Gecko [ fernandoquevedodop.com ]

Name	Size	Permission
2to3.html	70.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
__future__.html	20.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
__main__.html	44.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
_thread.html	30.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
abc.html	46.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
aifc.html	35.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
allos.html	34.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
archiving.html	17 KB	-rw-r--r--
argparse.html	300.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
array.html	37.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
ast.html	293.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
asynchat.html	37.41 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-api-index.html	27.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-dev.html	36.1 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-eventloop.html	204.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-exceptions.html	17.11 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-future.html	38.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-llapi-index.html	61.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-platforms.html	21.77 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-policy.html	39.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-protocol.html	118.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-queue.html	31.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-stream.html	69.98 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-subprocess.html	49.25 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-sync.html	42.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio-task.html	109.14 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncio.html	17.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
asyncore.html	49.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
atexit.html	22.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
audioop.html	46 KB	-rw-r--r--
audit_events.html	72.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
base64.html	48.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
bdb.html	66 KB	-rw-r--r--
binary.html	15.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
binascii.html	36.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
binhex.html	15.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
bisect.html	43.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
builtins.html	14.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
bz2.html	50.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
calendar.html	69.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
cgi.html	59.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
cgitb.html	19.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
chunk.html	22.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
cmath.html	43.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
cmd.html	50.42 KB	-rw-r--r--
code.html	35.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
codecs.html	157.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
codeop.html	18.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
collections.abc.html	79.17 KB	-rw-r--r--
collections.html	189.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
colorsys.html	17.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
compileall.html	50.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrency.html	24.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrent.futures.html	79.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
concurrent.html	11.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
configparser.html	159.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
constants.html	22.41 KB	-rw-r--r--
contextlib.html	117.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
contextvars.html	38.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
copy.html	17.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
copyreg.html	18.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
crypt.html	28.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
crypto.html	13.93 KB	-rw-r--r--
csv.html	82.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
ctypes.html	295.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.ascii.html	32.04 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.html	221.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
curses.panel.html	22.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
custominterp.html	11.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
dataclasses.html	113.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
datatypes.html	31.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
datetime.html	374.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
dbm.html	51.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
debug.html	17 KB	-rw-r--r--
decimal.html	270.12 KB	-rw-r--r--
development.html	32.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
devmode.html	31.72 KB	-rw-r--r--
dialog.html	43.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
difflib.html	111.99 KB	-rw-r--r--
dis.html	136.07 KB	-rw-r--r--
distribution.html	13.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
distutils.html	14.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
doctest.html	199.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.charset.html	31.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.compat32-message.html	97.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.contentmanager.html	37.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.encoders.html	18.47 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.errors.html	24.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.examples.html	60.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.generator.html	48.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.header.html	37.61 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.headerregistry.html	66.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.html	30.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.iterators.html	18.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.message.html	99.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.mime.html	44.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.parser.html	57.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.policy.html	84.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
email.utils.html	42.57 KB	-rw-r--r--
ensurepip.html	23.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
enum.html	151 KB	-rw-r--r--
errno.html	60.17 KB	-rw-r--r--
exceptions.html	108.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
faulthandler.html	31.5 KB	-rw-r--r--
fcntl.html	36.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
filecmp.html	32.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
fileformats.html	13.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
fileinput.html	40.37 KB	-rw-r--r--
filesys.html	16.78 KB	-rw-r--r--
fnmatch.html	21.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
fractions.html	35.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
frameworks.html	16.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
ftplib.html	71.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
functional.html	12.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
functions.html	260.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
functools.html	92.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
gc.html	40.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
getopt.html	29.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
getpass.html	16.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
gettext.html	98.02 KB	-rw-r--r--
glob.html	27.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
graphlib.html	34.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
grp.html	16.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
gzip.html	45.65 KB	-rw-r--r--
hashlib.html	93.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
heapq.html	42.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
hmac.html	24.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.entities.html	14.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.html	14.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
html.parser.html	47.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.client.html	85.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.cookiejar.html	113.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.cookies.html	47.64 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.html	45.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
http.server.html	73.05 KB	-rw-r--r--
i18n.html	13.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
idle.html	77.18 KB	-rw-r--r--
imaplib.html	87.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
imghdr.html	17.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
imp.html	54.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
importlib.html	239.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
importlib.metadata.html	43.14 KB	-rw-r--r--
index.html	75.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
inspect.html	168.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
internet.html	29.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
intro.html	13.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
io.html	154.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
ipaddress.html	137.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
ipc.html	12.6 KB	-rw-r--r--
itertools.html	153.27 KB	-rw-r--r--
json.html	98.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
keyword.html	14.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
language.html	16.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
linecache.html	18.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
locale.html	77.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.config.html	100.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.handlers.html	146.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
logging.html	169.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
lzma.html	66.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
mailbox.html	176.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
mailcap.html	20.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
markup.html	22.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
marshal.html	24.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
math.html	85.82 KB	-rw-r--r--
mimetypes.html	40.27 KB	-rw-r--r--
mm.html	11.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
mmap.html	55.53 KB	-rw-r--r--
modulefinder.html	23.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
modules.html	15.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
msilib.html	78.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
msvcrt.html	29.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.html	405.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.shared_memory....	60 KB	-rw-r--r--
netdata.html	20.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
netrc.html	20.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
nis.html	16.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
nntplib.html	84.93 KB	-rw-r--r--
numbers.html	45.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
numeric.html	19.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
operator.html	107.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
optparse.html	256.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
os.html	594.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
os.path.html	65.54 KB	-rw-r--r--
ossaudiodev.html	56.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
pathlib.html	170.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
pdb.html	68.67 KB	-rw-r--r--
persistence.html	19.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
pickle.html	154.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
pickletools.html	22.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
pipes.html	21.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
pkgutil.html	42.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
platform.html	45.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
plistlib.html	30.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
poplib.html	41.42 KB	-rw-r--r--
posix.html	20.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
pprint.html	55.35 KB	-rw-r--r--
profile.html	84.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
pty.html	23.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
pwd.html	16.84 KB	-rw-r--r--
py_compile.html	29 KB	-rw-r--r--
pyclbr.html	24.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
pydoc.html	19.59 KB	-rw-r--r--
pyexpat.html	104.38 KB	-rw-r--r--
python.html	22.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
queue.html	43.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
quopri.html	18.64 KB	-rw-r--r--
random.html	86.31 KB	-rw-r--r--
re.html	214.24 KB	-rw-r--r--
readline.html	50.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
reprlib.html	30.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
resource.html	48.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
rlcompleter.html	18.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
runpy.html	30.99 KB	-rw-r--r--
sched.html	27.04 KB	-rw-r--r--
secrets.html	30.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
security_warnings.html	16.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
select.html	74.58 KB	-rw-r--r--
selectors.html	41.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
shelve.html	36.54 KB	-rw-r--r--
shlex.html	61.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
shutil.html	100.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
signal.html	95.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
site.html	38.16 KB	-rw-r--r--
smtpd.html	44.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
smtplib.html	81.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
sndhdr.html	16.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
socket.html	256.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
socketserver.html	91.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
spwd.html	16.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
sqlite3.html	225.51 KB	-rw-r--r--
ssl.html	328.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
stat.html	57.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
statistics.html	123.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
stdtypes.html	615.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
string.html	108.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
stringprep.html	24.94 KB	-rw-r--r--
struct.html	70.58 KB	-rw-r--r--
subprocess.html	199.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
sunau.html	39.84 KB	-rw-r--r--
superseded.html	26.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
symtable.html	33.26 KB	-rw-r--r--
sys.html	198.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
sysconfig.html	39.81 KB	-rw-r--r--
syslog.html	27.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
tabnanny.html	16.18 KB	-rw-r--r--
tarfile.html	161.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
telnetlib.html	38.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
tempfile.html	58.39 KB	-rw-r--r--
termios.html	22.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
test.html	222.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
text.html	16.8 KB	-rw-r--r--
textwrap.html	48.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
threading.html	128.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
time.html	107.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
timeit.html	52.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
tk.html	28.08 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.colorchooser.html	14.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.dnd.html	17.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.font.html	22.21 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.html	106.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.messagebox.html	20.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.scrolledtext.html	14.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.tix.html	59.69 KB	-rw-r--r--
tkinter.ttk.html	138.37 KB	-rw-r--r--
token.html	45.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
tokenize.html	39.86 KB	-rw-r--r--
trace.html	38.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
traceback.html	75.61 KB	-rw-r--r--
tracemalloc.html	122.33 KB	-rw-r--r--
tty.html	14.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
turtle.html	271.71 KB	-rw-r--r--
types.html	64.85 KB	-rw-r--r--
typing.html	315.69 KB	-rw-r--r--
unicodedata.html	27.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.html	310.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock-examples.html	177.75 KB	-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock.html	363.51 KB	-rw-r--r--
unix.html	13.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.error.html	18.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.html	12.92 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.parse.html	104.65 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.request.html	208.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
urllib.robotparser.html	22.63 KB	-rw-r--r--
uu.html	18.2 KB	-rw-r--r--
uuid.html	42.88 KB	-rw-r--r--
venv.html	90.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
warnings.html	69.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
wave.html	36.12 KB	-rw-r--r--
weakref.html	73.36 KB	-rw-r--r--
webbrowser.html	33.98 KB	-rw-r--r--
windows.html	12.32 KB	-rw-r--r--
winreg.html	89.48 KB	-rw-r--r--
winsound.html	26.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
wsgiref.html	111.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
xdrlib.html	42.07 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.html	114.66 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.minidom.html	49.6 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.pulldom.html	30.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.etree.elementtree.html	186.49 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.html	22.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.handler.html	55.78 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.html	31.74 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.reader.html	56.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.utils.html	22.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.client.html	79.73 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.html	11.9 KB	-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.server.html	63.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipapp.html	52.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipfile.html	116.59 KB	-rw-r--r--
zipimport.html	33.76 KB	-rw-r--r--
zlib.html	42.29 KB	-rw-r--r--
zoneinfo.html	57.25 KB	-rw-r--r--

Code Editor : nntplib.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>nntplib — NNTP protocol client &#8212; Python 3.10.12 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
 
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" />
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?2022.1" />
 
 <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
 <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
 
 <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
 
 <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
 title="Search within Python 3.10.12 documentation"
 href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
 <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
 <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
 <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
 <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
 <link rel="next" title="optparse — Parser for command line options" href="optparse.html" />
 <link rel="prev" title="nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)" href="nis.html" />
 <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3.10/html/library/nntplib.html" />

</head>
<body>
<div class="mobile-nav">
 <input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation"
 aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu" />
 <label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label">
 
 </label>
 <nav class="nav-content" role="navigation">
 <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo">
 <img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Logo"/>
 </a>
 <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon">
 <path fill-rule="nonzero"
 d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" fill="#444"></path>
 </svg>
 <input type="text" name="q" aria-label="Quick search"/>
 <input type="submit" value="Go"/>
 </form>
 </nav>
 <div class="menu-wrapper">
 <nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nntplib</code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nntp-objects">NNTP Objects</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#attributes">Attributes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods">Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
 <h3>Navigation</h3>
 <ul>
 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
 accesskey="I">index</a></li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
 >modules</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="optparse.html" title="optparse — Parser for command line options"
 accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="nis.html" title="nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)"
 accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>

<li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
 <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="switchers">
 <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 
 </li>
 <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
 <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> &#187;
 </li>

<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="superseded.html" accesskey="U">Superseded Modules</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nntplib</code> — NNTP protocol client</a></li>
 <li class="right">

<div class="document">
 <div class="documentwrapper">
 <div class="bodywrapper">
 <div class="body" role="main">
 
 <section id="module-nntplib">
<h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nntplib</code></a> — NNTP protocol client<a class="headerlink" href="#module-nntplib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.10/Lib/nntplib.py">Lib/nntplib.py</a>
<div class="deprecated" id="index-0">
Deprecated since version 3.11: The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nntplib</code></a> module is deprecated (see <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0594">PEP 594</a> for details).
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
This module defines the class <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a> which implements the client side of
the Network News Transfer Protocol. It can be used to implement a news reader
or poster, or automated news processors. It is compatible with <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3977.html">RFC 3977</a>
as well as the older <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc977.html">RFC 977</a> and <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2980.html">RFC 2980</a>.
Here are two small examples of how it can be used. To list some statistics
about a newsgroup and print the subjects of the last 10 articles:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; s = nntplib.NNTP(&#39;news.gmane.io&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; resp, count, first, last, name = s.group(&#39;gmane.comp.python.committers&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(&#39;Group&#39;, name, &#39;has&#39;, count, &#39;articles, range&#39;, first, &#39;to&#39;, last)
Group gmane.comp.python.committers has 1096 articles, range 1 to 1096
&gt;&gt;&gt; resp, overviews = s.over((last - 9, last))
&gt;&gt;&gt; for id, over in overviews:
... print(id, nntplib.decode_header(over[&#39;subject&#39;]))
...
1087 Re: Commit privileges for Łukasz Langa
1088 Re: 3.2 alpha 2 freeze
1089 Re: 3.2 alpha 2 freeze
1090 Re: Commit privileges for Łukasz Langa
1091 Re: Commit privileges for Łukasz Langa
1092 Updated ssh key
1093 Re: Updated ssh key
1094 Re: Updated ssh key
1095 Hello fellow committers!
1096 Re: Hello fellow committers!
&gt;&gt;&gt; s.quit()
&#39;205 Bye!&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
To post an article from a binary file (this assumes that the article has valid
headers, and that you have right to post on the particular newsgroup):
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; s = nntplib.NNTP(&#39;news.gmane.io&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = open(&#39;article.txt&#39;, &#39;rb&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; s.post(f)
&#39;240 Article posted successfully.&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; s.quit()
&#39;205 Bye!&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
The module itself defines the following classes:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP">
class nntplib.NNTP(host, port=119, user=None, password=None, readermode=None, usenetrc=False[, timeout])<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a> object, representing a connection
to the NNTP server running on host host, listening at port port.
An optional timeout can be specified for the socket connection.
If the optional user and password are provided, or if suitable
credentials are present in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">/.netrc</code> and the optional flag usenetrc
is true, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">AUTHINFO USER</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">AUTHINFO PASS</code> commands are used
to identify and authenticate the user to the server. If the optional
flag readermode is true, then a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">mode reader</code> command is sent before
authentication is performed. Reader mode is sometimes necessary if you are
connecting to an NNTP server on the local machine and intend to call
reader-specific commands, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">group</code>. If you get unexpected
<a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTPPermanentError" title="nntplib.NNTPPermanentError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">NNTPPermanentError</code></a>s, you might need to set readermode.
The <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a> class supports the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">with</code></a> statement to
unconditionally consume <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">OSError</code></a> exceptions and to close the NNTP
connection when done, e.g.:
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from nntplib import NNTP
&gt;&gt;&gt; with NNTP(&#39;news.gmane.io&#39;) as n:
... n.group(&#39;gmane.comp.python.committers&#39;)
... 
(&#39;211 1755 1 1755 gmane.comp.python.committers&#39;, 1755, 1, 1755, &#39;gmane.comp.python.committers&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">nntplib.connect</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">host</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">port</code>.
All commands will raise an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a>
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">nntplib.putline</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">line</code>,
where <code class="docutils literal notranslate">line</code> is the bytes about to be sent to the remote host.

<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: usenetrc is now <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code> by default.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.3: Support for the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">with</code></a> statement was added.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP_SSL">
class nntplib.NNTP_SSL(host, port=563, user=None, password=None, ssl_context=None, readermode=None, usenetrc=False[, timeout])<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP_SSL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP_SSL" title="nntplib.NNTP_SSL"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP_SSL</code></a> object, representing an encrypted
connection to the NNTP server running on host host, listening at
port port. <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP_SSL" title="nntplib.NNTP_SSL"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP_SSL</code></a> objects have the same methods as
<a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a> objects. If port is omitted, port 563 (NNTPS) is used.
ssl_context is also optional, and is a <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SSLContext</code></a> object.
Please read <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-security">Security considerations</a> for best practices.
All other parameters behave the same as for <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a>.
Note that SSL-on-563 is discouraged per <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4642.html">RFC 4642</a>, in favor of
STARTTLS as described below. However, some servers only support the
former.
Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate">nntplib.connect</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">host</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">port</code>.
All commands will raise an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing">auditing event</a>
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">nntplib.putline</code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">self</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">line</code>,
where <code class="docutils literal notranslate">line</code> is the bytes about to be sent to the remote host.

<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: The class now supports hostname check with
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname" title="ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname</code></a> and Server Name Indication (see
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.HAS_SNI" title="ssl.HAS_SNI"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">ssl.HAS_SNI</code></a>).
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.9: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ValueError</code></a> to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTPError">
exception nntplib.NNTPError<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTPError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Derived from the standard exception <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">Exception</code></a>, this is the base
class for all exceptions raised by the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nntplib</code></a> module. Instances
of this class have the following attribute:
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTPError.response">
response<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTPError.response" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The response of the server if available, as a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> object.
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTPReplyError">
exception nntplib.NNTPReplyError<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTPReplyError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised when an unexpected reply is received from the server.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTPTemporaryError">
exception nntplib.NNTPTemporaryError<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTPTemporaryError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised when a response code in the range 400–499 is received.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTPPermanentError">
exception nntplib.NNTPPermanentError<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTPPermanentError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised when a response code in the range 500–599 is received.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTPProtocolError">
exception nntplib.NNTPProtocolError<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTPProtocolError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised when a reply is received from the server that does not begin
with a digit in the range 1–5.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTPDataError">
exception nntplib.NNTPDataError<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTPDataError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised when there is some error in the response data.
</dd></dl>

<section id="nntp-objects">
<h2>NNTP Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#nntp-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
When connected, <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP_SSL" title="nntplib.NNTP_SSL"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP_SSL</code></a> objects support the
following methods and attributes.
<section id="attributes">
<h3>Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.nntp_version">
NNTP.nntp_version<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.nntp_version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>An integer representing the version of the NNTP protocol supported by the
server. In practice, this should be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">2</code> for servers advertising
<a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3977.html">RFC 3977</a> compliance and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">1</code> for others.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.nntp_implementation">
NNTP.nntp_implementation<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.nntp_implementation" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string describing the software name and version of the NNTP server,
or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a> if not advertised by the server.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="methods">
<h3>Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
The response that is returned as the first item in the return tuple of almost
all methods is the server’s response: a string beginning with a three-digit
code. If the server’s response indicates an error, the method raises one of
the above exceptions.
Many of the following methods take an optional keyword-only argument file.
When the file argument is supplied, it must be either a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a>
opened for binary writing, or the name of an on-disk file to be written to.
The method will then write any data returned by the server (except for the
response line and the terminating dot) to the file; any list of lines,
tuples or objects that the method normally returns will be empty.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: Many of the following methods have been reworked and fixed, which makes
them incompatible with their 3.1 counterparts.
</div>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.quit">
NNTP.quit()<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.quit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">QUIT</code> command and close the connection. Once this method has been
called, no other methods of the NNTP object should be called.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.getwelcome">
NNTP.getwelcome()<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.getwelcome" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the welcome message sent by the server in reply to the initial
connection. (This message sometimes contains disclaimers or help information
that may be relevant to the user.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.getcapabilities">
NNTP.getcapabilities()<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.getcapabilities" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3977.html">RFC 3977</a> capabilities advertised by the server, as a
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a> instance mapping capability names to (possibly empty) lists
of values. On legacy servers which don’t understand the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">CAPABILITIES</code>
command, an empty dictionary is returned instead.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; s = NNTP(&#39;news.gmane.io&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; &#39;POST&#39; in s.getcapabilities()
True
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.login">
NNTP.login(user=None, password=None, usenetrc=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.login" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send <code class="docutils literal notranslate">AUTHINFO</code> commands with the user name and password. If user
and password are <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> and usenetrc is true, credentials from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">~/.netrc</code> will be used if possible.
Unless intentionally delayed, login is normally performed during the
<a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a> object initialization and separately calling this function
is unnecessary. To force authentication to be delayed, you must not set
user or password when creating the object, and must set usenetrc to
False.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.starttls">
NNTP.starttls(context=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.starttls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">STARTTLS</code> command. This will enable encryption on the NNTP
connection. The context argument is optional and should be a
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ssl.SSLContext</code></a> object. Please read <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-security">Security considerations</a> for best
practices.
Note that this may not be done after authentication information has
been transmitted, and authentication occurs by default if possible during a
<a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP" title="nntplib.NNTP"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTP</code></a> object initialization. See <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.login" title="nntplib.NNTP.login"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">NNTP.login()</code></a> for information
on suppressing this behavior.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: The method now supports hostname check with
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname" title="ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname</code></a> and Server Name Indication (see
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.HAS_SNI" title="ssl.HAS_SNI"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">ssl.HAS_SNI</code></a>).
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.newgroups">
NNTP.newgroups(date, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.newgroups" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NEWGROUPS</code> command. The date argument should be a
<a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.date" title="datetime.date"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">datetime.date</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="datetime.datetime"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">datetime.datetime</code></a> object.
Return a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, groups)</code> where groups is a list representing
the groups that are new since the given date. If file is supplied,
though, then groups will be empty.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from datetime import date, timedelta
&gt;&gt;&gt; resp, groups = s.newgroups(date.today() - timedelta(days=3))
&gt;&gt;&gt; len(groups) 
85
&gt;&gt;&gt; groups[0] 
GroupInfo(group=&#39;gmane.network.tor.devel&#39;, last=&#39;4&#39;, first=&#39;1&#39;, flag=&#39;m&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.newnews">
NNTP.newnews(group, date, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.newnews" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NEWNEWS</code> command. Here, group is a group name or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'*'</code>, and
date has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.newgroups" title="nntplib.NNTP.newgroups"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">newgroups()</code></a>. Return a pair
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, articles)</code> where articles is a list of message ids.
This command is frequently disabled by NNTP server administrators.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.list">
NNTP.list(group_pattern=None, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">LIST</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">LIST ACTIVE</code> command. Return a pair
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, list)</code> where list is a list of tuples representing all
the groups available from this NNTP server, optionally matching the
pattern string group_pattern. Each tuple has the form
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(group, last, first, flag)</code>, where group is a group name, last
and first are the last and first article numbers, and flag usually
takes one of these values:
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">y</code>: Local postings and articles from peers are allowed.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">m</code>: The group is moderated and all postings must be approved.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">n</code>: No local postings are allowed, only articles from peers.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">j</code>: Articles from peers are filed in the junk group instead.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">x</code>: No local postings, and articles from peers are ignored.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">=foo.bar</code>: Articles are filed in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">foo.bar</code> group instead.</li>
</ul>
If flag has another value, then the status of the newsgroup should be
considered unknown.
This command can return very large results, especially if group_pattern
is not specified. It is best to cache the results offline unless you
really need to refresh them.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.2: group_pattern was added.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.descriptions">
NNTP.descriptions(grouppattern)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.descriptions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">LIST NEWSGROUPS</code> command, where grouppattern is a wildmat string as
specified in <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3977.html">RFC 3977</a> (it’s essentially the same as DOS or UNIX shell wildcard
strings). Return a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, descriptions)</code>, where descriptions
is a dictionary mapping group names to textual descriptions.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; resp, descs = s.descriptions(&#39;gmane.comp.python.*&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; len(descs) 
295
&gt;&gt;&gt; descs.popitem() 
(&#39;gmane.comp.python.bio.general&#39;, &#39;BioPython discussion list (Moderated)&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.description">
NNTP.description(group)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.description" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Get a description for a single group group. If more than one group matches
(if ‘group’ is a real wildmat string), return the first match. If no group
matches, return an empty string.
This elides the response code from the server. If the response code is needed,
use <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.descriptions" title="nntplib.NNTP.descriptions"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">descriptions()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.group">
NNTP.group(name)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.group" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">GROUP</code> command, where name is the group name. The group is
selected as the current group, if it exists. Return a tuple
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, count, first, last, name)</code> where count is the (estimated)
number of articles in the group, first is the first article number in
the group, last is the last article number in the group, and name
is the group name.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.over">
NNTP.over(message_spec, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.over" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">OVER</code> command, or an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">XOVER</code> command on legacy servers.
message_spec can be either a string representing a message id, or
a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(first, last)</code> tuple of numbers indicating a range of articles in
the current group, or a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(first, None)</code> tuple indicating a range of
articles starting from first to the last article in the current group,
or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a> to select the current article in the current group.
Return a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, overviews)</code>. overviews is a list of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">(article_number, overview)</code> tuples, one for each article selected
by message_spec. Each overview is a dictionary with the same number
of items, but this number depends on the server. These items are either
message headers (the key is then the lower-cased header name) or metadata
items (the key is then the metadata name prepended with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&quot;:&quot;</code>). The
following items are guaranteed to be present by the NNTP specification:
<ul class="simple">
<li>the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">subject</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">date</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">message-id</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">references</code>
headers</li>
<li>the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">:bytes</code> metadata: the number of bytes in the entire raw article
(including headers and body)</li>
<li>the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">:lines</code> metadata: the number of lines in the article body</li>
</ul>
The value of each item is either a string, or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a> if not present.
It is advisable to use the <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.decode_header" title="nntplib.decode_header"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">decode_header()</code></a> function on header
values when they may contain non-ASCII characters:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; _, _, first, last, _ = s.group(&#39;gmane.comp.python.devel&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; resp, overviews = s.over((last, last))
&gt;&gt;&gt; art_num, over = overviews[0]
&gt;&gt;&gt; art_num
117216
&gt;&gt;&gt; list(over.keys())
[&#39;xref&#39;, &#39;from&#39;, &#39;:lines&#39;, &#39;:bytes&#39;, &#39;references&#39;, &#39;date&#39;, &#39;message-id&#39;, &#39;subject&#39;]
&gt;&gt;&gt; over[&#39;from&#39;]
&#39;=?UTF-8?B?Ik1hcnRpbiB2LiBMw7Z3aXMi?= &lt;martin@v.loewis.de&gt;&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; nntplib.decode_header(over[&#39;from&#39;])
&#39;&quot;Martin v. Löwis&quot; &lt;martin@v.loewis.de&gt;&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.2.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.help">
NNTP.help(*, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.help" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">HELP</code> command. Return a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, list)</code> where list is a
list of help strings.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.stat">
NNTP.stat(message_spec=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.stat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">STAT</code> command, where message_spec is either a message id
(enclosed in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&lt;'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&gt;'</code>) or an article number in the current group.
If message_spec is omitted or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a>, the current article in the
current group is considered. Return a triple <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, number, id)</code>
where number is the article number and id is the message id.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; _, _, first, last, _ = s.group(&#39;gmane.comp.python.devel&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; resp, number, message_id = s.stat(first)
&gt;&gt;&gt; number, message_id
(9099, &#39;&lt;20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com&gt;&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.next">
NNTP.next()<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NEXT</code> command. Return as for <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.stat" title="nntplib.NNTP.stat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">stat()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.last">
NNTP.last()<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.last" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">LAST</code> command. Return as for <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.stat" title="nntplib.NNTP.stat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">stat()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.article">
NNTP.article(message_spec=None, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.article" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ARTICLE</code> command, where message_spec has the same meaning as
for <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.stat" title="nntplib.NNTP.stat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">stat()</code></a>. Return a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, info)</code> where info
is a <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">namedtuple</code></a> with three attributes number,
message_id and lines (in that order). number is the article number
in the group (or 0 if the information is not available), message_id the
message id as a string, and lines a list of lines (without terminating
newlines) comprising the raw message including headers and body.
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; resp, info = s.article(&#39;&lt;20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com&gt;&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; info.number
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; info.message_id
&#39;&lt;20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com&gt;&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; len(info.lines)
65
&gt;&gt;&gt; info.lines[0]
b&#39;Path: main.gmane.org!not-for-mail&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; info.lines[1]
b&#39;From: Neal Norwitz &lt;neal@metaslash.com&gt;&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; info.lines[-3:]
[b&#39;There is a patch for 2.3 as well as 2.2.&#39;, b&#39;&#39;, b&#39;Neal&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.head">
NNTP.head(message_spec=None, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.head" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.article" title="nntplib.NNTP.article"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">article()</code></a>, but sends a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">HEAD</code> command. The lines
returned (or written to file) will only contain the message headers, not
the body.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.body">
NNTP.body(message_spec=None, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.body" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.article" title="nntplib.NNTP.article"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">article()</code></a>, but sends a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">BODY</code> command. The lines
returned (or written to file) will only contain the message body, not the
headers.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.post">
NNTP.post(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.post" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Post an article using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">POST</code> command. The data argument is either
a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a> opened for binary reading, or any iterable of bytes
objects (representing raw lines of the article to be posted). It should
represent a well-formed news article, including the required headers. The
<a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.post" title="nntplib.NNTP.post"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">post()</code></a> method automatically escapes lines beginning with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.</code> and
appends the termination line.
If the method succeeds, the server’s response is returned. If the server
refuses posting, a <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTPReplyError" title="nntplib.NNTPReplyError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NNTPReplyError</code></a> is raised.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.ihave">
NNTP.ihave(message_id, data)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.ihave" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">IHAVE</code> command. message_id is the id of the message to send
to the server (enclosed in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&lt;'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&gt;'</code>). The data parameter
and the return value are the same as for <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.post" title="nntplib.NNTP.post"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">post()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.date">
NNTP.date()<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, date)</code>. date is a <a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="datetime.datetime"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">datetime</code></a>
object containing the current date and time of the server.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.slave">
NNTP.slave()<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.slave" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">SLAVE</code> command. Return the server’s response.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.set_debuglevel">
NNTP.set_debuglevel(level)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.set_debuglevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the instance’s debugging level. This controls the amount of debugging
output printed. The default, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code>, produces no debugging output. A value of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">1</code> produces a moderate amount of debugging output, generally a single line
per request or response. A value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">2</code> or higher produces the maximum amount
of debugging output, logging each line sent and received on the connection
(including message text).
</dd></dl>

The following are optional NNTP extensions defined in <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2980.html">RFC 2980</a>. Some of
them have been superseded by newer commands in <a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3977.html">RFC 3977</a>.
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.xhdr">
NNTP.xhdr(hdr, str, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.xhdr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">XHDR</code> command. The hdr argument is a header keyword, e.g.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'subject'</code>. The str argument should have the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'first-last'</code>
where first and last are the first and last article numbers to search.
Return a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(response, list)</code>, where list is a list of pairs <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(id,
text)</code>, where id is an article number (as a string) and text is the text of
the requested header for that article. If the file parameter is supplied, then
the output of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">XHDR</code> command is stored in a file. If file is a string,
then the method will open a file with that name, write to it then close it.
If file is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a>, then it will start calling <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">write()</code> on
it to store the lines of the command output. If file is supplied, then the
returned list is an empty list.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.NNTP.xover">
NNTP.xover(start, end, *, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.NNTP.xover" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Send an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">XOVER</code> command. start and end are article numbers
delimiting the range of articles to select. The return value is the
same of for <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.over" title="nntplib.NNTP.over"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">over()</code></a>. It is recommended to use <a class="reference internal" href="#nntplib.NNTP.over" title="nntplib.NNTP.over"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">over()</code></a>
instead, since it will automatically use the newer <code class="docutils literal notranslate">OVER</code> command
if available.
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>
<section id="utility-functions">
<h2>Utility functions<a class="headerlink" href="#utility-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The module also defines the following utility function:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="nntplib.decode_header">
nntplib.decode_header(header_str)<a class="headerlink" href="#nntplib.decode_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Decode a header value, un-escaping any escaped non-ASCII characters.
header_str must be a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> object. The unescaped value is
returned. Using this function is recommended to display some headers
in a human readable form:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; decode_header(&quot;Some subject&quot;)
&#39;Some subject&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; decode_header(&quot;=?ISO-8859-15?Q?D=E9buter_en_Python?=&quot;)
&#39;Débuter en Python&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; decode_header(&quot;Re: =?UTF-8?B?cHJvYmzDqG1lIGRlIG1hdHJpY2U=?=&quot;)
&#39;Re: problème de matrice&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>

<div class="clearer"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nntplib</code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nntp-objects">NNTP Objects</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#attributes">Attributes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods">Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<h4>Previous topic</h4>
 <a href="nis.html"
 title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nis</code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a>
 <h4>Next topic</h4>
 <a href="optparse.html"
 title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">optparse</code> — Parser for command line options</a>
 <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
 <h3>This Page</h3>
 <ul class="this-page-menu">
 <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
 <li>
 <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Doc/library/nntplib.rst"
 rel="nofollow">Show Source
 </a>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="clearer"></div>
 </div> 
 <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
 <h3>Navigation</h3>
 <ul>
 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
 >index</a></li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
 >modules</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="optparse.html" title="optparse — Parser for command line options"
 >next</a> |</li>
 <li class="right" >
 <a href="nis.html" title="nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)"
 >previous</a> |</li>

<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="superseded.html" >Superseded Modules</a> &#187;</li>
 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">nntplib</code> — NNTP protocol client</a></li>
 <li class="right">

<div class="inline-search" role="search">
 <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
 <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
 <input type="submit" value="Go" />
 <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
 <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
 </form>
 </div>
 |
 </li>
 
 </ul>
 </div> 
 <div class="footer">
 &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2026, Python Software Foundation.
 
 This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
 
 Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
 
 See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.

The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>

Last updated on January 26, 2026.
 <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?

Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.3.2.
 </div>

</body>
</html>

${this.title}

Code Editor : nntplib.html