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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncore</code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore-example-basic-http-client">asyncore Example basic HTTP client</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore-example-basic-echo-server">asyncore Example basic echo server</a></li>
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 <section id="module-asyncore">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-asyncore" title="asyncore: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncore</code></a> — Asynchronous socket handler<a class="headerlink" href="#module-asyncore" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/asyncore.py">Lib/asyncore.py</a>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.6: <a class="reference internal" href="#module-asyncore" title="asyncore: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncore</code></a> will be removed in Python 3.12
(see <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0594#asyncore">PEP 594</a> for details).
Please use <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html#module-asyncio" title="asyncio: Asynchronous I/O."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncio</code></a> instead.
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<div class="admonition note">
Note
This module exists for backwards compatibility only. For new code we
recommend using <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html#module-asyncio" title="asyncio: Asynchronous I/O."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncio</code></a>.
</div>
This module provides the basic infrastructure for writing asynchronous socket
service clients and servers.
There are only two ways to have a program on a single processor do “more than
one thing at a time.” Multi-threaded programming is the simplest and most
popular way to do it, but there is another very different technique, that lets
you have nearly all the advantages of multi-threading, without actually using
multiple threads. It’s really only practical if your program is largely I/O
bound. If your program is processor bound, then pre-emptive scheduled threads
are probably what you really need. Network servers are rarely processor
bound, however.
If your operating system supports the <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">select()</code> system call in its I/O
library (and nearly all do), then you can use it to juggle multiple
communication channels at once; doing other work while your I/O is taking
place in the “background.” Although this strategy can seem strange and
complex, especially at first, it is in many ways easier to understand and
control than multi-threaded programming. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-asyncore" title="asyncore: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncore</code></a> module solves
many of the difficult problems for you, making the task of building
sophisticated high-performance network servers and clients a snap. For
“conversational” applications and protocols the companion <a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html#module-asynchat" title="asynchat: Support for asynchronous command/response protocols. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asynchat</code></a>
module is invaluable.
The basic idea behind both modules is to create one or more network
channels, instances of class <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asyncore.dispatcher</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asynchat.async_chat</code></a>. Creating the channels adds them to a global
map, used by the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.loop" title="asyncore.loop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">loop()</code></a> function if you do not provide it with your own
map.
Once the initial channel(s) is(are) created, calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.loop" title="asyncore.loop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">loop()</code></a> function
activates channel service, which continues until the last channel (including
any that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed.
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.loop">
asyncore.loop([timeout[, use_poll[, map[, count]]]])<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.loop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Enter a polling loop that terminates after count passes or all open
channels have been closed. All arguments are optional. The count
parameter defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>, resulting in the loop terminating only when all
channels have been closed. The timeout argument sets the timeout
parameter for the appropriate <a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.select" title="select.select"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">select()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.poll" title="select.poll"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">poll()</code></a>
call, measured in seconds; the default is 30 seconds. The use_poll
parameter, if true, indicates that <a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.poll" title="select.poll"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">poll()</code></a> should be used in
preference to <a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.select" title="select.select"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">select()</code></a> (the default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>).
The map parameter is a dictionary whose items are the channels to watch.
As channels are closed they are deleted from their map. If map is
omitted, a global map is used. Channels (instances of
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asyncore.dispatcher</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asynchat.async_chat</code></a> and subclasses
thereof) can freely be mixed in the map.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher">
class asyncore.dispatcher<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dispatcher</code></a> class is a thin wrapper around a low-level socket
object. To make it more useful, it has a few methods for event-handling
which are called from the asynchronous loop. Otherwise, it can be treated
as a normal non-blocking socket object.
The firing of low-level events at certain times or in certain connection
states tells the asynchronous loop that certain higher-level events have
taken place. For example, if we have asked for a socket to connect to
another host, we know that the connection has been made when the socket
becomes writable for the first time (at this point you know that you may
write to it with the expectation of success). The implied higher-level
events are:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 35%" />
<col style="width: 65%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Event</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">handle_connect()</code></td>
<td>Implied by the first read or write
event</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">handle_close()</code></td>
<td>Implied by a read event with no data
available</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">handle_accepted()</code></td>
<td>Implied by a read event on a listening
socket</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
During asynchronous processing, each mapped channel’s <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.readable" title="asyncore.dispatcher.readable"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">readable()</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.writable" title="asyncore.dispatcher.writable"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">writable()</code></a> methods are used to determine whether the channel’s socket
should be added to the list of channels <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">select()</code>ed or
<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">poll()</code>ed for read and write events.
Thus, the set of channel events is larger than the basic socket events. The
full set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_read">
handle_read()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_read" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called when the asynchronous loop detects that a <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">read()</code> call on the
channel’s socket will succeed.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_write">
handle_write()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called when the asynchronous loop detects that a writable socket can be
written. Often this method will implement the necessary buffering for
performance. For example:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def handle_write(self):
 sent = self.send(self.buffer)
 self.buffer = self.buffer[sent:]
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_expt">
handle_expt()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_expt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called when there is out of band (OOB) data for a socket connection. This
will almost never happen, as OOB is tenuously supported and rarely used.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_connect">
handle_connect()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called when the active opener’s socket actually makes a connection. Might
send a “welcome” banner, or initiate a protocol negotiation with the
remote endpoint, for example.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_close">
handle_close()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called when the socket is closed.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_error">
handle_error()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called when an exception is raised and not otherwise handled. The default
version prints a condensed traceback.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_accept">
handle_accept()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_accept" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called on listening channels (passive openers) when a connection can be
established with a new remote endpoint that has issued a <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.connect" title="asyncore.dispatcher.connect"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">connect()</code></a>
call for the local endpoint. Deprecated in version 3.2; use
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_accepted" title="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_accepted"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_accepted()</code></a> instead.
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.handle_accepted">
handle_accepted(sock, addr)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.handle_accepted" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called on listening channels (passive openers) when a connection has been
established with a new remote endpoint that has issued a <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.connect" title="asyncore.dispatcher.connect"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">connect()</code></a>
call for the local endpoint. sock is a new socket object usable to
send and receive data on the connection, and addr is the address
bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.readable">
readable()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.readable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a
channel’s socket should be added to the list on which read events can
occur. The default method simply returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, indicating that by
default, all channels will be interested in read events.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.writable">
writable()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.writable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a
channel’s socket should be added to the list on which write events can
occur. The default method simply returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code>, indicating that by
default, all channels will be interested in write events.
</dd></dl>

In addition, each channel delegates or extends many of the socket methods.
Most of these are nearly identical to their socket partners.
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.create_socket">
create_socket(family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.create_socket" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is identical to the creation of a normal socket, and will use the
same options for creation. Refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">socket</code></a> documentation for
information on creating sockets.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.3: family and type arguments can be omitted.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.connect">
connect(address)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>As with the normal socket object, address is a tuple with the first
element the host to connect to, and the second the port number.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.send">
send(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send data to the remote end-point of the socket.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.recv">
recv(buffer_size)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.recv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Read at most buffer_size bytes from the socket’s remote end-point. An
empty bytes object implies that the channel has been closed from the
other end.
Note that <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.recv" title="asyncore.dispatcher.recv"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">recv()</code></a> may raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#BlockingIOError" title="BlockingIOError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">BlockingIOError</code></a> , even though
<a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.select" title="select.select"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">select.select()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.poll" title="select.poll"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">select.poll()</code></a> has reported the socket
ready for reading.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.listen">
listen(backlog)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.listen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Listen for connections made to the socket. The backlog argument
specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at least
1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.bind">
bind(address)<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.bind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Bind the socket to address. The socket must not already be bound. (The
format of address depends on the address family — refer to the
<a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">socket</code></a> documentation for more information.) To mark
the socket as re-usable (setting the <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">SO_REUSEADDR</code> option), call
the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dispatcher</code></a> object’s <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">set_reuse_addr()</code> method.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.accept">
accept()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.accept" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening
for connections. The return value can be either <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> or a pair
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(conn, address)</code> where conn is a new socket object usable to send
and receive data on the connection, and address is the address bound to
the socket on the other end of the connection.
When <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> is returned it means the connection didn’t take place, in
which case the server should just ignore this event and keep listening
for further incoming connections.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher.close">
close()<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail.
The remote end-point will receive no more data (after queued data is
flushed). Sockets are automatically closed when they are
garbage-collected.
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.dispatcher_with_send">
class asyncore.dispatcher_with_send<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.dispatcher_with_send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dispatcher</code></a> subclass which adds simple buffered output capability,
useful for simple clients. For more sophisticated usage use
<a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">asynchat.async_chat</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.file_dispatcher">
class asyncore.file_dispatcher<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.file_dispatcher" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A file_dispatcher takes a file descriptor or <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a> along
with an optional map argument and wraps it for use with the <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">poll()</code>
or <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">loop()</code> functions. If provided a file object or anything with a
<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">fileno()</code> method, that method will be called and passed to the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.file_wrapper" title="asyncore.file_wrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">file_wrapper</code></a> constructor.
<a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Unix.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncore.file_wrapper">
class asyncore.file_wrapper<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore.file_wrapper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A file_wrapper takes an integer file descriptor and calls <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.dup" title="os.dup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.dup()</code></a> to
duplicate the handle so that the original handle may be closed independently
of the file_wrapper. This class implements sufficient methods to emulate a
socket for use by the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.file_dispatcher" title="asyncore.file_dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">file_dispatcher</code></a> class.
<a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Unix.
</dd></dl>

<section id="asyncore-example-basic-http-client">
<h2>asyncore Example basic HTTP client<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore-example-basic-http-client" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Here is a very basic HTTP client that uses the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dispatcher</code></a> class to
implement its socket handling:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import asyncore

class HTTPClient(asyncore.dispatcher):

def __init__(self, host, path):
 asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self)
 self.create_socket()
 self.connect( (host, 80) )
 self.buffer = bytes(&#39;GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n&#39; %
 (path, host), &#39;ascii&#39;)

def handle_connect(self):
 pass

def handle_close(self):
 self.close()

def handle_read(self):
 print(self.recv(8192))

def writable(self):
 return (len(self.buffer) &gt; 0)

def handle_write(self):
 sent = self.send(self.buffer)
 self.buffer = self.buffer[sent:]

client = HTTPClient(&#39;www.python.org&#39;, &#39;/&#39;)
asyncore.loop()
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="asyncore-example-basic-echo-server">
<h2>asyncore Example basic echo server<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncore-example-basic-echo-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Here is a basic echo server that uses the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dispatcher</code></a> class to accept
connections and dispatches the incoming connections to a handler:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import asyncore

class EchoHandler(asyncore.dispatcher_with_send):

def handle_read(self):
 data = self.recv(8192)
 if data:
 self.send(data)

class EchoServer(asyncore.dispatcher):

def __init__(self, host, port):
 asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self)
 self.create_socket()
 self.set_reuse_addr()
 self.bind((host, port))
 self.listen(5)

def handle_accepted(self, sock, addr):
 print(&#39;Incoming connection from %s&#39; % repr(addr))
 handler = EchoHandler(sock)

server = EchoServer(&#39;localhost&#39;, 8080)
asyncore.loop()
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncore-example-basic-http-client">asyncore Example basic HTTP client</a></li>
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