Linux iad1-shared-b7-18 6.6.49-grsec-jammy+ #10 SMP Thu Sep 12 23:23:08 UTC 2024 x86_64
Apache
: 67.205.6.31 | : 216.73.216.13
Cant Read [ /etc/named.conf ]
8.2.29
fernandoquevedo
Terminal
AUTO ROOT
Adminer
Backdoor Destroyer
Linux Exploit
Lock Shell
Lock File
Create User
CREATE RDP
PHP Mailer
BACKCONNECT
UNLOCK SHELL
HASH IDENTIFIER
README
+ Create Folder
+ Create File
/
usr /
share /
doc /
python3.10 /
html /
_sources /
library /
[ HOME SHELL ]
Name
Size
Permission
Action
2to3.rst.txt
16.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
__future__.rst.txt
6
KB
-rw-r--r--
__main__.rst.txt
12.34
KB
-rw-r--r--
_thread.rst.txt
7.88
KB
-rw-r--r--
abc.rst.txt
12.19
KB
-rw-r--r--
aifc.rst.txt
7.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
allos.rst.txt
678
B
-rw-r--r--
archiving.rst.txt
440
B
-rw-r--r--
argparse.rst.txt
80.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
array.rst.txt
10.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
ast.rst.txt
75.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
asynchat.rst.txt
8.44
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-api-index.rst.txt
4.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-dev.rst.txt
7.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-eventloop.rst.txt
59.23
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-exceptions.rst.txt
1.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-future.rst.txt
8.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-llapi-index.rst.txt
14.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-platforms.rst.txt
3.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-policy.rst.txt
9.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-protocol.rst.txt
31.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-queue.rst.txt
5.5
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-stream.rst.txt
14.88
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-subprocess.rst.txt
11.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-sync.rst.txt
8.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio-task.rst.txt
32.29
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncio.rst.txt
2.63
KB
-rw-r--r--
asyncore.rst.txt
13.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
atexit.rst.txt
3.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
audioop.rst.txt
10.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
audit_events.rst.txt
2.29
KB
-rw-r--r--
base64.rst.txt
10.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
bdb.rst.txt
14.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
binary.rst.txt
654
B
-rw-r--r--
binascii.rst.txt
7.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
binhex.rst.txt
1.69
KB
-rw-r--r--
bisect.rst.txt
9.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
builtins.rst.txt
1.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
bz2.rst.txt
11.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
calendar.rst.txt
14.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
cgi.rst.txt
21.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
cgitb.rst.txt
3.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
chunk.rst.txt
5.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
cmath.rst.txt
9.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
cmd.rst.txt
13.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
code.rst.txt
7.64
KB
-rw-r--r--
codecs.rst.txt
75.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
codeop.rst.txt
3
KB
-rw-r--r--
collections.abc.rst.txt
16.73
KB
-rw-r--r--
collections.rst.txt
52.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
colorsys.rst.txt
1.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
compileall.rst.txt
13.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
concurrency.rst.txt
685
B
-rw-r--r--
concurrent.futures.rst.txt
20.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
concurrent.rst.txt
171
B
-rw-r--r--
configparser.rst.txt
49.91
KB
-rw-r--r--
constants.rst.txt
3.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
contextlib.rst.txt
34.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
contextvars.rst.txt
8.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
copy.rst.txt
3.39
KB
-rw-r--r--
copyreg.rst.txt
1.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
crypt.rst.txt
5.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
crypto.rst.txt
411
B
-rw-r--r--
csv.rst.txt
20.91
KB
-rw-r--r--
ctypes.rst.txt
90.63
KB
-rw-r--r--
curses.ascii.rst.txt
8.85
KB
-rw-r--r--
curses.panel.rst.txt
2.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
curses.rst.txt
77.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
custominterp.rst.txt
569
B
-rw-r--r--
dataclasses.rst.txt
29.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatypes.rst.txt
817
B
-rw-r--r--
datetime.rst.txt
101.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
dbm.rst.txt
15.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
debug.rst.txt
611
B
-rw-r--r--
decimal.rst.txt
76.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
development.rst.txt
719
B
-rw-r--r--
devmode.rst.txt
7.28
KB
-rw-r--r--
dialog.rst.txt
6.12
KB
-rw-r--r--
difflib.rst.txt
29.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
dis.rst.txt
35.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
distribution.rst.txt
452
B
-rw-r--r--
distutils.rst.txt
2.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
doctest.rst.txt
69.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.charset.rst.txt
7.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.compat32-message.rst.txt
32.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.contentmanager.rst.txt
8.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.encoders.rst.txt
2.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.errors.rst.txt
4.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.examples.rst.txt
1.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.generator.rst.txt
13.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.header.rst.txt
8.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.headerregistry.rst.txt
18.04
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.iterators.rst.txt
2.73
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.message.rst.txt
32.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.mime.rst.txt
11.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.parser.rst.txt
13.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.policy.rst.txt
27.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.rst.txt
6.63
KB
-rw-r--r--
email.utils.rst.txt
9.57
KB
-rw-r--r--
ensurepip.rst.txt
4.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
enum.rst.txt
35.96
KB
-rw-r--r--
errno.rst.txt
7.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
exceptions.rst.txt
29.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
faulthandler.rst.txt
6.51
KB
-rw-r--r--
fcntl.rst.txt
7.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
filecmp.rst.txt
5.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
fileformats.rst.txt
273
B
-rw-r--r--
fileinput.rst.txt
8.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
filesys.rst.txt
946
B
-rw-r--r--
fnmatch.rst.txt
3.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
fractions.rst.txt
6.2
KB
-rw-r--r--
frameworks.rst.txt
391
B
-rw-r--r--
ftplib.rst.txt
18.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
functional.rst.txt
365
B
-rw-r--r--
functions.rst.txt
84.5
KB
-rw-r--r--
functools.rst.txt
25.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
gc.rst.txt
11.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
getopt.rst.txt
6.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
getpass.rst.txt
1.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
gettext.rst.txt
27.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
glob.rst.txt
5.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
graphlib.rst.txt
8.56
KB
-rw-r--r--
grp.rst.txt
2.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
gzip.rst.txt
9.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
hashlib.rst.txt
27.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
heapq.rst.txt
13.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
hmac.rst.txt
4.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
html.entities.rst.txt
1.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
html.parser.rst.txt
11.02
KB
-rw-r--r--
html.rst.txt
1.27
KB
-rw-r--r--
http.client.rst.txt
20.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
http.cookiejar.rst.txt
27.68
KB
-rw-r--r--
http.cookies.rst.txt
8.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
http.rst.txt
7.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
http.server.rst.txt
19.68
KB
-rw-r--r--
i18n.rst.txt
408
B
-rw-r--r--
idle.rst.txt
38.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
imaplib.rst.txt
21.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
imghdr.rst.txt
3.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
imp.rst.txt
15.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
importlib.metadata.rst.txt
12.12
KB
-rw-r--r--
importlib.rst.txt
66.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
index.rst.txt
2.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
inspect.rst.txt
59.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
internet.rst.txt
923
B
-rw-r--r--
intro.rst.txt
2.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
io.rst.txt
44.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
ipaddress.rst.txt
36.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
ipc.rst.txt
643
B
-rw-r--r--
itertools.rst.txt
42.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
json.rst.txt
28.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
keyword.rst.txt
1.12
KB
-rw-r--r--
language.rst.txt
494
B
-rw-r--r--
linecache.rst.txt
2.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
locale.rst.txt
26.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
logging.config.rst.txt
36.69
KB
-rw-r--r--
logging.handlers.rst.txt
47.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
logging.rst.txt
66.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
lzma.rst.txt
16.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
mailbox.rst.txt
61.47
KB
-rw-r--r--
mailcap.rst.txt
4.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
markup.rst.txt
679
B
-rw-r--r--
marshal.rst.txt
5.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
math.rst.txt
21.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
mimetypes.rst.txt
9.96
KB
-rw-r--r--
mm.rst.txt
331
B
-rw-r--r--
mmap.rst.txt
13.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
modulefinder.rst.txt
3.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
modules.rst.txt
381
B
-rw-r--r--
msilib.rst.txt
18.51
KB
-rw-r--r--
msvcrt.rst.txt
4.5
KB
-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.rst.txt
108.08
KB
-rw-r--r--
multiprocessing.shared_memory....
14.44
KB
-rw-r--r--
netdata.rst.txt
314
B
-rw-r--r--
netrc.rst.txt
3.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
nis.rst.txt
2.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
nntplib.rst.txt
21.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
numbers.rst.txt
8.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
numeric.rst.txt
696
B
-rw-r--r--
operator.rst.txt
18.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
optparse.rst.txt
75.3
KB
-rw-r--r--
os.path.rst.txt
17.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
os.rst.txt
168.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
ossaudiodev.rst.txt
17.56
KB
-rw-r--r--
pathlib.rst.txt
39.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
pdb.rst.txt
20.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
persistence.rst.txt
591
B
-rw-r--r--
pickle.rst.txt
46.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
pickletools.rst.txt
3.64
KB
-rw-r--r--
pipes.rst.txt
2.72
KB
-rw-r--r--
pkgutil.rst.txt
10.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
platform.rst.txt
9.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
plistlib.rst.txt
5.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
poplib.rst.txt
8.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
posix.rst.txt
3.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
pprint.rst.txt
16.34
KB
-rw-r--r--
profile.rst.txt
29.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
pty.rst.txt
4.5
KB
-rw-r--r--
pwd.rst.txt
2.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
py_compile.rst.txt
6.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
pyclbr.rst.txt
4.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
pydoc.rst.txt
5.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
pyexpat.rst.txt
27.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
python.rst.txt
480
B
-rw-r--r--
queue.rst.txt
10
KB
-rw-r--r--
quopri.rst.txt
2.51
KB
-rw-r--r--
random.rst.txt
22.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
re.rst.txt
68.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
readline.rst.txt
12.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
reprlib.rst.txt
5.12
KB
-rw-r--r--
resource.rst.txt
13
KB
-rw-r--r--
rlcompleter.rst.txt
2.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
runpy.rst.txt
8.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
sched.rst.txt
5.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
secrets.rst.txt
5.96
KB
-rw-r--r--
security_warnings.rst.txt
1.56
KB
-rw-r--r--
select.rst.txt
27.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
selectors.rst.txt
8.72
KB
-rw-r--r--
shelve.rst.txt
8.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
shlex.rst.txt
17.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
shutil.rst.txt
31.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
signal.rst.txt
25.12
KB
-rw-r--r--
site.rst.txt
10.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
smtpd.rst.txt
10.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
smtplib.rst.txt
23.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
sndhdr.rst.txt
2.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
socket.rst.txt
77.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
socketserver.rst.txt
24.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
spwd.rst.txt
3.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
sqlite3.rst.txt
66.94
KB
-rw-r--r--
ssl.rst.txt
104.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
stat.rst.txt
9.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
statistics.rst.txt
35.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
stdtypes.rst.txt
205.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
string.rst.txt
38.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
stringprep.rst.txt
4.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
struct.rst.txt
24.29
KB
-rw-r--r--
subprocess.rst.txt
57.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
sunau.rst.txt
7.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
superseded.rst.txt
561
B
-rw-r--r--
symtable.rst.txt
5.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
sys.rst.txt
76.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
sysconfig.rst.txt
9.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
syslog.rst.txt
4.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
tabnanny.rst.txt
1.96
KB
-rw-r--r--
tarfile.rst.txt
46.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
telnetlib.rst.txt
8.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
tempfile.rst.txt
15.69
KB
-rw-r--r--
termios.rst.txt
3.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
test.rst.txt
54.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
text.rst.txt
584
B
-rw-r--r--
textwrap.rst.txt
11.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
threading.rst.txt
42.74
KB
-rw-r--r--
time.rst.txt
36.47
KB
-rw-r--r--
timeit.rst.txt
13.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
tk.rst.txt
1.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.colorchooser.rst.txt
906
B
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.dnd.rst.txt
2.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.font.rst.txt
2.91
KB
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.messagebox.rst.txt
1.27
KB
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.rst.txt
40.8
KB
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.scrolledtext.rst.txt
1.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.tix.rst.txt
21.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
tkinter.ttk.rst.txt
61.02
KB
-rw-r--r--
token.rst.txt
2.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
tokenize.rst.txt
10.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
trace.rst.txt
6.82
KB
-rw-r--r--
traceback.rst.txt
18.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
tracemalloc.rst.txt
24.96
KB
-rw-r--r--
tty.rst.txt
1.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
turtle.rst.txt
72.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
types.rst.txt
14.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
typing.rst.txt
77.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
unicodedata.rst.txt
5.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock-examples.rst.txt
47.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
unittest.mock.rst.txt
97.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
unittest.rst.txt
99.8
KB
-rw-r--r--
unix.rst.txt
397
B
-rw-r--r--
urllib.error.rst.txt
2.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
urllib.parse.rst.txt
32.65
KB
-rw-r--r--
urllib.request.rst.txt
59.94
KB
-rw-r--r--
urllib.robotparser.rst.txt
3.19
KB
-rw-r--r--
urllib.rst.txt
466
B
-rw-r--r--
uu.rst.txt
2.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
uuid.rst.txt
9.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
venv.rst.txt
25.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
warnings.rst.txt
23.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
wave.rst.txt
6.68
KB
-rw-r--r--
weakref.rst.txt
21.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
webbrowser.rst.txt
9.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
windows.rst.txt
258
B
-rw-r--r--
winreg.rst.txt
25.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
winsound.rst.txt
5.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
wsgiref.rst.txt
32.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
xdrlib.rst.txt
8.02
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.minidom.rst.txt
11
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.pulldom.rst.txt
5.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.dom.rst.txt
38.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.etree.elementtree.rst.txt
56.91
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.rst.txt
5.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.handler.rst.txt
16.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.reader.rst.txt
11.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.rst.txt
7.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
xml.sax.utils.rst.txt
3.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.client.rst.txt
22.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.rst.txt
475
B
-rw-r--r--
xmlrpc.server.rst.txt
16.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
zipapp.rst.txt
17.85
KB
-rw-r--r--
zipfile.rst.txt
29.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
zipimport.rst.txt
6.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
zlib.rst.txt
13.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
zoneinfo.rst.txt
15.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
Delete
Unzip
Zip
${this.title}
Close
Code Editor : types.rst.txt
:mod:`types` --- Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types =================================================================== .. module:: types :synopsis: Names for built-in types. **Source code:** :source:`Lib/types.py` -------------- This module defines utility functions to assist in dynamic creation of new types. It also defines names for some object types that are used by the standard Python interpreter, but not exposed as builtins like :class:`int` or :class:`str` are. Finally, it provides some additional type-related utility classes and functions that are not fundamental enough to be builtins. Dynamic Type Creation --------------------- .. function:: new_class(name, bases=(), kwds=None, exec_body=None) Creates a class object dynamically using the appropriate metaclass. The first three arguments are the components that make up a class definition header: the class name, the base classes (in order), the keyword arguments (such as ``metaclass``). The *exec_body* argument is a callback that is used to populate the freshly created class namespace. It should accept the class namespace as its sole argument and update the namespace directly with the class contents. If no callback is provided, it has the same effect as passing in ``lambda ns: None``. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. function:: prepare_class(name, bases=(), kwds=None) Calculates the appropriate metaclass and creates the class namespace. The arguments are the components that make up a class definition header: the class name, the base classes (in order) and the keyword arguments (such as ``metaclass``). The return value is a 3-tuple: ``metaclass, namespace, kwds`` *metaclass* is the appropriate metaclass, *namespace* is the prepared class namespace and *kwds* is an updated copy of the passed in *kwds* argument with any ``'metaclass'`` entry removed. If no *kwds* argument is passed in, this will be an empty dict. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 The default value for the ``namespace`` element of the returned tuple has changed. Now an insertion-order-preserving mapping is used when the metaclass does not have a ``__prepare__`` method. .. seealso:: :ref:`metaclasses` Full details of the class creation process supported by these functions :pep:`3115` - Metaclasses in Python 3000 Introduced the ``__prepare__`` namespace hook .. function:: resolve_bases(bases) Resolve MRO entries dynamically as specified by :pep:`560`. This function looks for items in *bases* that are not instances of :class:`type`, and returns a tuple where each such object that has an ``__mro_entries__`` method is replaced with an unpacked result of calling this method. If a *bases* item is an instance of :class:`type`, or it doesn't have an ``__mro_entries__`` method, then it is included in the return tuple unchanged. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. seealso:: :pep:`560` - Core support for typing module and generic types Standard Interpreter Types -------------------------- This module provides names for many of the types that are required to implement a Python interpreter. It deliberately avoids including some of the types that arise only incidentally during processing such as the ``listiterator`` type. Typical use of these names is for :func:`isinstance` or :func:`issubclass` checks. If you instantiate any of these types, note that signatures may vary between Python versions. Standard names are defined for the following types: .. data:: NoneType The type of :data:`None`. .. versionadded:: 3.10 .. data:: FunctionType LambdaType The type of user-defined functions and functions created by :keyword:`lambda` expressions. .. audit-event:: function.__new__ code types.FunctionType The audit event only occurs for direct instantiation of function objects, and is not raised for normal compilation. .. data:: GeneratorType The type of :term:`generator`-iterator objects, created by generator functions. .. data:: CoroutineType The type of :term:`coroutine` objects, created by :keyword:`async def` functions. .. versionadded:: 3.5 .. data:: AsyncGeneratorType The type of :term:`asynchronous generator`-iterator objects, created by asynchronous generator functions. .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. class:: CodeType(**kwargs) .. index:: builtin: compile The type for code objects such as returned by :func:`compile`. .. audit-event:: code.__new__ code,filename,name,argcount,posonlyargcount,kwonlyargcount,nlocals,stacksize,flags types.CodeType Note that the audited arguments may not match the names or positions required by the initializer. The audit event only occurs for direct instantiation of code objects, and is not raised for normal compilation. .. method:: CodeType.replace(**kwargs) Return a copy of the code object with new values for the specified fields. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. data:: CellType The type for cell objects: such objects are used as containers for a function's free variables. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. data:: MethodType The type of methods of user-defined class instances. .. data:: BuiltinFunctionType BuiltinMethodType The type of built-in functions like :func:`len` or :func:`sys.exit`, and methods of built-in classes. (Here, the term "built-in" means "written in C".) .. data:: WrapperDescriptorType The type of methods of some built-in data types and base classes such as :meth:`object.__init__` or :meth:`object.__lt__`. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. data:: MethodWrapperType The type of *bound* methods of some built-in data types and base classes. For example it is the type of :code:`object().__str__`. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. data:: NotImplementedType The type of :data:`NotImplemented`. .. versionadded:: 3.10 .. data:: MethodDescriptorType The type of methods of some built-in data types such as :meth:`str.join`. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. data:: ClassMethodDescriptorType The type of *unbound* class methods of some built-in data types such as ``dict.__dict__['fromkeys']``. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. class:: ModuleType(name, doc=None) The type of :term:`modules <module>`. The constructor takes the name of the module to be created and optionally its :term:`docstring`. .. note:: Use :func:`importlib.util.module_from_spec` to create a new module if you wish to set the various import-controlled attributes. .. attribute:: __doc__ The :term:`docstring` of the module. Defaults to ``None``. .. attribute:: __loader__ The :term:`loader` which loaded the module. Defaults to ``None``. This attribute is to match :attr:`importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.loader` as stored in the :attr:`__spec__` object. .. note:: A future version of Python may stop setting this attribute by default. To guard against this potential change, preferably read from the :attr:`__spec__` attribute instead or use ``getattr(module, "__loader__", None)`` if you explicitly need to use this attribute. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Defaults to ``None``. Previously the attribute was optional. .. attribute:: __name__ The name of the module. Expected to match :attr:`importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.name`. .. attribute:: __package__ Which :term:`package` a module belongs to. If the module is top-level (i.e. not a part of any specific package) then the attribute should be set to ``''``, else it should be set to the name of the package (which can be :attr:`__name__` if the module is a package itself). Defaults to ``None``. This attribute is to match :attr:`importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.parent` as stored in the :attr:`__spec__` object. .. note:: A future version of Python may stop setting this attribute by default. To guard against this potential change, preferably read from the :attr:`__spec__` attribute instead or use ``getattr(module, "__package__", None)`` if you explicitly need to use this attribute. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Defaults to ``None``. Previously the attribute was optional. .. attribute:: __spec__ A record of the module's import-system-related state. Expected to be an instance of :class:`importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec`. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. data:: EllipsisType The type of :data:`Ellipsis`. .. versionadded:: 3.10 .. class:: GenericAlias(t_origin, t_args) The type of :ref:`parameterized generics <types-genericalias>` such as ``list[int]``. ``t_origin`` should be a non-parameterized generic class, such as ``list``, ``tuple`` or ``dict``. ``t_args`` should be a :class:`tuple` (possibly of length 1) of types which parameterize ``t_origin``:: >>> from types import GenericAlias >>> list[int] == GenericAlias(list, (int,)) True >>> dict[str, int] == GenericAlias(dict, (str, int)) True .. versionadded:: 3.9 .. versionchanged:: 3.9.2 This type can now be subclassed. .. class:: UnionType The type of :ref:`union type expressions<types-union>`. .. versionadded:: 3.10 .. class:: TracebackType(tb_next, tb_frame, tb_lasti, tb_lineno) The type of traceback objects such as found in ``sys.exc_info()[2]``. See :ref:`the language reference <traceback-objects>` for details of the available attributes and operations, and guidance on creating tracebacks dynamically. .. data:: FrameType The type of frame objects such as found in ``tb.tb_frame`` if ``tb`` is a traceback object. See :ref:`the language reference <frame-objects>` for details of the available attributes and operations. .. data:: GetSetDescriptorType The type of objects defined in extension modules with ``PyGetSetDef``, such as ``FrameType.f_locals`` or ``array.array.typecode``. This type is used as descriptor for object attributes; it has the same purpose as the :class:`property` type, but for classes defined in extension modules. .. data:: MemberDescriptorType The type of objects defined in extension modules with ``PyMemberDef``, such as ``datetime.timedelta.days``. This type is used as descriptor for simple C data members which use standard conversion functions; it has the same purpose as the :class:`property` type, but for classes defined in extension modules. .. impl-detail:: In other implementations of Python, this type may be identical to ``GetSetDescriptorType``. .. class:: MappingProxyType(mapping) Read-only proxy of a mapping. It provides a dynamic view on the mapping's entries, which means that when the mapping changes, the view reflects these changes. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.9 Updated to support the new union (``|``) operator from :pep:`584`, which simply delegates to the underlying mapping. .. describe:: key in proxy Return ``True`` if the underlying mapping has a key *key*, else ``False``. .. describe:: proxy[key] Return the item of the underlying mapping with key *key*. Raises a :exc:`KeyError` if *key* is not in the underlying mapping. .. describe:: iter(proxy) Return an iterator over the keys of the underlying mapping. This is a shortcut for ``iter(proxy.keys())``. .. describe:: len(proxy) Return the number of items in the underlying mapping. .. method:: copy() Return a shallow copy of the underlying mapping. .. method:: get(key[, default]) Return the value for *key* if *key* is in the underlying mapping, else *default*. If *default* is not given, it defaults to ``None``, so that this method never raises a :exc:`KeyError`. .. method:: items() Return a new view of the underlying mapping's items (``(key, value)`` pairs). .. method:: keys() Return a new view of the underlying mapping's keys. .. method:: values() Return a new view of the underlying mapping's values. .. describe:: reversed(proxy) Return a reverse iterator over the keys of the underlying mapping. .. versionadded:: 3.9 Additional Utility Classes and Functions ---------------------------------------- .. class:: SimpleNamespace A simple :class:`object` subclass that provides attribute access to its namespace, as well as a meaningful repr. Unlike :class:`object`, with ``SimpleNamespace`` you can add and remove attributes. If a ``SimpleNamespace`` object is initialized with keyword arguments, those are directly added to the underlying namespace. The type is roughly equivalent to the following code:: class SimpleNamespace: def __init__(self, /, **kwargs): self.__dict__.update(kwargs) def __repr__(self): items = (f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in self.__dict__.items()) return "{}({})".format(type(self).__name__, ", ".join(items)) def __eq__(self, other): if isinstance(self, SimpleNamespace) and isinstance(other, SimpleNamespace): return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__ return NotImplemented ``SimpleNamespace`` may be useful as a replacement for ``class NS: pass``. However, for a structured record type use :func:`~collections.namedtuple` instead. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.9 Attribute order in the repr changed from alphabetical to insertion (like ``dict``). .. function:: DynamicClassAttribute(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) Route attribute access on a class to __getattr__. This is a descriptor, used to define attributes that act differently when accessed through an instance and through a class. Instance access remains normal, but access to an attribute through a class will be routed to the class's __getattr__ method; this is done by raising AttributeError. This allows one to have properties active on an instance, and have virtual attributes on the class with the same name (see :class:`enum.Enum` for an example). .. versionadded:: 3.4 Coroutine Utility Functions --------------------------- .. function:: coroutine(gen_func) This function transforms a :term:`generator` function into a :term:`coroutine function` which returns a generator-based coroutine. The generator-based coroutine is still a :term:`generator iterator`, but is also considered to be a :term:`coroutine` object and is :term:`awaitable`. However, it may not necessarily implement the :meth:`~object.__await__` method. If *gen_func* is a generator function, it will be modified in-place. If *gen_func* is not a generator function, it will be wrapped. If it returns an instance of :class:`collections.abc.Generator`, the instance will be wrapped in an *awaitable* proxy object. All other types of objects will be returned as is. .. versionadded:: 3.5
Close
