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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bytecode-analysis">Bytecode analysis</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#analysis-functions">Analysis functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-bytecode-instructions">Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections">Opcode collections</a></li>
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 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a></li>
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 <section id="module-dis">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code></a> — Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode">bytecode</a> by
disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is
defined in the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">Include/opcode.h</code> and used by the compiler and the
interpreter.
<div class="impl-detail compound">
CPython implementation detail: Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter. No
guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to
work across Python VMs or Python releases.
<div class="compound-middle versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Use 2 bytes for each instruction. Previously the number of bytes varied
by instruction.
</div>
<div class="compound-last versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The argument of jump, exception handling and loop instructions is now
the instruction offset rather than the byte offset.
</div>
</div>
Example: Given the function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">myfunc()</code>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def myfunc(alist):
 return len(alist)
</pre></div>
</div>
the following command can be used to display the disassembly of
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">myfunc()</code>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis(myfunc)
 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)
 2 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)
 4 CALL_FUNCTION 1
 6 RETURN_VALUE
</pre></div>
</div>
(The “2” is a line number).
<section id="bytecode-analysis">
<h2>Bytecode analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#bytecode-analysis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped in a
<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Bytecode</code></a> object that provides easy access to details of the compiled
code.
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode">
class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator, asynchronous
generator, coroutine, method, string of source code, or a code object (as
returned by <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">compile()</code></a>).
This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below, most
notably <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">get_instructions()</code></a>, as iterating over a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Bytecode</code></a>
instance yields the bytecode operations as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Instruction</code></a> instances.
If first_line is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, it indicates the line number that should be
reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the
source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
object.
If current_offset is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, it refers to an instruction offset in the
disassembled code. Setting this means <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="dis.Bytecode.dis"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">dis()</code></a> will display a “current
instruction” marker against the specified opcode.
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.from_traceback">
classmethod from_traceback(tb)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.from_traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Bytecode</code></a> instance from the given traceback, setting
current_offset to the instruction responsible for the exception.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.codeobj">
codeobj<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.codeobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The compiled code object.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.first_line">
first_line<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.first_line" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The first source line of the code object (if available)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.dis">
dis()<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as printed by
<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.dis" title="dis.dis"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">dis.dis()</code></a>, but returned as a multi-line string).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.info">
info()<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the
code object, like <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.code_info" title="dis.code_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">code_info()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.
</div>
</dd></dl>

Example:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for instr in bytecode:
... print(instr.opname)
...
LOAD_GLOBAL
LOAD_FAST
CALL_FUNCTION
RETURN_VALUE
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="analysis-functions">
<h2>Analysis functions<a class="headerlink" href="#analysis-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code></a> module also defines the following analysis functions that convert
the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful if only a single
operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis object isn’t useful:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.code_info">
dis.code_info(x)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.code_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information
for the supplied function, generator, asynchronous generator, coroutine,
method, source code string or code object.
Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation
dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python
releases.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.show_code">
dis.show_code(x, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.show_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method,
source code string or code object to file (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code> if file
is not specified).
This is a convenient shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">print(code_info(x), file=file)</code>,
intended for interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Added file parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.dis">
dis.dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disassemble the x object. x can denote either a module, a class, a
method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous generator, a coroutine,
a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode.
For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles
all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or
sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction.
It also recursively disassembles nested code objects (the code of
comprehensions, generator expressions and nested functions, and the code
used for building nested classes).
Strings are first compiled to code objects with the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">compile()</code></a>
built-in function before being disassembled. If no object is provided, this
function disassembles the last traceback.
The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code> otherwise.
The maximal depth of recursion is limited by depth unless it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">depth=0</code> means no recursion.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Added file parameter.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: Implemented recursive disassembling and added depth parameter.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.distb">
dis.distb(tb=None, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last
traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is
indicated.
The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code> otherwise.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Added file parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.disassemble">
dis.disassemble(code, lasti=- 1, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.disco">
dis.disco(code, lasti=- 1, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if lasti was
provided. The output is divided in the following columns:
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</li>
<li>the current instruction, indicated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--&gt;</code>,</li>
<li>a labelled instruction, indicated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;&gt;</code>,</li>
<li>the address of the instruction,</li>
<li>the operation code name,</li>
<li>operation parameters, and</li>
<li>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</li>
</ol>
The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.
The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code> otherwise.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Added file parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.get_instructions">
dis.get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function, method,
source code string or code object.
The iterator generates a series of <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Instruction</code></a> named tuples giving
the details of each operation in the supplied code.
If first_line is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, it indicates the line number that should be
reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the
source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
object.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.findlinestarts">
dis.findlinestarts(code)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This generator function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_lines</code> method
of the code object code to find the offsets which are starts of
lines in the source code. They are generated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(offset, lineno)</code> pairs.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Line numbers can be decreasing. Before, they were always increasing.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626">PEP 626</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_lines</code> method is used instead of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_firstlineno</code>
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_lnotab</code> attributes of the code object.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.findlabels">
dis.findlabels(code)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Detect all offsets in the raw compiled bytecode string code which are jump targets, and
return a list of these offsets.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.stack_effect">
dis.stack_effect(opcode, oparg=None, *, jump=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.stack_effect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Compute the stack effect of opcode with argument oparg.
If the code has a jump target and jump is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.stack_effect" title="dis.stack_effect"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">stack_effect()</code></a>
will return the stack effect of jumping. If jump is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>,
it will return the stack effect of not jumping. And if jump is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> (default), it will return the maximal stack effect of both cases.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Added jump parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="python-bytecode-instructions">
<h2>Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">get_instructions()</code></a> function and <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Bytecode</code></a> class provide
details of bytecode instructions as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Instruction</code></a> instances:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction">
class dis.Instruction<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Details for a bytecode operation
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.opcode">
opcode<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opcode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values listed
below and the bytecode values in the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections">Opcode collections</a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.opname">
opname<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>human readable name for operation
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.arg">
arg<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.arg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.argval">
argval<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.argrepr">
argrepr<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argrepr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>human readable description of operation argument
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.offset">
offset<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.offset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>start index of operation within bytecode sequence
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.starts_line">
starts_line<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.starts_line" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.is_jump_target">
is_jump_target<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.is_jump_target" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if other code jumps to here, otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>
</dd></dl>

<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.
General instructions
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-NOP">
NOP<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_TOP">
POP_TOP<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-ROT_TWO">
ROT_TWO<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Swaps the two top-most stack items.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-ROT_THREE">
ROT_THREE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
three.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-ROT_FOUR">
ROT_FOUR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_FOUR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Lifts second, third and fourth stack items one position up, moves top down
to position four.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.8.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DUP_TOP">
DUP_TOP<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO">
DUP_TOP_TWO<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Duplicates the two references on top of the stack, leaving them in the
same order.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

Unary operations
Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
result back on the stack.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE">
UNARY_POSITIVE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = +TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">
UNARY_NEGATIVE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = -TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">
UNARY_NOT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = not TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">
UNARY_INVERT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = ~TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_ITER">
GET_ITER<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = iter(TOS)</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER">
GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS</code> is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator-iterator">generator iterator</a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine">coroutine</a> object
it is left as is. Otherwise, implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = iter(TOS)</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

Binary operations
Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
result back on the stack.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_POWER">
BINARY_POWER<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ** TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY">
BINARY_MULTIPLY<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 * TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY">
BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &#64; TOS</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 // TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE">
BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 / TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO">
BINARY_MODULO<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 % TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_ADD">
BINARY_ADD<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 + TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT">
BINARY_SUBTRACT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 - TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">
BINARY_SUBSCR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1[TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT">
BINARY_LSHIFT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &lt;&lt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT">
BINARY_RSHIFT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &gt;&gt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_AND">
BINARY_AND<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &amp; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_XOR">
BINARY_XOR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_OR">
BINARY_OR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 | TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

In-place operations
In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
the original TOS1.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER">
INPLACE_POWER<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ** TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY">
INPLACE_MULTIPLY<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 * TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY">
INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &#64; TOS</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 // TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE">
INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 / TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO">
INPLACE_MODULO<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 % TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD">
INPLACE_ADD<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 + TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT">
INPLACE_SUBTRACT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 - TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT">
INPLACE_LSHIFT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &lt;&lt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT">
INPLACE_RSHIFT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &gt;&gt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_AND">
INPLACE_AND<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &amp; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR">
INPLACE_XOR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_OR">
INPLACE_OR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 | TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">
STORE_SUBSCR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS1[TOS] = TOS2</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">
DELETE_SUBSCR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS1[TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

Coroutine opcodes
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_AWAITABLE">
GET_AWAITABLE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AWAITABLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = get_awaitable(TOS)</code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate">get_awaitable(o)</code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">o</code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">o</code> is a coroutine object or a generator object with
the CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE flag, or resolves
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">o.__await__</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_AITER">
GET_AITER<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS.__aiter__()</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: Returning awaitable objects from <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__aiter__</code> is no longer
supported.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_ANEXT">
GET_ANEXT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ANEXT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate">get_awaitable(TOS.__anext__())</code> to the stack. See
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">GET_AWAITABLE</code> for details about <code class="docutils literal notranslate">get_awaitable</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-END_ASYNC_FOR">
END_ASYNC_FOR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_ASYNC_FOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Terminates an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">async for</code></a> loop. Handles an exception raised
when awaiting a next item. If TOS is <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#StopAsyncIteration" title="StopAsyncIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">StopAsyncIteration</code></a> pop 7
values from the stack and restore the exception state using the second
three of them. Otherwise re-raise the exception using the three values
from the stack. An exception handler block is removed from the block stack.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.8.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH">
BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Resolves <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__aenter__</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__aexit__</code> from the object on top of the
stack. Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__aexit__</code> and result of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__aenter__()</code> to the stack.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_ASYNC_WITH">
SETUP_ASYNC_WITH<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_ASYNC_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates a new frame object.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

Miscellaneous opcodes
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR">
PRINT_EXPR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed
from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement
is terminated with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">POP_TOP</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SET_ADD">
SET_ADD(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">set.add(TOS1[-i], TOS)</code>. Used to implement set comprehensions.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">
LIST_APPEND(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">list.append(TOS1[-i], TOS)</code>. Used to implement list comprehensions.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MAP_ADD">
MAP_ADD(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">dict.__setitem__(TOS1[-i], TOS1, TOS)</code>. Used to implement dict
comprehensions.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.1.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Map value is TOS and map key is TOS1. Before, those were reversed.
</div>
</dd></dl>

For all of the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-SET_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">SET_ADD</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">LIST_APPEND</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">MAP_ADD</code></a>
instructions, while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the
container object remains on the stack so that it is available for further
iterations of the loop.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">
RETURN_VALUE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">
YIELD_VALUE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pops TOS and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator">generator</a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-YIELD_FROM">
YIELD_FROM<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pops TOS and delegates to it as a subiterator from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator">generator</a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS">
SETUP_ANNOTATIONS<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Checks whether <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__annotations__</code> is defined in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">locals()</code>, if not it is
set up to an empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate">dict</code>. This opcode is only emitted if a class
or module body contains <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-variable-annotation">variable annotations</a>
statically.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR">
IMPORT_STAR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads all symbols not starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'_'</code> directly from the module TOS to
the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This
opcode implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from module import *</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">
POP_BLOCK<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of
blocks, denoting <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">try</code></a> statements, and such.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_EXCEPT">
POP_EXCEPT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Removes one block from the block stack. The popped block must be an exception
handler block, as implicitly created when entering an except handler. In
addition to popping extraneous values from the frame stack, the last three
popped values are used to restore the exception state.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RERAISE">
RERAISE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RERAISE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is non-zero,
restores <code class="docutils literal notranslate">f_lasti</code> of the current frame to its value when the exception was raised.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-WITH_EXCEPT_START">
WITH_EXCEPT_START<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_EXCEPT_START" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls the function in position 7 on the stack with the top three
items on the stack as arguments.
Used to implement the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate">context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info())</code> when an exception
has occurred in a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">with</code></a> statement.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR">
LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#AssertionError" title="AssertionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">AssertionError</code></a> onto the stack. Used by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#assert"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">assert</code></a>
statement.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS">
LOAD_BUILD_CLASS<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">builtins.__build_class__()</code> onto the stack. It is later called
by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a> to construct a class.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">
SETUP_WITH(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First,
it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__exit__()</code></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto
the stack for later use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-WITH_EXCEPT_START"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">WITH_EXCEPT_START</code></a>. Then,
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__enter__()</code></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to delta
is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__enter__()</code> method is pushed onto
the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">POP_TOP</code></a>), or
store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_NAME</code></a>, or
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</code></a>).
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-COPY_DICT_WITHOUT_KEYS">
COPY_DICT_WITHOUT_KEYS<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COPY_DICT_WITHOUT_KEYS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>TOS is a tuple of mapping keys, and TOS1 is the match subject. Replace TOS
with a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a> formed from the items of TOS1, but without any of the
keys in TOS.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_LEN">
GET_LEN<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_LEN" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Push <code class="docutils literal notranslate">len(TOS)</code> onto the stack.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_MAPPING">
MATCH_MAPPING<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_MAPPING" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Mapping" title="collections.abc.Mapping"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">collections.abc.Mapping</code></a> (or, more technically: if
it has the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING" title="Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING</code></a> flag set in its
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate">tp_flags</code></a>), push <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> onto the stack. Otherwise, push
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_SEQUENCE">
MATCH_SEQUENCE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Sequence" title="collections.abc.Sequence"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">collections.abc.Sequence</code></a> and is not an instance
of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a> (or, more technically: if it has
the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE" title="Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE</code></a> flag set in its <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate">tp_flags</code></a>),
push <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> onto the stack. Otherwise, push <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_KEYS">
MATCH_KEYS<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_KEYS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>TOS is a tuple of mapping keys, and TOS1 is the match subject. If TOS1
contains all of the keys in TOS, push a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tuple</code></a> containing the
corresponding values, followed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>. Otherwise, push <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,
followed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

All of the following opcodes use their arguments.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_NAME">
STORE_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">name = TOS</code>. namei is the index of name in the attribute
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code> of the code object. The compiler tries to use
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_GLOBAL</code></a> if possible.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">
DELETE_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del name</code>, where namei is the index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code>
attribute of the code object.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">
UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Unpacks TOS into count individual values, which are put onto the stack
right-to-left.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNPACK_EX">
UNPACK_EX(counts)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_EX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in TOS into
individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the
number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all
leftover items.
The low byte of counts is the number of values before the list value, the
high byte of counts the number of values after it. The resulting values
are put onto the stack right-to-left.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">
STORE_ATTR(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS.name = TOS1</code>, where namei is the index of name in
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">
DELETE_ATTR(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS.name</code>, using namei as index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">
STORE_GLOBAL(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_NAME</code></a>, but stores the name as a global.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">
DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">DELETE_NAME</code></a>, but deletes a global name.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">
LOAD_CONST(consti)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_consts[consti]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">
LOAD_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes the value associated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">
BUILD_TUPLE(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates a tuple consuming count items from the stack, and pushes the
resulting tuple onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">
BUILD_LIST(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">BUILD_TUPLE</code></a>, but creates a list.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_SET">
BUILD_SET(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">BUILD_TUPLE</code></a>, but creates a set.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">
BUILD_MAP(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. Pops <code class="docutils literal notranslate">2 * count</code> items
so that the dictionary holds count entries:
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">{..., TOS3: TOS2, TOS1: TOS}</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The dictionary is created from stack items instead of creating an
empty dictionary pre-sized to hold count items.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP">
BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The version of <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">BUILD_MAP</code></a> specialized for constant keys. Pops the
top element on the stack which contains a tuple of keys, then starting from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS1</code>, pops count values to form values in the built dictionary.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_STRING">
BUILD_STRING(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_STRING" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Concatenates count strings from the stack and pushes the resulting string
onto the stack.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LIST_TO_TUPLE">
LIST_TO_TUPLE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_TO_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pops a list from the stack and pushes a tuple containing the same values.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LIST_EXTEND">
LIST_EXTEND(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_EXTEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">list.extend(TOS1[-i], TOS)</code>. Used to build lists.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SET_UPDATE">
SET_UPDATE(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_UPDATE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">set.update(TOS1[-i], TOS)</code>. Used to build sets.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DICT_UPDATE">
DICT_UPDATE(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DICT_UPDATE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">dict.update(TOS1[-i], TOS)</code>. Used to build dicts.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DICT_MERGE">
DICT_MERGE<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DICT_MERGE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-DICT_UPDATE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">DICT_UPDATE</code></a> but raises an exception for duplicate keys.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR">
LOAD_ATTR(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Replaces TOS with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">getattr(TOS, co_names[namei])</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-COMPARE_OP">
COMPARE_OP(opname)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">cmp_op[opname]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IS_OP">
IS_OP(invert)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IS_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Performs <code class="docutils literal notranslate">is</code> comparison, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">is not</code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">invert</code> is 1.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CONTAINS_OP">
CONTAINS_OP(invert)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTAINS_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Performs <code class="docutils literal notranslate">in</code> comparison, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">not in</code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">invert</code> is 1.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME">
IMPORT_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Imports the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code>. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide
the fromlist and level arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a>. The module
object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for
a proper import statement, a subsequent <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code></a> instruction
modifies the namespace.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM">
IMPORT_FROM(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads the attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code> from the module found in TOS. The
resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code></a> instruction.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD">
JUMP_FORWARD(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Increments bytecode counter by delta.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE">
POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target. TOS is popped.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.1.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE">
POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target. TOS is popped.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.1.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_IF_NOT_EXC_MATCH">
JUMP_IF_NOT_EXC_MATCH(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_NOT_EXC_MATCH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Tests whether the second value on the stack is an exception matching TOS,
and jumps if it is not. Pops two values from the stack.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP">
JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the
stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.1.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP">
JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the
stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.1.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE">
JUMP_ABSOLUTE(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set bytecode counter to target.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-FOR_ITER">
FOR_ITER(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>TOS is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator">iterator</a>. Call its <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__next__()</code></a> method. If
this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below
it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted, TOS is popped, and the byte
code counter is incremented by delta.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL">
LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads the global named <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY">
SETUP_FINALLY(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a try block from a try-finally or try-except clause onto the block
stack. delta points to the finally block or the first except block.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_FAST">
LOAD_FAST(var_num)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_varnames[var_num]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_FAST">
STORE_FAST(var_num)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stores TOS into the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_varnames[var_num]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_FAST">
DELETE_FAST(var_num)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Deletes local <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_varnames[var_num]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE">
LOAD_CLOSURE(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free
variable storage. The name of the variable is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_cellvars[i]</code> if i is
less than the length of co_cellvars. Otherwise it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_freevars[i -
len(co_cellvars)]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF">
LOAD_DEREF(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage.
Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_CLASSDEREF">
LOAD_CLASSDEREF(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLASSDEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Much like <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">LOAD_DEREF</code></a> but first checks the locals dictionary before
consulting the cell. This is used for loading free variables in class
bodies.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_DEREF">
STORE_DEREF(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable
storage.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_DEREF">
DELETE_DEREF(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Empties the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage.
Used by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#del"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">del</code></a> statement.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS">
RAISE_VARARGS(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">raise</code> statement,
depending on the value of argc:
<ul class="simple">
<li>0: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">raise</code> (re-raise previous exception)</li>
<li>1: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">raise TOS</code> (raise exception instance or type at <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS</code>)</li>
<li>2: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">raise TOS1 from TOS</code> (raise exception instance or type at <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS1</code>
with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__cause__</code> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS</code>)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION">
CALL_FUNCTION(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a callable object with positional arguments.
argc indicates the number of positional arguments.
The top of the stack contains positional arguments, with the right-most
argument on top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
returned by the callable object.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: This opcode is used only for calls with positional arguments.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW">
CALL_FUNCTION_KW(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a callable object with positional (if any) and keyword arguments.
argc indicates the total number of positional and keyword arguments.
The top element on the stack contains a tuple with the names of the
keyword arguments, which must be strings.
Below that are the values for the keyword arguments,
in the order corresponding to the tuple.
Below that are positional arguments, with the right-most parameter on
top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
returned by the callable object.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Keyword arguments are packed in a tuple instead of a dictionary,
argc indicates the total number of arguments.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_EX">
CALL_FUNCTION_EX(flags)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_EX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword
arguments. If the lowest bit of flags is set, the top of the stack
contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments.
Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object
are each “unpacked” and their contents passed in as keyword and
positional arguments respectively.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_EX</code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
returned by the callable object.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_METHOD">
LOAD_METHOD(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads a method named <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code> from the TOS object. TOS is popped.
This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if TOS has a method with the correct
name, the bytecode pushes the unbound method and TOS. TOS will be used as
the first argument (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code>) by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_METHOD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_METHOD</code></a> when calling the
unbound method. Otherwise, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> and the object return by the attribute
lookup are pushed.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_METHOD">
CALL_METHOD(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_METHOD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a method. argc is the number of positional arguments.
Keyword arguments are not supported. This opcode is designed to be used
with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">LOAD_METHOD</code></a>. Positional arguments are on top of the stack.
Below them, the two items described in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">LOAD_METHOD</code></a> are on the
stack (either <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code> and an unbound method object or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> and an
arbitrary callable). All of them are popped and the return value is pushed.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION">
MAKE_FUNCTION(flags)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a new function object on the stack. From bottom to top, the consumed
stack must consist of values if the argument carries a specified flag value
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">0x01</code> a tuple of default values for positional-only and
positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">0x02</code> a dictionary of keyword-only parameters’ default values</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">0x04</code> a tuple of strings containing parameters’ annotations</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">0x08</code> a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a closure</li>
<li>the code associated with the function (at TOS1)</li>
<li>the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-qualified-name">qualified name</a> of the function (at TOS)</li>
</ul>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: Flag value <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0x04</code> is a tuple of strings instead of dictionary
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE">
BUILD_SLICE(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a slice object on the stack. argc must be 2 or 3. If it is 2,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">slice(TOS1, TOS)</code> is pushed; if it is 3, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">slice(TOS2, TOS1, TOS)</code> is
pushed. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">slice()</code></a> built-in function for more information.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG">
EXTENDED_ARG(ext)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default one
byte. ext holds an additional byte which act as higher bits in the argument.
For each opcode, at most three prefixal <code class="docutils literal notranslate">EXTENDED_ARG</code> are allowed, forming
an argument from two-byte to four-byte.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-FORMAT_VALUE">
FORMAT_VALUE(flags)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FORMAT_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings). Pops
an optional fmt_spec from the stack, then a required value.
flags is interpreted as follows:
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">(flags &amp; 0x03) == 0x00</code>: value is formatted as-is.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">(flags &amp; 0x03) == 0x01</code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">str()</code></a> on value before
formatting it.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">(flags &amp; 0x03) == 0x02</code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">repr()</code></a> on value before
formatting it.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">(flags &amp; 0x03) == 0x03</code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#ascii" title="ascii"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ascii()</code></a> on value before
formatting it.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">(flags &amp; 0x04) == 0x04</code>: pop fmt_spec from the stack and use
it, else use an empty fmt_spec.</li>
</ul>
Formatting is performed using <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_Format" title="PyObject_Format"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_Format()</code></a>. The
result is pushed on the stack.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_CLASS">
MATCH_CLASS(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>TOS is a tuple of keyword attribute names, TOS1 is the class being matched
against, and TOS2 is the match subject. count is the number of positional
sub-patterns.
Pop TOS. If TOS2 is an instance of TOS1 and has the positional and keyword
attributes required by count and TOS, set TOS to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> and TOS1 to a
tuple of extracted attributes. Otherwise, set TOS to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GEN_START">
GEN_START(kind)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GEN_START" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><blockquote>
<div>Pops TOS. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">kind</code> operand corresponds to the type of generator or
coroutine. The legal kinds are 0 for generator, 1 for coroutine,
and 2 for async generator.
</div></blockquote>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-ROT_N">
ROT_N(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_N" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Lift the top count stack items one position up, and move TOS down to
position count.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT">
HAVE_ARGUMENT<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between
opcodes which don’t use their argument and those that do
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt; HAVE_ARGUMENT</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;= HAVE_ARGUMENT</code>, respectively).
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt; HAVE_ARGUMENT</code>
ignore it. Before, only opcodes <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;= HAVE_ARGUMENT</code> had an argument.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="opcode-collections">
<h2>Opcode collections<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-collections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode
instructions:
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.opname">
dis.opname<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.opmap">
dis.opmap<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.cmp_op">
dis.cmp_op<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of all compare operation names.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasconst">
dis.hasconst<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasfree">
dis.hasfree<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable (note that ‘free’ in this
context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner
scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope. It does
not include references to global or builtin scopes).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasname">
dis.hasname<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasjrel">
dis.hasjrel<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasjabs">
dis.hasjabs<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.haslocal">
dis.haslocal<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hascompare">
dis.hascompare<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bytecode-analysis">Bytecode analysis</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#analysis-functions">Analysis functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-bytecode-instructions">Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections">Opcode collections</a></li>
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