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 <section id="module-binascii">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binascii</code></a> — Convert between binary and ASCII<a class="headerlink" href="#module-binascii" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binascii</code></a> module contains a number of methods to convert between
binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. Normally, you will not
use these functions directly but use wrapper modules like <a class="reference internal" href="uu.html#module-uu" title="uu: Encode and decode files in uuencode format. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">uu</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">base64</code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="binhex.html#module-binhex" title="binhex: Encode and decode files in binhex4 format."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binhex</code></a> instead. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binascii</code></a> module contains
low-level functions written in C for greater speed that are used by the
higher-level modules.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">a2b_*</code> functions accept Unicode strings containing only ASCII characters.
Other functions only accept <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object">bytes-like objects</a> (such as
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code></a> and other objects that support the buffer
protocol).
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.3: ASCII-only unicode strings are now accepted by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">a2b_*</code> functions.
</div>
</div>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binascii</code></a> module defines the following functions:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_uu">
binascii.a2b_uu(string)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_uu" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert a single line of uuencoded data back to binary and return the binary
data. Lines normally contain 45 (binary) bytes, except for the last line. Line
data may be followed by whitespace.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_uu">
binascii.b2a_uu(data, *, backtick=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_uu" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters, the return value is the
converted line, including a newline char. The length of data should be at most
45. If backtick is true, zeros are represented by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'`'</code> instead of spaces.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.7: Added the backtick parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_base64">
binascii.a2b_base64(string)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_base64" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert a block of base64 data back to binary and return the binary data. More
than one line may be passed at a time.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_base64">
binascii.b2a_base64(data, *, newline=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_base64" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters in base64 coding. The return
value is the converted line, including a newline char if newline is
true. The output of this function conforms to <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3548.html">RFC 3548</a>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.6: Added the newline parameter.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_qp">
binascii.a2b_qp(data, header=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_qp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert a block of quoted-printable data back to binary and return the binary
data. More than one line may be passed at a time. If the optional argument
header is present and true, underscores will be decoded as spaces.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_qp">
binascii.b2a_qp(data, quotetabs=False, istext=True, header=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_qp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert binary data to a line(s) of ASCII characters in quoted-printable
encoding. The return value is the converted line(s). If the optional argument
quotetabs is present and true, all tabs and spaces will be encoded. If the
optional argument istext is present and true, newlines are not encoded but
trailing whitespace will be encoded. If the optional argument header is
present and true, spaces will be encoded as underscores per <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1522.html">RFC 1522</a>. If the
optional argument header is present and false, newline characters will be
encoded as well; otherwise linefeed conversion might corrupt the binary data
stream.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_hqx">
binascii.a2b_hqx(string)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_hqx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert binhex4 formatted ASCII data to binary, without doing RLE-decompression.
The string should contain a complete number of binary bytes, or (in case of the
last portion of the binhex4 data) have the remaining bits zero.
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.rledecode_hqx">
binascii.rledecode_hqx(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.rledecode_hqx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Perform RLE-decompression on the data, as per the binhex4 standard. The
algorithm uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0x90</code> after a byte as a repeat indicator, followed by a count.
A count of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> specifies a byte value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0x90</code>. The routine returns the
decompressed data, unless data input data ends in an orphaned repeat indicator,
in which case the <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Incomplete" title="binascii.Incomplete"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">Incomplete</code></a> exception is raised.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Accept only bytestring or bytearray objects as input.
</div>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.rlecode_hqx">
binascii.rlecode_hqx(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.rlecode_hqx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Perform binhex4 style RLE-compression on data and return the result.
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_hqx">
binascii.b2a_hqx(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_hqx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Perform hexbin4 binary-to-ASCII translation and return the resulting string. The
argument should already be RLE-coded, and have a length divisible by 3 (except
possibly the last fragment).
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.9.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc_hqx">
binascii.crc_hqx(data, value)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc_hqx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Compute a 16-bit CRC value of data, starting with value as the
initial CRC, and return the result. This uses the CRC-CCITT polynomial
x16 + x12 + x5 + 1, often represented as
0x1021. This CRC is used in the binhex4 format.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc32">
binascii.crc32(data[, value])<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc32" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Compute CRC-32, the unsigned 32-bit checksum of data, starting with an
initial CRC of value. The default initial CRC is zero. The algorithm
is consistent with the ZIP file checksum. Since the algorithm is designed for
use as a checksum algorithm, it is not suitable for use as a general hash
algorithm. Use as follows:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>print(binascii.crc32(b&quot;hello world&quot;))
# Or, in two pieces:
crc = binascii.crc32(b&quot;hello&quot;)
crc = binascii.crc32(b&quot; world&quot;, crc)
print(&#39;crc32 = {:#010x}&#39;.format(crc))
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.0: The result is always unsigned.
To generate the same numeric value when using Python 2 or earlier,
use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">crc32(data) &amp; 0xffffffff</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_hex">
binascii.b2a_hex(data[, sep[, bytes_per_sep=1]])<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.hexlify">
binascii.hexlify(data[, sep[, bytes_per_sep=1]])<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.hexlify" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the hexadecimal representation of the binary data. Every byte of
data is converted into the corresponding 2-digit hex representation. The
returned bytes object is therefore twice as long as the length of data.
Similar functionality (but returning a text string) is also conveniently
accessible using the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.hex" title="bytes.hex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">bytes.hex()</code></a> method.
If sep is specified, it must be a single character str or bytes object.
It will be inserted in the output after every bytes_per_sep input bytes.
Separator placement is counted from the right end of the output by default,
if you wish to count from the left, supply a negative bytes_per_sep value.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import binascii
&gt;&gt;&gt; binascii.b2a_hex(b&#39;\xb9\x01\xef&#39;)
b&#39;b901ef&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; binascii.hexlify(b&#39;\xb9\x01\xef&#39;, &#39;-&#39;)
b&#39;b9-01-ef&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; binascii.b2a_hex(b&#39;\xb9\x01\xef&#39;, b&#39;_&#39;, 2)
b&#39;b9_01ef&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; binascii.b2a_hex(b&#39;\xb9\x01\xef&#39;, b&#39; &#39;, -2)
b&#39;b901 ef&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.8: The sep and bytes_per_sep parameters were added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_hex">
binascii.a2b_hex(hexstr)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_hex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.unhexlify">
binascii.unhexlify(hexstr)<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.unhexlify" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the binary data represented by the hexadecimal string hexstr. This
function is the inverse of <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="binascii.b2a_hex"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">b2a_hex()</code></a>. hexstr must contain an even number
of hexadecimal digits (which can be upper or lower case), otherwise an
<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">Error</code></a> exception is raised.
Similar functionality (accepting only text string arguments, but more
liberal towards whitespace) is also accessible using the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.fromhex" title="bytes.fromhex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">bytes.fromhex()</code></a> class method.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Error">
exception binascii.Error<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised on errors. These are usually programming errors.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Incomplete">
exception binascii.Incomplete<a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Incomplete" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised on incomplete data. These are usually not programming errors,
but may be handled by reading a little more data and trying again.
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">base64</code></a></dt><dd>Support for RFC compliant base64-style encoding in base 16, 32, 64,
and 85.
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="binhex.html#module-binhex" title="binhex: Encode and decode files in binhex4 format."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binhex</code></a></dt><dd>Support for the binhex format used on the Macintosh.
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="uu.html#module-uu" title="uu: Encode and decode files in uuencode format. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">uu</code></a></dt><dd>Support for UU encoding used on Unix.
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html#module-quopri" title="quopri: Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">quopri</code></a></dt><dd>Support for quoted-printable encoding used in MIME email messages.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</section>

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