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Code Editor : turtle.html

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 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview-of-available-turtle-and-screen-methods">Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pen-control">Pen control</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#color-control">Color control</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filling">Filling</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#visibility">Visibility</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appearance">Appearance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-events">Using events</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-control">Window control</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#animation-control">Animation control</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-methods">Input methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#public-classes">Public classes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtledemo</code> — Demo scripts</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>
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 <section id="module-turtle">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a> — Turtle graphics<a class="headerlink" href="#module-turtle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/turtle.py">Lib/turtle.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
<section id="introduction">
<h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was
part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzeig,
Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon in 1967.
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">import turtle</code>, give it the
command <code class="docutils literal notranslate">turtle.forward(15)</code>, and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the
direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">turtle.right(25)</code>, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
<aside class="sidebar">
Turtle star
Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple
moves.
<img alt="../_images/turtle-star.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/turtle-star.png" />
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>from turtle import *
color(&#39;red&#39;, &#39;yellow&#39;)
begin_fill()
while True:
 forward(200)
 left(170)
 if abs(pos()) &lt; 1:
 break
end_fill()
done()
</pre></div>
</div>
</aside>
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures
can easily be drawn.
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a> module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named
module from the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2.5.
It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100%
compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning
programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using
the module from within IDLE run with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-n</code> switch.
The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented
and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter</code></a> for the underlying
graphics, it needs a version of Python installed with Tk support.
The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes:
<ol class="arabic">
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TurtleScreen</code></a> class defines graphics windows as a playground for
the drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.Canvas</code> or a
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="turtle.ScrolledCanvas"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ScrolledCanvas</code></a> as argument. It should be used when <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a> is
used as part of some application.
The function <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Screen()</code></a> returns a singleton object of a
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TurtleScreen</code></a> subclass. This function should be used when
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a> is used as a standalone tool for doing graphics.
As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible.
All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i.e. as part of
the procedure-oriented interface.
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.RawTurtle" title="turtle.RawTurtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">RawTurtle</code></a> (alias: <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.RawPen" title="turtle.RawPen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">RawPen</code></a>) defines Turtle objects which draw
on a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TurtleScreen</code></a>. Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas
or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw.
Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="turtle.Turtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Turtle</code></a> (alias: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Pen</code>),
which draws on “the” <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Screen</code></a> instance which is automatically
created, if not already present.
All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the
procedure-oriented interface.
</li>
</ol>
The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods
of the classes <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Screen</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="turtle.Turtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Turtle</code></a>. They have the same names as
the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a
function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is
automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method
is called.
To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given.
Methods, of course, have the additional first argument self which is
omitted here.
</div>
</section>
<section id="overview-of-available-turtle-and-screen-methods">
<h2>Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods<a class="headerlink" href="#overview-of-available-turtle-and-screen-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<section id="turtle-methods">
<h3>Turtle methods<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl>
<dt>Turtle motion</dt><dd><dl>
<dt>Move and draw</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.forward" title="turtle.forward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">forward()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fd" title="turtle.fd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">fd()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.backward" title="turtle.backward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">backward()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bk" title="turtle.bk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">bk()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.back" title="turtle.back"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">back()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.right" title="turtle.right"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">right()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.rt" title="turtle.rt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">rt()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.left" title="turtle.left"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">left()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.lt" title="turtle.lt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">lt()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.goto" title="turtle.goto"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">goto()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setpos" title="turtle.setpos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">setpos()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setposition" title="turtle.setposition"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">setposition()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setx" title="turtle.setx"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">setx()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.sety" title="turtle.sety"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sety()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setheading" title="turtle.setheading"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">setheading()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.seth" title="turtle.seth"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">seth()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.home" title="turtle.home"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">home()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.circle" title="turtle.circle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">circle()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.dot" title="turtle.dot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">dot()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">stamp()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearstamp" title="turtle.clearstamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">clearstamp()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearstamps" title="turtle.clearstamps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">clearstamps()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undo" title="turtle.undo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">undo()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.speed" title="turtle.speed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">speed()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Tell Turtle’s state</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.position" title="turtle.position"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">position()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pos" title="turtle.pos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pos()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.towards" title="turtle.towards"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">towards()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.xcor" title="turtle.xcor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">xcor()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ycor" title="turtle.ycor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ycor()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.heading" title="turtle.heading"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">heading()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.distance" title="turtle.distance"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">distance()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Setting and measurement</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">degrees()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">radians()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Pen control</dt><dd><dl>
<dt>Drawing state</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pendown" title="turtle.pendown"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pendown()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pd" title="turtle.pd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pd()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.down" title="turtle.down"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">down()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.penup" title="turtle.penup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">penup()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pu" title="turtle.pu"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pu()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.up" title="turtle.up"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">up()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pensize" title="turtle.pensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pensize()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.width" title="turtle.width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">width()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pen" title="turtle.pen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pen()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.isdown" title="turtle.isdown"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">isdown()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Color control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.color" title="turtle.color"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">color()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="turtle.pencolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pencolor()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fillcolor" title="turtle.fillcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Filling</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.filling" title="turtle.filling"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">filling()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">begin_fill()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="turtle.end_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">end_fill()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>More drawing control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.reset" title="turtle.reset"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">reset()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clear" title="turtle.clear"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">clear()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.write" title="turtle.write"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">write()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Turtle state</dt><dd><dl>
<dt>Visibility</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.showturtle" title="turtle.showturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">showturtle()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.st" title="turtle.st"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">st()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.hideturtle" title="turtle.hideturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">hideturtle()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ht" title="turtle.ht"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ht()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.isvisible" title="turtle.isvisible"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">isvisible()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Appearance</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shape" title="turtle.shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shape()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.resizemode" title="turtle.resizemode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">resizemode()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="turtle.shapesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shapesize()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.turtlesize" title="turtle.turtlesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">turtlesize()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shearfactor" title="turtle.shearfactor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shearfactor()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.settiltangle" title="turtle.settiltangle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">settiltangle()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tiltangle" title="turtle.tiltangle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">tiltangle()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tilt" title="turtle.tilt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">tilt()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapetransform" title="turtle.shapetransform"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shapetransform()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_shapepoly" title="turtle.get_shapepoly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">get_shapepoly()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Using events</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onclick()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onrelease" title="turtle.onrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onrelease()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ondrag" title="turtle.ondrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ondrag()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Special Turtle methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_poly" title="turtle.begin_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">begin_poly()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_poly" title="turtle.end_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">end_poly()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_poly" title="turtle.get_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">get_poly()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clone" title="turtle.clone"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">clone()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getturtle" title="turtle.getturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">getturtle()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getpen" title="turtle.getpen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">getpen()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getscreen" title="turtle.getscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">getscreen()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setundobuffer" title="turtle.setundobuffer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">setundobuffer()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undobufferentries" title="turtle.undobufferentries"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">undobufferentries()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">
<h3>Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl>
<dt>Window control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgcolor" title="turtle.bgcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">bgcolor()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgpic" title="turtle.bgpic"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">bgpic()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearscreen" title="turtle.clearscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">clearscreen()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.resetscreen" title="turtle.resetscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">resetscreen()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.screensize" title="turtle.screensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">screensize()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setworldcoordinates" title="turtle.setworldcoordinates"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">setworldcoordinates()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Animation control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.delay" title="turtle.delay"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">delay()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tracer" title="turtle.tracer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">tracer()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.update" title="turtle.update"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">update()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Using screen events</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">listen()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkey" title="turtle.onkey"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onkey()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeyrelease" title="turtle.onkeyrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onkeyrelease()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeypress" title="turtle.onkeypress"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onkeypress()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onclick()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onscreenclick" title="turtle.onscreenclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onscreenclick()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ontimer" title="turtle.ontimer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ontimer()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="turtle.mainloop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">mainloop()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.done" title="turtle.done"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">done()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Settings and special methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">mode()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">colormode()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getcanvas" title="turtle.getcanvas"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">getcanvas()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getshapes" title="turtle.getshapes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">getshapes()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="turtle.register_shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">register_shape()</code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.addshape" title="turtle.addshape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">addshape()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.turtles" title="turtle.turtles"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">turtles()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_height" title="turtle.window_height"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">window_height()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_width" title="turtle.window_width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">window_width()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Input methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.textinput" title="turtle.textinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">textinput()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.numinput" title="turtle.numinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">numinput()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Methods specific to Screen</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bye" title="turtle.bye"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">bye()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.exitonclick" title="turtle.exitonclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">exitonclick()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setup" title="turtle.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">setup()</code></a></div>
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.title" title="turtle.title"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">title()</code></a></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">
<h2>Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code>.
<section id="turtle-motion">
<h3>Turtle motion<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-motion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.forward">
turtle.forward(distance)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.forward" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.fd">
turtle.fd(distance)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.fd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">distance – a number (integer or float)
</dd>
</dl>
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the
turtle is headed.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.forward(25)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.forward(-75)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.back">
turtle.back(distance)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.back" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bk">
turtle.bk(distance)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bk" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.backward">
turtle.backward(distance)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.backward" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">distance – a number
</dd>
</dl>
Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.backward(30)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.right">
turtle.right(angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.right" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.rt">
turtle.rt(angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.rt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">angle – a number (integer or float)
</dd>
</dl>
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but
can be set via the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">degrees()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">radians()</code></a> functions.) Angle
orientation depends on the turtle mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">mode()</code></a>.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
22.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.right(45)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
337.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.left">
turtle.left(angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.left" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.lt">
turtle.lt(angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.lt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">angle – a number (integer or float)
</dd>
</dl>
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but
can be set via the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">degrees()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">radians()</code></a> functions.) Angle
orientation depends on the turtle mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">mode()</code></a>.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
22.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(45)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
67.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.goto">
turtle.goto(x, y=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.goto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setpos">
turtle.setpos(x, y=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setpos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setposition">
turtle.setposition(x, y=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setposition" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers</li>
<li>y – a number or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
If y is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, x must be a pair of coordinates or a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Vec2D</code></a>
(e.g. as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pos" title="turtle.pos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pos()</code></a>).
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do
not change the turtle’s orientation.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> &gt;&gt;&gt; tp = turtle.pos()
 &gt;&gt;&gt; tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.setpos(60,30)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.setpos((20,80))
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.setpos(tp)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setx">
turtle.setx(x)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">x – a number (integer or float)
</dd>
</dl>
Set the turtle’s first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.setx(10)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.sety">
turtle.sety(y)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.sety" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">y – a number (integer or float)
</dd>
</dl>
Set the turtle’s second coordinate to y, leave first coordinate unchanged.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.sety(-10)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setheading">
turtle.setheading(to_angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setheading" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.seth">
turtle.seth(to_angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.seth" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">to_angle – a number (integer or float)
</dd>
</dl>
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. Here are some common
directions in degrees:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 49%" />
<col style="width: 51%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">standard mode</th>
<th class="head">logo mode</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td>0 - east</td>
<td>0 - north</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>90 - north</td>
<td>90 - east</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>180 - west</td>
<td>180 - south</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>270 - south</td>
<td>270 - west</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.setheading(90)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
90.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.home">
turtle.home()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.home" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to
its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">mode()</code></a>).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
90.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
0.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.circle">
turtle.circle(radius, extent=None, steps=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.circle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>radius – a number</li>
<li>extent – a number (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>)</li>
<li>steps – an integer (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left of
the turtle; extent – an angle – determines which part of the circle
is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent
is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen
position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if radius is
positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the
turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps
determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be
calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
0.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.circle(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(-0.00,0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
0.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.circle(120, 180) # draw a semicircle
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
180.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.dot">
turtle.dot(size=None, *color)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.dot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>size – an integer &gt;= 1 (if given)</li>
<li>color – a colorstring or a numeric color tuple</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. If size is
not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.dot()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, &quot;blue&quot;); turtle.fd(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(100.00,-0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
0.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.stamp">
turtle.stamp()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.stamp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle
position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete
it by calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate">clearstamp(stamp_id)</code>.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.color(&quot;blue&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.stamp()
11
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearstamp">
turtle.clearstamp(stampid)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearstamp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">stampid – an integer, must be return value of previous
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">stamp()</code></a> call
</dd>
</dl>
Delete stamp with given stampid.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(150.00,-0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.color(&quot;blue&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; astamp = turtle.stamp()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearstamps">
turtle.clearstamps(n=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearstamps" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">n – an integer (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>)
</dd>
</dl>
Delete all or first/last n of turtle’s stamps. If n is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, delete
all stamps, if n &gt; 0 delete first n stamps, else if n &lt; 0 delete
last n stamps.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.clearstamps(2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.clearstamps(-2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.clearstamps()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.undo">
turtle.undo()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.undo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available
undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.speed">
turtle.speed(speed=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.speed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">speed – an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
</dd>
</dl>
Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no
argument is given, return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set
to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:
<ul class="simple">
<li>“fastest”: 0</li>
<li>“fast”: 10</li>
<li>“normal”: 6</li>
<li>“slow”: 3</li>
<li>“slowest”: 1</li>
</ul>
Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing
and turtle turning.
Attention: speed = 0 means that no animation takes
place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the
turtle turn instantly.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.speed()
3
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.speed(&#39;normal&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.speed()
6
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.speed(9)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.speed()
9
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="tell-turtle-s-state">
<h3>Tell Turtle’s state<a class="headerlink" href="#tell-turtle-s-state" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.position">
turtle.position()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.position" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pos">
turtle.pos()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Vec2D</code></a> vector).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pos()
(440.00,-0.00)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.towards">
turtle.towards(x, y=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.towards" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance</li>
<li>y – a number if x is a number, else <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified
by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle’s start
orientation which depends on the mode - “standard”/”world” or “logo”.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.goto(10, 10)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.xcor">
turtle.xcor()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.xcor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the turtle’s x coordinate.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.forward(100)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pos()
(64.28,76.60)
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(round(turtle.xcor(), 5))
64.27876
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ycor">
turtle.ycor()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ycor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the turtle’s y coordinate.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(60)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.forward(100)
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(turtle.pos())
(50.00,86.60)
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(round(turtle.ycor(), 5))
86.60254
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.heading">
turtle.heading()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.heading" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the turtle’s current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">mode()</code></a>).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(67)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
67.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.distance">
turtle.distance(x, y=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.distance" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance</li>
<li>y – a number if x is a number, else <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given
other turtle, in turtle step units.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.distance((30,40))
50.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; joe = Turtle()
&gt;&gt;&gt; joe.forward(77)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.distance(joe)
77.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="settings-for-measurement">
<h3>Settings for measurement<a class="headerlink" href="#settings-for-measurement" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.degrees">
turtle.degrees(fullcircle=360.0)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.degrees" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">fullcircle – a number
</dd>
</dl>
Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of “degrees” for a full circle.
Default value is 360 degrees.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(90)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
90.0

Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.degrees(400.0)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
100.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.degrees(360)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
90.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.radians">
turtle.radians()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.radians" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">degrees(2*math.pi)</code>.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(90)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
90.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.radians()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="pen-control">
<h3>Pen control<a class="headerlink" href="#pen-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<section id="drawing-state">
<h4>Drawing state<a class="headerlink" href="#drawing-state" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pendown">
turtle.pendown()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pendown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pd">
turtle.pd()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.down">
turtle.down()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.down" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pull the pen down – drawing when moving.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.penup">
turtle.penup()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.penup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pu">
turtle.pu()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pu" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.up">
turtle.up()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.up" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pull the pen up – no drawing when moving.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pensize">
turtle.pensize(width=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pensize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.width">
turtle.width(width=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.width" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">width – a positive number
</dd>
</dl>
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set to
“auto” and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line
thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pensize()
1
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pen">
turtle.pen(pen=None, **pendict)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>pen – a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys</li>
<li>pendict – one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Return or set the pen’s attributes in a “pen-dictionary” with the following
key/value pairs:
<ul class="simple">
<li>“shown”: True/False</li>
<li>“pendown”: True/False</li>
<li>“pencolor”: color-string or color-tuple</li>
<li>“fillcolor”: color-string or color-tuple</li>
<li>“pensize”: positive number</li>
<li>“speed”: number in range 0..10</li>
<li>“resizemode”: “auto” or “user” or “noresize”</li>
<li>“stretchfactor”: (positive number, positive number)</li>
<li>“outline”: positive number</li>
<li>“tilt”: number</li>
</ul>
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pen" title="turtle.pen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pen()</code></a>
to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes
can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen
attributes in one statement.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pen(fillcolor=&quot;black&quot;, pencolor=&quot;red&quot;, pensize=10)
&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(turtle.pen().items())
[(&#39;fillcolor&#39;, &#39;black&#39;), (&#39;outline&#39;, 1), (&#39;pencolor&#39;, &#39;red&#39;),
 (&#39;pendown&#39;, True), (&#39;pensize&#39;, 10), (&#39;resizemode&#39;, &#39;noresize&#39;),
 (&#39;shearfactor&#39;, 0.0), (&#39;shown&#39;, True), (&#39;speed&#39;, 9),
 (&#39;stretchfactor&#39;, (1.0, 1.0)), (&#39;tilt&#39;, 0.0)]
&gt;&gt;&gt; penstate=turtle.pen()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.color(&quot;yellow&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.penup()
&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
[(&#39;fillcolor&#39;, &#39;&#39;), (&#39;outline&#39;, 1), (&#39;pencolor&#39;, &#39;yellow&#39;)]
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor=&quot;green&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
[(&#39;fillcolor&#39;, &#39;green&#39;), (&#39;outline&#39;, 1), (&#39;pencolor&#39;, &#39;red&#39;)]
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.isdown">
turtle.isdown()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.isdown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if pen is down, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it’s up.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.penup()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.isdown()
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pendown()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.isdown()
True
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="color-control">
<h4>Color control<a class="headerlink" href="#color-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pencolor">
turtle.pencolor(*args)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return or set the pencolor.
Four input formats are allowed:
<dl class="simple">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">pencolor()</code></dt><dd>Return the current pencolor as color specification string or
as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another
color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">pencolor(colorstring)</code></dt><dd>Set pencolor to colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string,
such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;red&quot;</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;yellow&quot;</code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;#33cc8c&quot;</code>.
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">pencolor((r, g, b))</code></dt><dd>Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of r, g, and
b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode, where
colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">colormode()</code></a>).
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">pencolor(r, g, b)</code></dt><dd>Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by r, g, and b. Each of
r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode.
</dd>
</dl>
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the
newly set pencolor.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> &gt;&gt;&gt; colormode()
 1.0
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor()
 &#39;red&#39;
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor(&quot;brown&quot;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor()
 &#39;brown&#39;
 &gt;&gt;&gt; tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor(tup)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor()
 (0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; colormode(255)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor()
 (51.0, 204.0, 140.0)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor(&#39;#32c18f&#39;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor()
 (50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.fillcolor">
turtle.fillcolor(*args)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.fillcolor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return or set the fillcolor.
Four input formats are allowed:
<dl class="simple">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor()</code></dt><dd>Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly
in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another
color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor(colorstring)</code></dt><dd>Set fillcolor to colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string,
such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;red&quot;</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;yellow&quot;</code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;#33cc8c&quot;</code>.
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor((r, g, b))</code></dt><dd>Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of r, g, and
b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode, where
colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">colormode()</code></a>).
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor(r, g, b)</code></dt><dd>Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by r, g, and b. Each of
r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode.
</dd>
</dl>
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fillcolor(&quot;violet&quot;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fillcolor()
 &#39;violet&#39;
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor()
 (50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fillcolor((50, 193, 143)) # Integers, not floats
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fillcolor()
 (50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fillcolor(&#39;#ffffff&#39;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fillcolor()
 (255.0, 255.0, 255.0)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.color">
turtle.color(*args)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.color" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return or set pencolor and fillcolor.
Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as
follows:
<dl class="simple">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">color()</code></dt><dd>Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color
specification strings or tuples as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="turtle.pencolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pencolor()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fillcolor" title="turtle.fillcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor()</code></a>.
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">color(colorstring)</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">color((r,g,b))</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">color(r,g,b)</code></dt><dd>Inputs as in <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="turtle.pencolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pencolor()</code></a>, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the
given value.
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate">color(colorstring1, colorstring2)</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))</code></dt><dd>Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pencolor(colorstring1)</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor(colorstring2)</code>
and analogously if the other input format is used.
</dd>
</dl>
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set colors.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.color(&quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.color()
 (&#39;red&#39;, &#39;green&#39;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; color(&quot;#285078&quot;, &quot;#a0c8f0&quot;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; color()
 ((40.0, 80.0, 120.0), (160.0, 200.0, 240.0))
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

See also: Screen method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">colormode()</code></a>.
</section>
<section id="filling">
<h4>Filling<a class="headerlink" href="#filling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.filling">
turtle.filling()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.filling" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return fillstate (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if filling, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> else).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.begin_fill()
 &gt;&gt;&gt; if turtle.filling():
 ... turtle.pensize(5)
 ... else:
 ... turtle.pensize(3)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.begin_fill">
turtle.begin_fill()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>To be called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.end_fill">
turtle.end_fill()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Fill the shape drawn after the last call to <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">begin_fill()</code></a>.
Whether or not overlap regions for self-intersecting polygons
or multiple shapes are filled depends on the operating system graphics,
type of overlap, and number of overlaps. For example, the Turtle star
above may be either all yellow or have some white regions.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.color(&quot;black&quot;, &quot;red&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.begin_fill()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.circle(80)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.end_fill()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="more-drawing-control">
<h4>More drawing control<a class="headerlink" href="#more-drawing-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.reset">
turtle.reset()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.reset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set
variables to the default values.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.goto(0,-22)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(100)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
100.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.reset()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.heading()
0.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clear">
turtle.clear()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and
position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.write">
turtle.write(arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>arg – object to be written to the TurtleScreen</li>
<li>move – True/False</li>
<li>align – one of the strings “left”, “center” or right”</li>
<li>font – a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current turtle
position according to align (“left”, “center” or “right”) and with the given
font. If move is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the
text. By default, move is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.write(&quot;Home = &quot;, True, align=&quot;center&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.write((0,0), True)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>
<section id="turtle-state">
<h3>Turtle state<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-state" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<section id="visibility">
<h4>Visibility<a class="headerlink" href="#visibility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.hideturtle">
turtle.hideturtle()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.hideturtle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ht">
turtle.ht()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ht" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Make the turtle invisible. It’s a good idea to do this while you’re in the
middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the
drawing observably.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.hideturtle()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.showturtle">
turtle.showturtle()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.showturtle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.st">
turtle.st()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.st" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Make the turtle visible.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.showturtle()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.isvisible">
turtle.isvisible()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.isvisible" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if the Turtle is shown, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> if it’s hidden.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.hideturtle()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.isvisible()
False
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.showturtle()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.isvisible()
True
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="appearance">
<h4>Appearance<a class="headerlink" href="#appearance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shape">
turtle.shape(name=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">name – a string which is a valid shapename
</dd>
</dl>
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given, return
name of current shape. Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen’s
shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: “arrow”,
“turtle”, “circle”, “square”, “triangle”, “classic”. To learn about how to
deal with shapes see Screen method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="turtle.register_shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">register_shape()</code></a>.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape()
&#39;classic&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape(&quot;turtle&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape()
&#39;turtle&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.resizemode">
turtle.resizemode(rmode=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.resizemode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">rmode – one of the strings “auto”, “user”, “noresize”
</dd>
</dl>
Set resizemode to one of the values: “auto”, “user”, “noresize”. If rmode
is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the
following effects:
<ul class="simple">
<li>“auto”: adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize.</li>
<li>“user”: adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of
stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="turtle.shapesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shapesize()</code></a>.</li>
<li>“noresize”: no adaption of the turtle’s appearance takes place.</li>
</ul>
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">resizemode(&quot;user&quot;)</code> is called by <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="turtle.shapesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shapesize()</code></a> when used with arguments.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.resizemode()
&#39;noresize&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.resizemode(&quot;auto&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.resizemode()
&#39;auto&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shapesize">
turtle.shapesize(stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.turtlesize">
turtle.turtlesize(stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.turtlesize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>stretch_wid – positive number</li>
<li>stretch_len – positive number</li>
<li>outline – positive number</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Return or set the pen’s attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set
resizemode to “user”. If and only if resizemode is set to “user”, the turtle
will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: stretch_wid is
stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, stretch_len is
stretchfactor in direction of its orientation, outline determines the width
of the shape’s outline.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize()
(1.0, 1.0, 1)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.resizemode(&quot;user&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 12)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 8)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shearfactor">
turtle.shearfactor(shear=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shearfactor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">shear – number (optional)
</dd>
</dl>
Set or return the current shearfactor. Shear the turtleshape according to
the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle.
Do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).
If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the
tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the
heading of the turtle are sheared.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape(&quot;circle&quot;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize(5,2)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shearfactor()
 0.5
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.tilt">
turtle.tilt(angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.tilt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">angle – a number
</dd>
</dl>
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, but do not
change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.reset()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape(&quot;circle&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize(5,2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.tilt(30)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.tilt(30)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.settiltangle">
turtle.settiltangle(angle)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.settiltangle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">angle – a number
</dd>
</dl>
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do not change the turtle’s heading
(direction of movement).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.reset()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape(&quot;circle&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize(5,2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.settiltangle(45)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.settiltangle(-45)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.1.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.tiltangle">
turtle.tiltangle(angle=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.tiltangle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">angle – a number (optional)
</dd>
</dl>
Set or return the current tilt-angle. If angle is given, rotate the
turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do not change the turtle’s
heading (direction of movement).
If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle
between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the
turtle (its direction of movement).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.reset()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape(&quot;circle&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize(5,2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.tilt(45)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.tiltangle()
45.0
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shapetransform">
turtle.shapetransform(t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shapetransform" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>t11 – a number (optional)</li>
<li>t12 – a number (optional)</li>
<li>t21 – a number (optional)</li>
<li>t12 – a number (optional)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.
If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation
matrix as a tuple of 4 elements.
Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape
according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and
second row t21, t22. The determinant t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 must not be
zero, otherwise an error is raised.
Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the
given matrix.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle = Turtle()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape(&quot;square&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapesize(4,2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapetransform()
(4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.get_shapepoly">
turtle.get_shapepoly()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.get_shapepoly" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. This
can be used to define a new shape or components of a compound shape.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shape(&quot;square&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.get_shapepoly()
((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>
<section id="using-events">
<h3>Using events<a class="headerlink" href="#using-events" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
turtle.onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)</dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li>
<li>btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li>
<li>add – <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Bind fun to mouse-click events on this turtle. If fun is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,
existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the
procedural way:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; def turn(x, y):
... left(180)
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
&gt;&gt;&gt; onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onrelease">
turtle.onrelease(fun, btn=1, add=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onrelease" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li>
<li>btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li>
<li>add – <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Bind fun to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If fun is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, existing bindings are removed.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor(&quot;red&quot;)
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor(&quot;&quot;)
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle = MyTurtle()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.onclick(turtle.glow) # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red,
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent.
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ondrag">
turtle.ondrag(fun, btn=1, add=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ondrag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li>
<li>btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li>
<li>add – <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Bind fun to mouse-move events on this turtle. If fun is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,
existing bindings are removed.
Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
</pre></div>
</div>
Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across
the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="special-turtle-methods">
<h3>Special Turtle methods<a class="headerlink" href="#special-turtle-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.begin_poly">
turtle.begin_poly()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.begin_poly" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first
vertex of polygon.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.end_poly">
turtle.end_poly()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.end_poly" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last
vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.get_poly">
turtle.get_poly()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.get_poly" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the last recorded polygon.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.home()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.begin_poly()
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(100)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(20)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(30)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.left(60)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.fd(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.end_poly()
&gt;&gt;&gt; p = turtle.get_poly()
&gt;&gt;&gt; register_shape(&quot;myFavouriteShape&quot;, p)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clone">
turtle.clone()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and
turtle properties.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; mick = Turtle()
&gt;&gt;&gt; joe = mick.clone()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getturtle">
turtle.getturtle()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getturtle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getpen">
turtle.getpen()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getpen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to
return the “anonymous turtle”:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; pet = getturtle()
&gt;&gt;&gt; pet.fd(50)
&gt;&gt;&gt; pet
&lt;turtle.Turtle object at 0x...&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getscreen">
turtle.getscreen()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getscreen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TurtleScreen</code></a> object the turtle is drawing on.
TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; ts = turtle.getscreen()
&gt;&gt;&gt; ts
&lt;turtle._Screen object at 0x...&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; ts.bgcolor(&quot;pink&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setundobuffer">
turtle.setundobuffer(size)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setundobuffer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">size – an integer or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>
</dd>
</dl>
Set or disable undobuffer. If size is an integer, an empty undobuffer of
given size is installed. size gives the maximum number of turtle actions
that can be undone by the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undo" title="turtle.undo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">undo()</code></a> method/function. If size is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, the undobuffer is disabled.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.setundobuffer(42)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.undobufferentries">
turtle.undobufferentries()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.undobufferentries" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return number of entries in the undobuffer.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; while undobufferentries():
... undo()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="compound-shapes">
<h3>Compound shapes<a class="headerlink" href="#compound-shapes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different
color, you must use the helper class <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape" title="turtle.Shape"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Shape</code></a> explicitly as described
below:
<ol class="arabic">
<li>Create an empty Shape object of type “compound”.</li>
<li>Add as many components to this object as desired, using the
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape.addcomponent" title="turtle.Shape.addcomponent"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">addcomponent()</code></a> method.
For example:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; s = Shape(&quot;compound&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
&gt;&gt;&gt; s.addcomponent(poly1, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5))
&gt;&gt;&gt; s.addcomponent(poly2, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li>Now add the Shape to the Screen’s shapelist and use it:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; register_shape(&quot;myshape&quot;, s)
&gt;&gt;&gt; shape(&quot;myshape&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape" title="turtle.Shape"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Shape</code></a> class is used internally by the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="turtle.register_shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">register_shape()</code></a>
method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the
Shape class only when using compound shapes like shown above!
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">
<h2>Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">screen</code>.
<section id="window-control">
<h3>Window control<a class="headerlink" href="#window-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bgcolor">
turtle.bgcolor(*args)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bgcolor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">args – a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a
3-tuple of such numbers
</dd>
</dl>
Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor(&quot;orange&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor()
&#39;orange&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor(&quot;#800080&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor()
(128.0, 0.0, 128.0)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bgpic">
turtle.bgpic(picname=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bgpic" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">picname – a string, name of a gif-file or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;nopic&quot;</code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>
</dd>
</dl>
Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If picname
is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If picname is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;nopic&quot;</code>, delete background image, if present. If picname is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,
return the filename of the current backgroundimage.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgpic()
&#39;nopic&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgpic(&quot;landscape.gif&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgpic()
&quot;landscape.gif&quot;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
turtle.clear()</dt>
<dd><div class="admonition note">
Note
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
name <code class="docutils literal notranslate">clearscreen</code>. The global function <code class="docutils literal notranslate">clear</code> is a different one
derived from the Turtle method <code class="docutils literal notranslate">clear</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearscreen">
turtle.clearscreen()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearscreen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now
empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background
image, no event bindings and tracing on.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
turtle.reset()</dt>
<dd><div class="admonition note">
Note
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
name <code class="docutils literal notranslate">resetscreen</code>. The global function <code class="docutils literal notranslate">reset</code> is another one
derived from the Turtle method <code class="docutils literal notranslate">reset</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.resetscreen">
turtle.resetscreen()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.resetscreen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.screensize">
turtle.screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.screensize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>canvwidth – positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels</li>
<li>canvheight – positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels</li>
<li>bg – colorstring or color-tuple, new background color</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else
resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing
window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this
method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the
canvas before.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.screensize()
(400, 300)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.screensize(2000,1500)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.screensize()
(2000, 1500)
</pre></div>
</div>
e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setworldcoordinates">
turtle.setworldcoordinates(llx, lly, urx, ury)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setworldcoordinates" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>llx – a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas</li>
<li>lly – a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas</li>
<li>urx – a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas</li>
<li>ury – a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode “world” if
necessary. This performs a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">screen.reset()</code>. If mode “world” is already
active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.
ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear
distorted.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.reset()
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for _ in range(72):
... left(10)
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; for _ in range(8):
... left(45); fd(2) # a regular octagon
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="animation-control">
<h3>Animation control<a class="headerlink" href="#animation-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.delay">
turtle.delay(delay=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.delay" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">delay – positive integer
</dd>
</dl>
Set or return the drawing delay in milliseconds. (This is approximately
the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the
drawing delay, the slower the animation.
Optional argument:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.delay()
10
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.delay(5)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.delay()
5
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.tracer">
turtle.tracer(n=None, delay=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.tracer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>n – nonnegative integer</li>
<li>delay – nonnegative integer</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If
n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really
performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex
graphics.) When called without arguments, returns the currently
stored value of n. Second argument sets delay value (see
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.delay" title="turtle.delay"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">delay()</code></a>).
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.tracer(8, 25)
&gt;&gt;&gt; dist = 2
&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in range(200):
... fd(dist)
... rt(90)
... dist += 2
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.update">
turtle.update()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off.
</dd></dl>

See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.speed" title="turtle.speed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">speed()</code></a>.
</section>
<section id="using-screen-events">
<h3>Using screen events<a class="headerlink" href="#using-screen-events" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.listen">
turtle.listen(xdummy=None, ydummy=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.listen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments
are provided in order to be able to pass <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">listen()</code></a> to the onclick method.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onkey">
turtle.onkey(fun, key)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onkey" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onkeyrelease">
turtle.onkeyrelease(fun, key)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onkeyrelease" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>fun – a function with no arguments or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code></li>
<li>key – a string: key (e.g. “a”) or key-symbol (e.g. “space”)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Bind fun to key-release event of key. If fun is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, event bindings
are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have the focus. (See method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">listen()</code></a>.)
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; def f():
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.onkey(f, &quot;Up&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.listen()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onkeypress">
turtle.onkeypress(fun, key=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onkeypress" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>fun – a function with no arguments or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code></li>
<li>key – a string: key (e.g. “a”) or key-symbol (e.g. “space”)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given,
or to any key-press-event if no key is given.
Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have focus. (See method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">listen()</code></a>.)
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; def f():
... fd(50)
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.onkey(f, &quot;Up&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.listen()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onclick">
turtle.onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onclick" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onscreenclick">
turtle.onscreenclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onscreenclick" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li>
<li>btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li>
<li>add – <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Bind fun to mouse-click events on this screen. If fun is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,
existing bindings are removed.
Example for a TurtleScreen instance named <code class="docutils literal notranslate">screen</code> and a Turtle instance
named <code class="docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code>:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.onclick(turtle.goto) # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
&gt;&gt;&gt; # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.onclick(None) # remove event binding again
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
name <code class="docutils literal notranslate">onscreenclick</code>. The global function <code class="docutils literal notranslate">onclick</code> is another one
derived from the Turtle method <code class="docutils literal notranslate">onclick</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ontimer">
turtle.ontimer(fun, t=0)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ontimer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>fun – a function with no arguments</li>
<li>t – a number &gt;= 0</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Install a timer that calls fun after t milliseconds.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; running = True
&gt;&gt;&gt; def f():
... if running:
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
... screen.ontimer(f, 250)
&gt;&gt;&gt; f() ### makes the turtle march around
&gt;&gt;&gt; running = False
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.mainloop">
turtle.mainloop()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.done">
turtle.done()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.done" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function.
Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program.
Must not be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode
(No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.mainloop()
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="input-methods">
<h3>Input methods<a class="headerlink" href="#input-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.textinput">
turtle.textinput(title, prompt)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.textinput" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>title – string</li>
<li>prompt – string</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Parameter title is
the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing
what information to input.
Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.textinput(&quot;NIM&quot;, &quot;Name of first player:&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.numinput">
turtle.numinput(title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.numinput" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>title – string</li>
<li>prompt – string</li>
<li>default – number (optional)</li>
<li>minval – number (optional)</li>
<li>maxval – number (optional)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the
dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information
to input. default: default value, minval: minimum value for input,
maxval: maximum value for input
The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are
given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for
correction.
Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.numinput(&quot;Poker&quot;, &quot;Your stakes:&quot;, 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="settings-and-special-methods">
<h3>Settings and special methods<a class="headerlink" href="#settings-and-special-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.mode">
turtle.mode(mode=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.mode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">mode – one of the strings “standard”, “logo” or “world”
</dd>
</dl>
Set turtle mode (“standard”, “logo” or “world”) and perform reset. If mode
is not given, current mode is returned.
Mode “standard” is compatible with old <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a>. Mode “logo” is
compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode “world” uses user-defined
“world coordinates”. Attention: in this mode angles appear distorted if
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">x/y</code> unit-ratio doesn’t equal 1.
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 21%" />
<col style="width: 45%" />
<col style="width: 34%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Mode</th>
<th class="head">Initial turtle heading</th>
<th class="head">positive angles</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td>“standard”</td>
<td>to the right (east)</td>
<td>counterclockwise</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>“logo”</td>
<td>upward (north)</td>
<td>clockwise</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; mode(&quot;logo&quot;) # resets turtle heading to north
&gt;&gt;&gt; mode()
&#39;logo&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.colormode">
turtle.colormode(cmode=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.colormode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">cmode – one of the values 1.0 or 255
</dd>
</dl>
Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently r, g, b
values of color triples have to be in the range 0..cmode.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.colormode(1)
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor(240, 160, 80)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
TurtleGraphicsError: bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.colormode()
1.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.colormode(255)
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.colormode()
255
&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getcanvas">
turtle.getcanvas()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getcanvas" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to
do with a Tkinter Canvas.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; cv = screen.getcanvas()
&gt;&gt;&gt; cv
&lt;turtle.ScrolledCanvas object ...&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getshapes">
turtle.getshapes()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getshapes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.getshapes()
[&#39;arrow&#39;, &#39;blank&#39;, &#39;circle&#39;, ..., &#39;turtle&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.register_shape">
turtle.register_shape(name, shape=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.addshape">
turtle.addshape(name, shape=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.addshape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>There are three different ways to call this function:
<ol class="arabic">
<li>name is the name of a gif-file and shape is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>: Install the
corresponding image shape.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.register_shape(&quot;turtle.gif&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Image shapes do not rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not
display the heading of the turtle!
</div>
</li>
<li>name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of
coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.register_shape(&quot;triangle&quot;, ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3)))
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li>name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape" title="turtle.Shape"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Shape</code></a>
object: Install the corresponding compound shape.</li>
</ol>
Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered
shapes can be used by issuing the command <code class="docutils literal notranslate">shape(shapename)</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.turtles">
turtle.turtles()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.turtles" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the list of turtles on the screen.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; for turtle in screen.turtles():
... turtle.color(&quot;red&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.window_height">
turtle.window_height()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.window_height" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the height of the turtle window.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.window_height()
480
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.window_width">
turtle.window_width()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.window_width" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the width of the turtle window.
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.window_width()
640
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">
<h3>Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bye">
turtle.bye()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bye" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Shut the turtlegraphics window.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.exitonclick">
turtle.exitonclick()<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.exitonclick" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Bind <code class="docutils literal notranslate">bye()</code> method to mouse clicks on the Screen.
If the value “using_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>
(default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-n</code> switch
(no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> in
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code>. In this case IDLE’s own mainloop is active also for the
client script.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setup">
turtle.setup(width=_CFG['width'], height=_CFG['height'], startx=_CFG['leftright'], starty=_CFG['topbottom'])<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments
are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code> file.
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>width – if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the
screen; default is 50% of screen</li>
<li>height – if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of
the screen; default is 75% of screen</li>
<li>startx – if positive, starting position in pixels from the left
edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,
center window horizontally</li>
<li>starty – if positive, starting position in pixels from the top
edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,
center window vertically</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
&gt;&gt;&gt; # sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
&gt;&gt;&gt; # sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.title">
turtle.title(titlestring)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.title" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">titlestring – a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle
graphics window
</dd>
</dl>
Set title of turtle window to titlestring.
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.title(&quot;Welcome to the turtle zoo!&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>
<section id="public-classes">
<h2>Public classes<a class="headerlink" href="#public-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.RawTurtle">
class turtle.RawTurtle(canvas)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.RawTurtle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.RawPen">
class turtle.RawPen(canvas)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.RawPen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">canvas – a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.Canvas</code>, a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="turtle.ScrolledCanvas"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ScrolledCanvas</code></a> or a
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TurtleScreen</code></a>
</dd>
</dl>
Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as “methods of
Turtle/RawTurtle”.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Turtle">
class turtle.Turtle<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Screen</code></a> object created automatically when needed for the first time.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.TurtleScreen">
class turtle.TurtleScreen(cv)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">cv – a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.Canvas</code>
</dd>
</dl>
Provides screen oriented methods like <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgcolor" title="turtle.bgcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">bgcolor()</code></a> etc. that are described
above.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Screen">
class turtle.Screen<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Screen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Subclass of TurtleScreen, with <a class="reference internal" href="#screenspecific">four methods added</a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ScrolledCanvas">
class turtle.ScrolledCanvas(master)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">master – some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i.e.
a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added
</dd>
</dl>
Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as
playground for the turtles.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Shape">
class turtle.Shape(type_, data)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Shape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">type_ – one of the strings “polygon”, “image”, “compound”
</dd>
</dl>
Data structure modeling shapes. The pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(type_, data)</code> must follow this
specification:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 16%" />
<col style="width: 84%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">type_</th>
<th class="head">data</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td>“polygon”</td>
<td>a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>“image”</td>
<td>an image (in this form only used internally!)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>“compound”</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> (a compound shape has to be constructed using the
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape.addcomponent" title="turtle.Shape.addcomponent"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">addcomponent()</code></a> method)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Shape.addcomponent">
addcomponent(poly, fill, outline=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Shape.addcomponent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li>poly – a polygon, i.e. a tuple of pairs of numbers</li>
<li>fill – a color the poly will be filled with</li>
<li>outline – a color for the poly’s outline (if given)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
Example:
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
&gt;&gt;&gt; s = Shape(&quot;compound&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; s.addcomponent(poly, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; # ... add more components and then use register_shape()
</pre></div>
</div>
See <a class="reference internal" href="#compoundshapes">Compound shapes</a>.
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Vec2D">
class turtle.Vec2D(x, y)<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing
turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived
from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!
Provides (for a, b vectors, k number):
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a + b</code> vector addition</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a - b</code> vector subtraction</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a * b</code> inner product</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">k * a</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a * k</code> multiplication with scalar</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">abs(a)</code> absolute value of a</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">a.rotate(angle)</code> rotation</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="help-and-configuration">
<h2>Help and configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#help-and-configuration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<section id="how-to-use-help">
<h3>How to use help<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-use-help" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively
via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help
facilities:
<ul>
<li>When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the
docstrings of typed in function-/method calls.</li>
<li>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#help" title="help"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">help()</code></a> on methods or functions displays the docstrings:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; help(Screen.bgcolor)
Help on method bgcolor in module turtle:

bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method
 Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.

Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
 in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.

&gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor(&quot;orange&quot;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor()
 &quot;orange&quot;
 &gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; screen.bgcolor()
 &quot;#800080&quot;

&gt;&gt;&gt; help(Turtle.penup)
Help on method penup in module turtle:

penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method
 Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.

Aliases: penup | pu | up

No argument

&gt;&gt;&gt; turtle.penup()
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li>The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified
form:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; help(bgcolor)
Help on function bgcolor in module turtle:

bgcolor(*args)
 Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.

Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
 in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.

Example::

&gt;&gt;&gt; bgcolor(&quot;orange&quot;)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; bgcolor()
 &quot;orange&quot;
 &gt;&gt;&gt; bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
 &gt;&gt;&gt; bgcolor()
 &quot;#800080&quot;

&gt;&gt;&gt; help(penup)
Help on function penup in module turtle:

penup()
 Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.

Aliases: penup | pu | up

No argument

Example:
 &gt;&gt;&gt; penup()
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function
definitions that are derived from the methods at import time.
</section>
<section id="translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">
<h3>Translation of docstrings into different languages<a class="headerlink" href="#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names
and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the classes
Screen and Turtle.
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.write_docstringdict">
turtle.write_docstringdict(filename='turtle_docstringdict')<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.write_docstringdict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd">filename – a string, used as filename
</dd>
</dl>
Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given
filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the
turtle graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the
Python script <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">filename.py</code>. It is intended to serve as a template
for translation of the docstrings into different languages.
</dd></dl>

If you (or your students) want to use <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a> with online help in your
native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting
file as e.g. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle_docstringdict_german.py</code>.
If you have an appropriate entry in your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code> file this dictionary
will be read in at import time and will replace the original English docstrings.
At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in
Italian. (Requests please to <a class="reference external" href="mailto:glingl&#37;&#52;&#48;aon&#46;at">glingl&#64;aon&#46;at</a>.)
</section>
<section id="how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">
<h3>How to configure Screen and Turtles<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the
old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it.
If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features
of this module or which better fits to your needs, e.g. for use in a classroom,
you can prepare a configuration file <code class="docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code> which will be read at import
time and modify the configuration according to its settings.
The built in configuration would correspond to the following <code class="docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code>:
<div class="highlight-ini notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>width = 0.5
height = 0.75
leftright = None
topbottom = None
canvwidth = 400
canvheight = 300
mode = standard
colormode = 1.0
delay = 10
undobuffersize = 1000
shape = classic
pencolor = black
fillcolor = black
resizemode = noresize
visible = True
language = english
exampleturtle = turtle
examplescreen = screen
title = Python Turtle Graphics
using_IDLE = False
</pre></div>
</div>
Short explanation of selected entries:
<ul class="simple">
<li>The first four lines correspond to the arguments of the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setup" title="turtle.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Screen.setup</code></a>
method.</li>
<li>Line 5 and 6 correspond to the arguments of the method
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.screensize" title="turtle.screensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Screen.screensize</code></a>.</li>
<li>shape can be any of the built-in shapes, e.g: arrow, turtle, etc. For more
info try <code class="docutils literal notranslate">help(shape)</code>.</li>
<li>If you want to use no fill color (i.e. make the turtle transparent), you have
to write <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fillcolor = &quot;&quot;</code> (but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in
the cfg file).</li>
<li>If you want to reflect the turtle its state, you have to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">resizemode =
auto</code>.</li>
<li>If you set e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">language = italian</code> the docstringdict
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle_docstringdict_italian.py</code> will be loaded at import time (if
present on the import path, e.g. in the same directory as <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a>.</li>
<li>The entries exampleturtle and examplescreen define the names of these
objects as they occur in the docstrings. The transformation of
method-docstrings to function-docstrings will delete these names from the
docstrings.</li>
<li>using_IDLE: Set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if you regularly work with IDLE and its -n
switch (“no subprocess”). This will prevent <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.exitonclick" title="turtle.exitonclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">exitonclick()</code></a> to enter the
mainloop.</li>
</ul>
There can be a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code> file in the directory where <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a> is
stored and an additional one in the current working directory. The latter will
override the settings of the first one.
The <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">Lib/turtledemo</code> directory contains a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code> file. You can
study it as an example and see its effects when running the demos (preferably
not from within the demo-viewer).
</section>
</section>
<section id="module-turtledemo">
<h2><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo" title="turtledemo: A viewer for example turtle scripts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtledemo</code></a> — Demo scripts<a class="headerlink" href="#module-turtledemo" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo" title="turtledemo: A viewer for example turtle scripts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtledemo</code></a> package includes a set of demo scripts. These
scripts can be run and viewed using the supplied demo viewer as follows:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>python -m turtledemo
</pre></div>
</div>
Alternatively, you can run the demo scripts individually. For example,
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>python -m turtledemo.bytedesign
</pre></div>
</div>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo" title="turtledemo: A viewer for example turtle scripts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtledemo</code></a> package directory contains:
<ul class="simple">
<li>A demo viewer <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">__main__.py</code> which can be used to view the sourcecode
of the scripts and run them at the same time.</li>
<li>Multiple scripts demonstrating different features of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code></a>
module. Examples can be accessed via the Examples menu. They can also
be run standalone.</li>
<li>A <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">turtle.cfg</code> file which serves as an example of how to write
and use such files.</li>
</ul>
The demo scripts are:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 23%" />
<col style="width: 43%" />
<col style="width: 33%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Name</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
<th class="head">Features</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td>bytedesign</td>
<td>complex classical
turtle graphics pattern</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tracer" title="turtle.tracer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">tracer()</code></a>, delay,
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.update" title="turtle.update"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">update()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>chaos</td>
<td>graphs Verhulst dynamics,
shows that computer’s
computations can generate
results sometimes against the
common sense expectations</td>
<td>world coordinates</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>clock</td>
<td>analog clock showing time
of your computer</td>
<td>turtles as clock’s
hands, ontimer</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>colormixer</td>
<td>experiment with r, g, b</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ondrag" title="turtle.ondrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">ondrag()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>forest</td>
<td>3 breadth-first trees</td>
<td>randomization</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>fractalcurves</td>
<td>Hilbert &amp; Koch curves</td>
<td>recursion</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>lindenmayer</td>
<td>ethnomathematics
(indian kolams)</td>
<td>L-System</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>minimal_hanoi</td>
<td>Towers of Hanoi</td>
<td>Rectangular Turtles
as Hanoi discs
(shape, shapesize)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>nim</td>
<td>play the classical nim game
with three heaps of sticks
against the computer.</td>
<td>turtles as nimsticks,
event driven (mouse,
keyboard)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>paint</td>
<td>super minimalistic
drawing program</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onclick()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>peace</td>
<td>elementary</td>
<td>turtle: appearance
and animation</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>penrose</td>
<td>aperiodic tiling with
kites and darts</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">stamp()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>planet_and_moon</td>
<td>simulation of
gravitational system</td>
<td>compound shapes,
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Vec2D</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>rosette</td>
<td>a pattern from the wikipedia
article on turtle graphics</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clone" title="turtle.clone"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">clone()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undo" title="turtle.undo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">undo()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>round_dance</td>
<td>dancing turtles rotating
pairwise in opposite
direction</td>
<td>compound shapes, clone
shapesize, tilt,
get_shapepoly, update</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>sorting_animate</td>
<td>visual demonstration of
different sorting methods</td>
<td>simple alignment,
randomization</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>tree</td>
<td>a (graphical) breadth
first tree (using generators)</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clone" title="turtle.clone"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">clone()</code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>two_canvases</td>
<td>simple design</td>
<td>turtles on two
canvases</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>yinyang</td>
<td>another elementary example</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.circle" title="turtle.circle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">circle()</code></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Have fun!
</section>
<section id="changes-since-python-2-6">
<h2>Changes since Python 2.6<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-since-python-2-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The methods <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tracer" title="turtle.tracer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Turtle.tracer</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_width" title="turtle.window_width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Turtle.window_width</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_height" title="turtle.window_height"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Turtle.window_height</code></a> have been eliminated.
Methods with these names and functionality are now available only
as methods of <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Screen</code></a>. The functions derived from these remain
available. (In fact already in Python 2.6 these methods were merely
duplications of the corresponding
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">TurtleScreen</code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Screen</code></a> methods.)</li>
<li>The method <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Turtle.fill()</code> has been eliminated.
The behaviour of <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">begin_fill()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="turtle.end_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">end_fill()</code></a>
have changed slightly: now every filling process must be completed with an
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">end_fill()</code> call.</li>
<li>A method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.filling" title="turtle.filling"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Turtle.filling</code></a> has been added. It returns a boolean
value: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> if a filling process is under way, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> otherwise.
This behaviour corresponds to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fill()</code> call without arguments in
Python 2.6.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="changes-since-python-3-0">
<h2>Changes since Python 3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-since-python-3-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="turtle.Turtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Turtle</code></a> methods <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shearfactor" title="turtle.shearfactor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shearfactor()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapetransform" title="turtle.shapetransform"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">shapetransform()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_shapepoly" title="turtle.get_shapepoly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">get_shapepoly()</code></a> have been added. Thus the full range of
regular linear transforms is now available for transforming turtle shapes.
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tiltangle" title="turtle.tiltangle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">tiltangle()</code></a> has been enhanced in functionality: it now can
be used to get or set the tilt angle. <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.settiltangle" title="turtle.settiltangle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">settiltangle()</code></a> has been
deprecated.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Screen</code></a> method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeypress" title="turtle.onkeypress"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onkeypress()</code></a> has been added as a complement to
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkey" title="turtle.onkey"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onkey()</code></a>. As the latter binds actions to the key release event,
an alias: <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeyrelease" title="turtle.onkeyrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">onkeyrelease()</code></a> was also added for it.</li>
<li>The method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="turtle.mainloop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Screen.mainloop</code></a> has been added,
so there is no longer a need to use the standalone <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="turtle.mainloop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">mainloop()</code></a> function
when working with <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Screen</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="turtle.Turtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Turtle</code></a> objects.</li>
<li>Two input methods have been added: <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.textinput" title="turtle.textinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Screen.textinput</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.numinput" title="turtle.numinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">Screen.numinput</code></a>. These pop up input dialogs and return
strings and numbers respectively.</li>
<li>Two example scripts <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">tdemo_nim.py</code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">tdemo_round_dance.py</code>
have been added to the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">Lib/turtledemo</code> directory.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>

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 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview-of-available-turtle-and-screen-methods">Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pen-control">Pen control</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#color-control">Color control</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filling">Filling</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#visibility">Visibility</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appearance">Appearance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-events">Using events</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-control">Window control</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#animation-control">Animation control</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-methods">Input methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#public-classes">Public classes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtledemo</code> — Demo scripts</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-3-0">Changes since Python 3.0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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