle) heading
Current heading is 180

(turtle) forward 100
(turtle)
(turtle) right 90
(turtle) forward 100
(turtle)
(turtle) right 90
(turtle) forward 400
(turtle) right 90
(turtle) forward 500
(turtle) right 90
(turtle) forward 400
(turtle) right 90
(turtle) forward 300
(turtle) playback spiral.cmd
Current position is 0 0

Current heading is 0

Current heading is 180

(turtle) bye
Thank you for using Turtle
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmd</code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cmd-objects">Cmd Objects</a></li>
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Last updated on January 26, 2026.
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