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 <section id="module-pathlib">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pathlib</code></a> — Object-oriented filesystem paths<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pathlib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4.
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Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/pathlib.py">Lib/pathlib.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
This module offers classes representing filesystem paths with semantics
appropriate for different operating systems. Path classes are divided
between <a class="reference internal" href="#pure-paths">pure paths</a>, which provide purely computational
operations without I/O, and <a class="reference internal" href="#concrete-paths">concrete paths</a>, which
inherit from pure paths but also provide I/O operations.
<img alt="../_images/pathlib-inheritance.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/pathlib-inheritance.png" />
If you’ve never used this module before or just aren’t sure which class is
right for your task, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Path</code></a> is most likely what you need. It instantiates
a <a class="reference internal" href="#concrete-paths">concrete path</a> for the platform the code is running on.
Pure paths are useful in some special cases; for example:
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>If you want to manipulate Windows paths on a Unix machine (or vice versa).
You cannot instantiate a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.WindowsPath" title="pathlib.WindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">WindowsPath</code></a> when running on Unix, but you
can instantiate <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PureWindowsPath</code></a>.</li>
<li>You want to make sure that your code only manipulates paths without actually
accessing the OS. In this case, instantiating one of the pure classes may be
useful since those simply don’t have any OS-accessing operations.</li>
</ol>
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0428">PEP 428</a>: The pathlib module – object-oriented filesystem paths.
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
For low-level path manipulation on strings, you can also use the
<a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os.path</code></a> module.
</div>
<section id="basic-use">
<h2>Basic use<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Importing the main class:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from pathlib import Path
</pre></div>
</div>
Listing subdirectories:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;.&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()]
[PosixPath(&#39;.hg&#39;), PosixPath(&#39;docs&#39;), PosixPath(&#39;dist&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;__pycache__&#39;), PosixPath(&#39;build&#39;)]
</pre></div>
</div>
Listing Python source files in this directory tree:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; list(p.glob(&#39;**/*.py&#39;))
[PosixPath(&#39;test_pathlib.py&#39;), PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;pathlib.py&#39;), PosixPath(&#39;docs/conf.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;build/lib/pathlib.py&#39;)]
</pre></div>
</div>
Navigating inside a directory tree:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;/etc&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; q = p / &#39;init.d&#39; / &#39;reboot&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; q
PosixPath(&#39;/etc/init.d/reboot&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; q.resolve()
PosixPath(&#39;/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
Querying path properties:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; q.exists()
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; q.is_dir()
False
</pre></div>
</div>
Opening a file:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; with q.open() as f: f.readline()
...
&#39;#!/bin/bash\n&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="pure-paths">
<h2>Pure paths<a class="headerlink" href="#pure-paths" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Pure path objects provide path-handling operations which don’t actually
access a filesystem. There are three ways to access these classes, which
we also call flavours:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath">
class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A generic class that represents the system’s path flavour (instantiating
it creates either a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="pathlib.PurePosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePosixPath</code></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PureWindowsPath</code></a>):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;setup.py&#39;) # Running on a Unix machine
PurePosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
Each element of pathsegments can be either a string representing a
path segment, an object implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">os.PathLike</code></a> interface
which returns a string, or another path object:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;foo&#39;, &#39;some/path&#39;, &#39;bar&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;foo/some/path/bar&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(Path(&#39;foo&#39;), Path(&#39;bar&#39;))
PurePosixPath(&#39;foo/bar&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
When pathsegments is empty, the current directory is assumed:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath()
PurePosixPath(&#39;.&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
If a segment is an absolute path, all previous segments are ignored
(like <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.join" title="os.path.join"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.join()</code></a>):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;/etc&#39;, &#39;/usr&#39;, &#39;lib64&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;/usr/lib64&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Windows&#39;, &#39;d:bar&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;d:bar&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted relative path
segment (e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate">r'\foo'</code>) is encountered:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Windows&#39;, &#39;/Program Files&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
Spurious slashes and single dots are collapsed, but double dots (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'..'</code>)
and leading double slashes (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'//'</code>) are not, since this would change the
meaning of a path for various reasons (e.g. symbolic links, UNC paths):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;foo//bar&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;foo/bar&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;//foo/bar&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;//foo/bar&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;foo/./bar&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;foo/bar&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;foo/../bar&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;foo/../bar&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
(a naïve approach would make <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')</code> equivalent
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PurePosixPath('bar')</code>, which is wrong if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">foo</code> is a symbolic link
to another directory)
Pure path objects implement the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">os.PathLike</code></a> interface, allowing them
to be used anywhere the interface is accepted.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Added support for the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">os.PathLike</code></a> interface.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePosixPath">
class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>, this path flavour represents non-Windows
filesystem paths:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
pathsegments is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PureWindowsPath">
class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>, this path flavour represents Windows
filesystem paths, including <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)#UNC">UNC paths</a>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files/&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;//server/share/file&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;//server/share/file&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
pathsegments is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

Regardless of the system you’re running on, you can instantiate all of
these classes, since they don’t provide any operation that does system calls.
<section id="general-properties">
<h3>General properties<a class="headerlink" href="#general-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
Paths are immutable and <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-hashable">hashable</a>. Paths of a same flavour are comparable
and orderable. These properties respect the flavour’s case-folding
semantics:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;foo&#39;) == PurePosixPath(&#39;FOO&#39;)
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;foo&#39;) == PureWindowsPath(&#39;FOO&#39;)
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;FOO&#39;) in { PureWindowsPath(&#39;foo&#39;) }
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;C:&#39;) &lt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;d:&#39;)
True
</pre></div>
</div>
Paths of a different flavour compare unequal and cannot be ordered:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;foo&#39;) == PurePosixPath(&#39;foo&#39;)
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;foo&#39;) &lt; PurePosixPath(&#39;foo&#39;)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
TypeError: &#39;&lt;&#39; not supported between instances of &#39;PureWindowsPath&#39; and &#39;PurePosixPath&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="operators">
<h3>Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The slash operator helps create child paths, like <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.join" title="os.path.join"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.join()</code></a>.
If the argument is an absolute path, the previous path is ignored.
On Windows, the drive is not reset when the argument is a rooted
relative path (e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate">r'\foo'</code>):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p
PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p / &#39;init.d&#39; / &#39;apache2&#39;
PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc/init.d/apache2&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; q = PurePath(&#39;bin&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; &#39;/usr&#39; / q
PurePosixPath(&#39;/usr/bin&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p / &#39;/an_absolute_path&#39;
PurePosixPath(&#39;/an_absolute_path&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Windows&#39;, &#39;/Program Files&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
A path object can be used anywhere an object implementing <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">os.PathLike</code></a>
is accepted:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import os
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; os.fspath(p)
&#39;/etc&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
The string representation of a path is the raw filesystem path itself
(in native form, e.g. with backslashes under Windows), which you can
pass to any function taking a file path as a string:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; str(p)
&#39;/etc&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; str(p)
&#39;c:\\Program Files&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
Similarly, calling <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> on a path gives the raw filesystem path as a
bytes object, as encoded by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fsencode" title="os.fsencode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.fsencode()</code></a>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; bytes(p)
b&#39;/etc&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Calling <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a> is only recommended under Unix. Under Windows,
the unicode form is the canonical representation of filesystem paths.
</div>
</section>
<section id="accessing-individual-parts">
<h3>Accessing individual parts<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-individual-parts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
To access the individual “parts” (components) of a path, use the following
property:
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.parts">
PurePath.parts<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A tuple giving access to the path’s various components:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePath(&#39;/usr/bin/python3&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parts
(&#39;/&#39;, &#39;usr&#39;, &#39;bin&#39;, &#39;python3&#39;)

&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files/PSF&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parts
(&#39;c:\\&#39;, &#39;Program Files&#39;, &#39;PSF&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
(note how the drive and local root are regrouped in a single part)
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="methods-and-properties">
<h3>Methods and properties<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-and-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
Pure paths provide the following methods and properties:
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.drive">
PurePath.drive<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.drive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string representing the drive letter or name, if any:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files/&#39;).drive
&#39;c:&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;/Program Files/&#39;).drive
&#39;&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;).drive
&#39;&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
UNC shares are also considered drives:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;//host/share/foo.txt&#39;).drive
&#39;\\\\host\\share&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.root">
PurePath.root<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.root" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string representing the (local or global) root, if any:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files/&#39;).root
&#39;\\&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:Program Files/&#39;).root
&#39;&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;).root
&#39;/&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
UNC shares always have a root:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;//host/share&#39;).root
&#39;\\&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
If the path starts with more than two successive slashes,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="pathlib.PurePosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePosixPath</code></a> collapses them:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;//etc&#39;).root
&#39;//&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;///etc&#39;).root
&#39;/&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;////etc&#39;).root
&#39;/&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
This behavior conforms to The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6,
paragraph <a class="reference external" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11">4.11 Pathname Resolution</a>:
“A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be interpreted in
an implementation-defined manner, although more than two leading slashes
shall be treated as a single slash.”
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.anchor">
PurePath.anchor<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.anchor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The concatenation of the drive and root:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files/&#39;).anchor
&#39;c:\\&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:Program Files/&#39;).anchor
&#39;c:&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;).anchor
&#39;/&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;//host/share&#39;).anchor
&#39;\\\\host\\share\\&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.parents">
PurePath.parents<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parents" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>An immutable sequence providing access to the logical ancestors of
the path:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/foo/bar/setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parents[0]
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/foo/bar&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parents[1]
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/foo&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parents[2]
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The parents sequence now supports <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-slice">slices</a> and negative index values.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.parent">
PurePath.parent<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The logical parent of the path:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePosixPath(&#39;/a/b/c/d&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parent
PurePosixPath(&#39;/a/b/c&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
You cannot go past an anchor, or empty path:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePosixPath(&#39;/&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parent
PurePosixPath(&#39;/&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePosixPath(&#39;.&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parent
PurePosixPath(&#39;.&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
This is a purely lexical operation, hence the following behaviour:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePosixPath(&#39;foo/..&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.parent
PurePosixPath(&#39;foo&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
If you want to walk an arbitrary filesystem path upwards, it is
recommended to first call <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="pathlib.Path.resolve"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.resolve()</code></a> so as to resolve
symlinks and eliminate <cite>“..”</cite> components.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.name">
PurePath.name<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string representing the final path component, excluding the drive and
root, if any:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library/setup.py&#39;).name
&#39;setup.py&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
UNC drive names are not considered:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;//some/share/setup.py&#39;).name
&#39;setup.py&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;//some/share&#39;).name
&#39;&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.suffix">
PurePath.suffix<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The file extension of the final component, if any:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library/setup.py&#39;).suffix
&#39;.py&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library.tar.gz&#39;).suffix
&#39;.gz&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library&#39;).suffix
&#39;&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.suffixes">
PurePath.suffixes<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffixes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A list of the path’s file extensions:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library.tar.gar&#39;).suffixes
[&#39;.tar&#39;, &#39;.gar&#39;]
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library.tar.gz&#39;).suffixes
[&#39;.tar&#39;, &#39;.gz&#39;]
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library&#39;).suffixes
[]
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.stem">
PurePath.stem<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.stem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The final path component, without its suffix:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library.tar.gz&#39;).stem
&#39;library.tar&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library.tar&#39;).stem
&#39;library&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;my/library&#39;).stem
&#39;library&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.as_posix">
PurePath.as_posix()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.as_posix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a string representation of the path with forward slashes (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">/</code>):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:\\windows&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; str(p)
&#39;c:\\windows&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.as_posix()
&#39;c:/windows&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.as_uri">
PurePath.as_uri()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.as_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Represent the path as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">file</code> URI. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> is raised if
the path isn’t absolute.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc/passwd&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.as_uri()
&#39;file:///etc/passwd&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Windows&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.as_uri()
&#39;file:///c:/Windows&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute">
PurePath.is_absolute()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return whether the path is absolute or not. A path is considered absolute
if it has both a root and (if the flavour allows) a drive:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/a/b&#39;).is_absolute()
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;a/b&#39;).is_absolute()
False

&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/a/b&#39;).is_absolute()
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;/a/b&#39;).is_absolute()
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:&#39;).is_absolute()
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;//some/share&#39;).is_absolute()
True
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to">
PurePath.is_relative_to(*other)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return whether or not this path is relative to the other path.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePath(&#39;/etc/passwd&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.is_relative_to(&#39;/etc&#39;)
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.is_relative_to(&#39;/usr&#39;)
False
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.is_reserved">
PurePath.is_reserved()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.is_reserved" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>With <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PureWindowsPath</code></a>, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path is considered
reserved under Windows, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> otherwise. With <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="pathlib.PurePosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePosixPath</code></a>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is always returned.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;nul&#39;).is_reserved()
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;nul&#39;).is_reserved()
False
</pre></div>
</div>
File system calls on reserved paths can fail mysteriously or have
unintended effects.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.joinpath">
PurePath.joinpath(*other)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.joinpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each of
the other arguments in turn:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;).joinpath(&#39;passwd&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc/passwd&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;).joinpath(PurePosixPath(&#39;passwd&#39;))
PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc/passwd&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;).joinpath(&#39;init.d&#39;, &#39;apache2&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc/init.d/apache2&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:&#39;).joinpath(&#39;/Program Files&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.match">
PurePath.match(pattern)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.match" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>
if matching is successful, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> otherwise.
If pattern is relative, the path can be either relative or absolute,
and matching is done from the right:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;a/b.py&#39;).match(&#39;*.py&#39;)
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;/a/b/c.py&#39;).match(&#39;b/*.py&#39;)
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;/a/b/c.py&#39;).match(&#39;a/*.py&#39;)
False
</pre></div>
</div>
If pattern is absolute, the path must be absolute, and the whole path
must match:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;/a.py&#39;).match(&#39;/*.py&#39;)
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePath(&#39;a/b.py&#39;).match(&#39;/*.py&#39;)
False
</pre></div>
</div>
As with other methods, case-sensitivity follows platform defaults:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PurePosixPath(&#39;b.py&#39;).match(&#39;*.PY&#39;)
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; PureWindowsPath(&#39;b.py&#39;).match(&#39;*.PY&#39;)
True
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.relative_to">
PurePath.relative_to(*other)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.relative_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by
other. If it’s impossible, ValueError is raised:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PurePosixPath(&#39;/etc/passwd&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.relative_to(&#39;/&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;etc/passwd&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.relative_to(&#39;/etc&#39;)
PurePosixPath(&#39;passwd&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.relative_to(&#39;/usr&#39;)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
 File &quot;pathlib.py&quot;, line 694, in relative_to
 .format(str(self), str(formatted)))
ValueError: &#39;/etc/passwd&#39; is not in the subpath of &#39;/usr&#39; OR one path is relative and the other absolute.
</pre></div>
</div>
NOTE: This function is part of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a> and works with strings. It does not check or access the underlying file structure.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.with_name">
PurePath.with_name(name)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.with_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new path with the <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.name" title="pathlib.PurePath.name"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">name</code></a> changed. If the original path
doesn’t have a name, ValueError is raised:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_name(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_name(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
 File &quot;/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py&quot;, line 751, in with_name
 raise ValueError(&quot;%r has an empty name&quot; % (self,))
ValueError: PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/&#39;) has an empty name
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.with_stem">
PurePath.with_stem(stem)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.with_stem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new path with the <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.stem" title="pathlib.PurePath.stem"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">stem</code></a> changed. If the original path
doesn’t have a name, ValueError is raised:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/draft.txt&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_stem(&#39;final&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/final.txt&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_stem(&#39;lib&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/lib.gz&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_stem(&#39;&#39;)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
 File &quot;/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py&quot;, line 861, in with_stem
 return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
 File &quot;/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py&quot;, line 851, in with_name
 raise ValueError(&quot;%r has an empty name&quot; % (self,))
ValueError: PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/&#39;) has an empty name
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PurePath.with_suffix">
PurePath.with_suffix(suffix)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.with_suffix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new path with the <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffix" title="pathlib.PurePath.suffix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">suffix</code></a> changed. If the original path
doesn’t have a suffix, the new suffix is appended instead. If the
suffix is an empty string, the original suffix is removed:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_suffix(&#39;.bz2&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;README&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_suffix(&#39;.txt&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;README.txt&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PureWindowsPath(&#39;README.txt&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.with_suffix(&#39;&#39;)
PureWindowsPath(&#39;README&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>
<section id="concrete-paths">
<h2>Concrete paths<a class="headerlink" href="#concrete-paths" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Concrete paths are subclasses of the pure path classes. In addition to
operations provided by the latter, they also provide methods to do system
calls on path objects. There are three ways to instantiate concrete paths:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path">
class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>, this class represents concrete paths of
the system’s path flavour (instantiating it creates either a
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PosixPath" title="pathlib.PosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PosixPath</code></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.WindowsPath" title="pathlib.WindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">WindowsPath</code></a>):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; Path(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
pathsegments is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.PosixPath">
class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PosixPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Path</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="pathlib.PurePosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePosixPath</code></a>, this class
represents concrete non-Windows filesystem paths:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; PosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;/etc&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
pathsegments is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.WindowsPath">
class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.WindowsPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Path</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PureWindowsPath</code></a>, this class
represents concrete Windows filesystem paths:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; WindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files/&#39;)
WindowsPath(&#39;c:/Program Files&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
pathsegments is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

You can only instantiate the class flavour that corresponds to your system
(allowing system calls on non-compatible path flavours could lead to
bugs or failures in your application):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import os
&gt;&gt;&gt; os.name
&#39;posix&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; Path(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; WindowsPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
 File &quot;pathlib.py&quot;, line 798, in __new__
 % (cls.__name__,))
NotImplementedError: cannot instantiate &#39;WindowsPath&#39; on your system
</pre></div>
</div>
<section id="methods">
<h3>Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
Concrete paths provide the following methods in addition to pure paths
methods. Many of these methods can raise an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">OSError</code></a> if a system
call fails (for example because the path doesn’t exist).
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.exists" title="pathlib.Path.exists"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">exists()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_dir" title="pathlib.Path.is_dir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_dir()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_file" title="pathlib.Path.is_file"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_file()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_mount" title="pathlib.Path.is_mount"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_mount()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_symlink" title="pathlib.Path.is_symlink"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_symlink()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_block_device" title="pathlib.Path.is_block_device"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_block_device()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_char_device" title="pathlib.Path.is_char_device"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_char_device()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_fifo" title="pathlib.Path.is_fifo"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_fifo()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_socket" title="pathlib.Path.is_socket"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">is_socket()</code></a> now return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>
instead of raising an exception for paths that contain characters
unrepresentable at the OS level.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.cwd">
classmethod Path.cwd()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.cwd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new path object representing the current directory (as returned
by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.getcwd" title="os.getcwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.getcwd()</code></a>):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; Path.cwd()
PosixPath(&#39;/home/antoine/pathlib&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.home">
classmethod Path.home()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.home" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new path object representing the user’s home directory (as
returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.expanduser()</code></a> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">~</code> construct). If the home
directory can’t be resolved, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">RuntimeError</code></a> is raised.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; Path.home()
PosixPath(&#39;/home/antoine&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.stat">
Path.stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.stat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat_result" title="os.stat_result"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">os.stat_result</code></a> object containing information about this path, like <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.stat()</code></a>.
The result is looked up at each call to this method.
This method normally follows symlinks; to stat a symlink add the argument
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">follow_symlinks=False</code>, or use <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.lstat" title="pathlib.Path.lstat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">lstat()</code></a>.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.stat().st_size
956
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.stat().st_mtime
1327883547.852554
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.chmod">
Path.chmod(mode, *, follow_symlinks=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.chmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Change the file mode and permissions, like <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.chmod" title="os.chmod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.chmod()</code></a>.
This method normally follows symlinks. Some Unix flavours support changing
permissions on the symlink itself; on these platforms you may add the
argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate">follow_symlinks=False</code>, or use <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.lchmod" title="pathlib.Path.lchmod"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">lchmod()</code></a>.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.stat().st_mode
33277
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.chmod(0o444)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.stat().st_mode
33060
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.exists">
Path.exists()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Whether the path points to an existing file or directory:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; Path(&#39;.&#39;).exists()
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; Path(&#39;setup.py&#39;).exists()
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; Path(&#39;/etc&#39;).exists()
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; Path(&#39;nonexistentfile&#39;).exists()
False
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
If the path points to a symlink, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.exists" title="pathlib.Path.exists"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">exists()</code></a> returns whether the
symlink points to an existing file or directory.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.expanduser">
Path.expanduser()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.expanduser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new path with expanded <code class="docutils literal notranslate">~</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">~user</code> constructs,
as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">os.path.expanduser()</code></a>. If a home directory can’t be
resolved, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">RuntimeError</code></a> is raised.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PosixPath(&#39;~/films/Monty Python&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.expanduser()
PosixPath(&#39;/home/eric/films/Monty Python&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.glob">
Path.glob(pattern)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.glob" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Glob the given relative pattern in the directory represented by this path,
yielding all matching files (of any kind):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(Path(&#39;.&#39;).glob(&#39;*.py&#39;))
[PosixPath(&#39;pathlib.py&#39;), PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;), PosixPath(&#39;test_pathlib.py&#39;)]
&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(Path(&#39;.&#39;).glob(&#39;*/*.py&#39;))
[PosixPath(&#39;docs/conf.py&#39;)]
</pre></div>
</div>
Patterns are the same as for <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fnmatch</code></a>, with the addition of “<code class="docutils literal notranslate">**</code>”
which means “this directory and all subdirectories, recursively”. In other
words, it enables recursive globbing:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(Path(&#39;.&#39;).glob(&#39;**/*.py&#39;))
[PosixPath(&#39;build/lib/pathlib.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;docs/conf.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;pathlib.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;test_pathlib.py&#39;)]
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Using the “<code class="docutils literal notranslate">**</code>” pattern in large directory trees may consume
an inordinate amount of time.
</div>
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pathlib.Path.glob</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pattern</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.group">
Path.group()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.group" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the name of the group owning the file. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">KeyError</code></a> is raised
if the file’s gid isn’t found in the system database.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_dir">
Path.is_dir()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path points to a directory (or a symbolic link
pointing to a directory), <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it points to another kind of file.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_file">
Path.is_file()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path points to a regular file (or a symbolic link
pointing to a regular file), <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it points to another kind of file.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_mount">
Path.is_mount()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_mount" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path is a mount point: a point in a
file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the
function checks whether path’s parent, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">path/..</code>, is on a different
device than path, or whether <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">path/..</code> and path point to the same
i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix
and POSIX variants. Not implemented on Windows.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_symlink">
Path.is_symlink()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_symlink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path points to a symbolic link, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> otherwise.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist; other errors (such
as permission errors) are propagated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_socket">
Path.is_socket()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_socket" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path points to a Unix socket (or a symbolic link
pointing to a Unix socket), <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it points to another kind of file.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_fifo">
Path.is_fifo()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_fifo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path points to a FIFO (or a symbolic link
pointing to a FIFO), <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it points to another kind of file.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_block_device">
Path.is_block_device()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_block_device" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path points to a block device (or a symbolic link
pointing to a block device), <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it points to another kind of file.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.is_char_device">
Path.is_char_device()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_char_device" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the path points to a character device (or a symbolic link
pointing to a character device), <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it points to another kind of file.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.iterdir">
Path.iterdir()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.iterdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>When the path points to a directory, yield path objects of the directory
contents:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;docs&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for child in p.iterdir(): child
...
PosixPath(&#39;docs/conf.py&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;docs/_templates&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;docs/make.bat&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;docs/index.rst&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;docs/_build&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;docs/_static&#39;)
PosixPath(&#39;docs/Makefile&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'.'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'..'</code> are not included. If a file is removed from or added
to the directory after creating the iterator, whether a path object for
that file be included is unspecified.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.lchmod">
Path.lchmod(mode)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.lchmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.chmod" title="pathlib.Path.chmod"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.chmod()</code></a> but, if the path points to a symbolic link, the
symbolic link’s mode is changed rather than its target’s.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.lstat">
Path.lstat()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.lstat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.stat" title="pathlib.Path.stat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.stat()</code></a> but, if the path points to a symbolic link, return
the symbolic link’s information rather than its target’s.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.mkdir">
Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.mkdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create a new directory at this given path. If mode is given, it is
combined with the process’ <code class="docutils literal notranslate">umask</code> value to determine the file mode
and access flags. If the path already exists, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileExistsError</code></a>
is raised.
If parents is true, any missing parents of this path are created
as needed; they are created with the default permissions without taking
mode into account (mimicking the POSIX <code class="docutils literal notranslate">mkdir -p</code> command).
If parents is false (the default), a missing parent raises
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileNotFoundError" title="FileNotFoundError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileNotFoundError</code></a>.
If exist_ok is false (the default), <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileExistsError</code></a> is
raised if the target directory already exists.
If exist_ok is true, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileExistsError</code></a> exceptions will be
ignored (same behavior as the POSIX <code class="docutils literal notranslate">mkdir -p</code> command), but only if the
last path component is not an existing non-directory file.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The exist_ok parameter was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.open">
Path.open(mode='r', buffering=- 1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.open" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Open the file pointed to by the path, like the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">open()</code></a>
function does:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; with p.open() as f:
... f.readline()
...
&#39;#!/usr/bin/env python3\n&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.owner">
Path.owner()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.owner" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the name of the user owning the file. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">KeyError</code></a> is raised
if the file’s uid isn’t found in the system database.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.read_bytes">
Path.read_bytes()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.read_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the binary contents of the pointed-to file as a bytes object:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;my_binary_file&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.write_bytes(b&#39;Binary file contents&#39;)
20
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.read_bytes()
b&#39;Binary file contents&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.read_text">
Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.read_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the decoded contents of the pointed-to file as a string:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;my_text_file&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.write_text(&#39;Text file contents&#39;)
18
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.read_text()
&#39;Text file contents&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
The file is opened and then closed. The optional parameters have the same
meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">open()</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.readlink">
Path.readlink()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.readlink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the path to which the symbolic link points (as returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.readlink" title="os.readlink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.readlink()</code></a>):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;mylink&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.symlink_to(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.readlink()
PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.rename">
Path.rename(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.rename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Rename this file or directory to the given target, and return a new Path
instance pointing to target. On Unix, if target exists and is a file,
it will be replaced silently if the user has permission.
On Windows, if target exists, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileExistsError</code></a> will be raised.
target can be either a string or another path object:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;foo&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.open(&#39;w&#39;).write(&#39;some text&#39;)
9
&gt;&gt;&gt; target = Path(&#39;bar&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.rename(target)
PosixPath(&#39;bar&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; target.open().read()
&#39;some text&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted
relative to the current working directory, not the directory of the Path
object.
It is implemented in terms of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.rename" title="os.rename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.rename()</code></a> and gives the same guarantees.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Added return value, return the new Path instance.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.replace">
Path.replace(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.replace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Rename this file or directory to the given target, and return a new Path
instance pointing to target. If target points to an existing file or
empty directory, it will be unconditionally replaced.
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted
relative to the current working directory, not the directory of the Path
object.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: Added return value, return the new Path instance.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.resolve">
Path.resolve(strict=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Make the path absolute, resolving any symlinks. A new path object is
returned:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path()
&gt;&gt;&gt; p
PosixPath(&#39;.&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.resolve()
PosixPath(&#39;/home/antoine/pathlib&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
“<code class="docutils literal notranslate">..</code>” components are also eliminated (this is the only method to do so):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;docs/../setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.resolve()
PosixPath(&#39;/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
If the path doesn’t exist and strict is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileNotFoundError" title="FileNotFoundError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileNotFoundError</code></a>
is raised. If strict is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>, the path is resolved as far as possible
and any remainder is appended without checking whether it exists. If an
infinite loop is encountered along the resolution path, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">RuntimeError</code></a>
is raised.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6: The strict argument (pre-3.6 behavior is strict).
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.rglob">
Path.rglob(pattern)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.rglob" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is like calling <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.glob" title="pathlib.Path.glob"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Path.glob()</code></a> with “<code class="docutils literal notranslate">**/</code>” added in front of the
given relative pattern:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(Path().rglob(&quot;*.py&quot;))
[PosixPath(&#39;build/lib/pathlib.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;docs/conf.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;pathlib.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;setup.py&#39;),
 PosixPath(&#39;test_pathlib.py&#39;)]
</pre></div>
</div>
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pathlib.Path.rglob</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pattern</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.rmdir">
Path.rmdir()<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.rmdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Remove this directory. The directory must be empty.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.samefile">
Path.samefile(other_path)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.samefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return whether this path points to the same file as other_path, which
can be either a Path object, or a string. The semantics are similar
to <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.samefile()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.samestat" title="os.path.samestat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.samestat()</code></a>.
An <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">OSError</code></a> can be raised if either file cannot be accessed for some
reason.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;spam&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; q = Path(&#39;eggs&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.samefile(q)
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.samefile(&#39;spam&#39;)
True
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.symlink_to">
Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.symlink_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Make this path a symbolic link to target. Under Windows,
target_is_directory must be true (default <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>) if the link’s target
is a directory. Under POSIX, target_is_directory’s value is ignored.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;mylink&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.symlink_to(&#39;setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.resolve()
PosixPath(&#39;/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.stat().st_size
956
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.lstat().st_size
8
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse
of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.symlink" title="os.symlink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.symlink()</code></a>’s.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.hardlink_to">
Path.hardlink_to(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.hardlink_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Make this path a hard link to the same file as target.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse
of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.link" title="os.link"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.link()</code></a>’s.
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.10.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.link_to">
Path.link_to(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.link_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Make target a hard link to this path.
<div class="admonition warning">
Warning
This function does not make this path a hard link to target, despite
the implication of the function and argument names. The argument order
(target, link) is the reverse of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.symlink_to" title="pathlib.Path.symlink_to"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Path.symlink_to()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.hardlink_to" title="pathlib.Path.hardlink_to"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Path.hardlink_to()</code></a>, but matches that of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.link" title="os.link"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.link()</code></a>.
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.8.
</div>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.10: This method is deprecated in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.hardlink_to" title="pathlib.Path.hardlink_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.hardlink_to()</code></a>, as the
argument order of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.link_to" title="pathlib.Path.link_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.link_to()</code></a> does not match that of
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.symlink_to" title="pathlib.Path.symlink_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.symlink_to()</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.touch">
Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.touch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create a file at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined
with the process’ <code class="docutils literal notranslate">umask</code> value to determine the file mode and access
flags. If the file already exists, the function succeeds if exist_ok
is true (and its modification time is updated to the current time),
otherwise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileExistsError</code></a> is raised.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.unlink">
Path.unlink(missing_ok=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.unlink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Remove this file or symbolic link. If the path points to a directory,
use <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.rmdir" title="pathlib.Path.rmdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Path.rmdir()</code></a> instead.
If missing_ok is false (the default), <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileNotFoundError" title="FileNotFoundError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileNotFoundError</code></a> is
raised if the path does not exist.
If missing_ok is true, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileNotFoundError" title="FileNotFoundError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">FileNotFoundError</code></a> exceptions will be
ignored (same behavior as the POSIX <code class="docutils literal notranslate">rm -f</code> command).
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: The missing_ok parameter was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.write_bytes">
Path.write_bytes(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.write_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Open the file pointed to in bytes mode, write data to it, and close the
file:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;my_binary_file&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.write_bytes(b&#39;Binary file contents&#39;)
20
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.read_bytes()
b&#39;Binary file contents&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
An existing file of the same name is overwritten.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pathlib.Path.write_text">
Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.write_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Open the file pointed to in text mode, write data to it, and close the
file:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; p = Path(&#39;my_text_file&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.write_text(&#39;Text file contents&#39;)
18
&gt;&gt;&gt; p.read_text()
&#39;Text file contents&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
An existing file of the same name is overwritten. The optional parameters
have the same meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">open()</code></a>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.5.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.10: The newline parameter was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>
<section id="correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module">
<h2>Correspondence to tools in the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code></a> module<a class="headerlink" href="#correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Below is a table mapping various <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code></a> functions to their corresponding
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">PurePath</code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Path</code></a> equivalent.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Not all pairs of functions/methods below are equivalent. Some of them,
despite having some overlapping use-cases, have different semantics. They
include <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.abspath" title="os.path.abspath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.abspath()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="pathlib.Path.resolve"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.resolve()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.relpath" title="os.path.relpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.relpath()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.relative_to" title="pathlib.PurePath.relative_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.relative_to()</code></a>.
</div>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 52%" />
<col style="width: 48%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os.path</code></a></th>
<th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pathlib</code></a></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.abspath" title="os.path.abspath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.abspath()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="pathlib.Path.resolve"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.resolve()</code></a> <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id5" id="id3">1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.chmod" title="os.chmod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.chmod()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.chmod" title="pathlib.Path.chmod"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.chmod()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.mkdir" title="os.mkdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.mkdir()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.mkdir" title="pathlib.Path.mkdir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.mkdir()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.makedirs" title="os.makedirs"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.makedirs()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.mkdir" title="pathlib.Path.mkdir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.mkdir()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.rename" title="os.rename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.rename()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.rename" title="pathlib.Path.rename"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.rename()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.replace" title="os.replace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.replace()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.replace" title="pathlib.Path.replace"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.replace()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.rmdir" title="os.rmdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.rmdir()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.rmdir" title="pathlib.Path.rmdir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.rmdir()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.remove" title="os.remove"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.remove()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.unlink" title="os.unlink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.unlink()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.unlink" title="pathlib.Path.unlink"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.unlink()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.getcwd" title="os.getcwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.getcwd()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.cwd" title="pathlib.Path.cwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Path.cwd()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.exists()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.exists" title="pathlib.Path.exists"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.exists()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.expanduser()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.expanduser" title="pathlib.Path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.expanduser()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.home" title="pathlib.Path.home"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.home()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.listdir" title="os.listdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.listdir()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.iterdir" title="pathlib.Path.iterdir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.iterdir()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.isdir()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_dir" title="pathlib.Path.is_dir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.is_dir()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.isfile()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_file" title="pathlib.Path.is_file"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.is_file()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.islink()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_symlink" title="pathlib.Path.is_symlink"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.is_symlink()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.link" title="os.link"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.link()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.hardlink_to" title="pathlib.Path.hardlink_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.hardlink_to()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.symlink" title="os.symlink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.symlink()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.symlink_to" title="pathlib.Path.symlink_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.symlink_to()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.readlink" title="os.readlink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.readlink()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.readlink" title="pathlib.Path.readlink"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.readlink()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.relpath" title="os.path.relpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.relpath()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.relative_to" title="pathlib.PurePath.relative_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.relative_to()</code></a> <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id6" id="id4">2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.stat()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.stat" title="pathlib.Path.stat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.stat()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.owner" title="pathlib.Path.owner"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.owner()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.group" title="pathlib.Path.group"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.group()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.isabs" title="os.path.isabs"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.isabs()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute" title="pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.is_absolute()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.join" title="os.path.join"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.join()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.joinpath" title="pathlib.PurePath.joinpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.joinpath()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.basename()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.name" title="pathlib.PurePath.name"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.name</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.dirname()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parent" title="pathlib.PurePath.parent"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.parent</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.samefile()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.samefile" title="pathlib.Path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.samefile()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.splitext" title="os.path.splitext"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.splitext()</code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.stem" title="pathlib.PurePath.stem"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.stem</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffix" title="pathlib.PurePath.suffix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.suffix</code></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Footnotes
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="id5"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">1</a></dt>
<dd><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.abspath" title="os.path.abspath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.abspath()</code></a> does not resolve symbolic links while <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="pathlib.Path.resolve"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">Path.resolve()</code></a> does.
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="id6"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">2</a></dt>
<dd><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.relative_to" title="pathlib.PurePath.relative_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">PurePath.relative_to()</code></a> requires <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code> to be the subpath of the argument, but <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.relpath" title="os.path.relpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.path.relpath()</code></a> does not.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>

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 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pathlib</code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-use">Basic use</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pure-paths">Pure paths</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-properties">General properties</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#operators">Operators</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-individual-parts">Accessing individual parts</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-and-properties">Methods and properties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#concrete-paths">Concrete paths</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods">Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module">Correspondence to tools in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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