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.. _using: ================================= Using :mod:`!importlib.metadata` ================================= .. module:: importlib.metadata :synopsis: The implementation of the importlib metadata. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. versionchanged:: 3.10 ``importlib.metadata`` is no longer provisional. **Source code:** :source:`Lib/importlib/metadata/__init__.py` ``importlib.metadata`` is a library that provides for access to installed package metadata. Built in part on Python's import system, this library intends to replace similar functionality in the `entry point API`_ and `metadata API`_ of ``pkg_resources``. Along with :mod:`importlib.resources` in Python 3.7 and newer (backported as `importlib_resources`_ for older versions of Python), this can eliminate the need to use the older and less efficient ``pkg_resources`` package. By "installed package" we generally mean a third-party package installed into Python's ``site-packages`` directory via tools such as `pip <https://pypi.org/project/pip/>`_. Specifically, it means a package with either a discoverable ``dist-info`` or ``egg-info`` directory, and metadata defined by :pep:`566` or its older specifications. By default, package metadata can live on the file system or in zip archives on :data:`sys.path`. Through an extension mechanism, the metadata can live almost anywhere. Overview ======== Let's say you wanted to get the version string for a package you've installed using ``pip``. We start by creating a virtual environment and installing something into it: .. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m venv example $ source example/bin/activate (example) $ pip install wheel You can get the version string for ``wheel`` by running the following: .. code-block:: pycon (example) $ python >>> from importlib.metadata import version # doctest: +SKIP >>> version('wheel') # doctest: +SKIP '0.32.3' You can also get the set of entry points keyed by group, such as ``console_scripts``, ``distutils.commands`` and others. Each group contains a sequence of :ref:`EntryPoint <entry-points>` objects. You can get the :ref:`metadata for a distribution <metadata>`:: >>> list(metadata('wheel')) # doctest: +SKIP ['Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Summary', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email', 'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Keywords', 'Platform', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Requires-Python', 'Provides-Extra', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Dist'] You can also get a :ref:`distribution's version number <version>`, list its :ref:`constituent files <files>`, and get a list of the distribution's :ref:`requirements`. Functional API ============== This package provides the following functionality via its public API. .. _entry-points: Entry points ------------ The ``entry_points()`` function returns a collection of entry points. Entry points are represented by ``EntryPoint`` instances; each ``EntryPoint`` has a ``.name``, ``.group``, and ``.value`` attributes and a ``.load()`` method to resolve the value. There are also ``.module``, ``.attr``, and ``.extras`` attributes for getting the components of the ``.value`` attribute. Query all entry points:: >>> eps = entry_points() # doctest: +SKIP The ``entry_points()`` function returns an ``EntryPoints`` object, a sequence of all ``EntryPoint`` objects with ``names`` and ``groups`` attributes for convenience:: >>> sorted(eps.groups) # doctest: +SKIP ['console_scripts', 'distutils.commands', 'distutils.setup_keywords', 'egg_info.writers', 'setuptools.installation'] ``EntryPoints`` has a ``select`` method to select entry points matching specific properties. Select entry points in the ``console_scripts`` group:: >>> scripts = eps.select(group='console_scripts') # doctest: +SKIP Equivalently, since ``entry_points`` passes keyword arguments through to select:: >>> scripts = entry_points(group='console_scripts') # doctest: +SKIP Pick out a specific script named "wheel" (found in the wheel project):: >>> 'wheel' in scripts.names # doctest: +SKIP True >>> wheel = scripts['wheel'] # doctest: +SKIP Equivalently, query for that entry point during selection:: >>> (wheel,) = entry_points(group='console_scripts', name='wheel') # doctest: +SKIP >>> (wheel,) = entry_points().select(group='console_scripts', name='wheel') # doctest: +SKIP Inspect the resolved entry point:: >>> wheel # doctest: +SKIP EntryPoint(name='wheel', value='wheel.cli:main', group='console_scripts') >>> wheel.module # doctest: +SKIP 'wheel.cli' >>> wheel.attr # doctest: +SKIP 'main' >>> wheel.extras # doctest: +SKIP [] >>> main = wheel.load() # doctest: +SKIP >>> main # doctest: +SKIP <function main at 0x103528488> The ``group`` and ``name`` are arbitrary values defined by the package author and usually a client will wish to resolve all entry points for a particular group. Read `the setuptools docs <https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_ for more information on entry points, their definition, and usage. *Compatibility Note* The "selectable" entry points were introduced in ``importlib_metadata`` 3.6 and Python 3.10. Prior to those changes, ``entry_points`` accepted no parameters and always returned a dictionary of entry points, keyed by group. For compatibility, if no parameters are passed to entry_points, a ``SelectableGroups`` object is returned, implementing that dict interface. In the future, calling ``entry_points`` with no parameters will return an ``EntryPoints`` object. Users should rely on the selection interface to retrieve entry points by group. .. _metadata: Distribution metadata --------------------- Every distribution includes some metadata, which you can extract using the ``metadata()`` function:: >>> wheel_metadata = metadata('wheel') # doctest: +SKIP The keys of the returned data structure, a ``PackageMetadata``, name the metadata keywords, and the values are returned unparsed from the distribution metadata:: >>> wheel_metadata['Requires-Python'] # doctest: +SKIP '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*' ``PackageMetadata`` also presents a ``json`` attribute that returns all the metadata in a JSON-compatible form per :PEP:`566`:: >>> wheel_metadata.json['requires_python'] '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*' .. versionchanged:: 3.10 The ``Description`` is now included in the metadata when presented through the payload. Line continuation characters have been removed. .. versionadded:: 3.10 The ``json`` attribute was added. .. _version: Distribution versions --------------------- The ``version()`` function is the quickest way to get a distribution's version number, as a string:: >>> version('wheel') # doctest: +SKIP '0.32.3' .. _files: Distribution files ------------------ You can also get the full set of files contained within a distribution. The ``files()`` function takes a distribution package name and returns all of the files installed by this distribution. Each file object returned is a ``PackagePath``, a :class:`pathlib.PurePath` derived object with additional ``dist``, ``size``, and ``hash`` properties as indicated by the metadata. For example:: >>> util = [p for p in files('wheel') if 'util.py' in str(p)][0] # doctest: +SKIP >>> util # doctest: +SKIP PackagePath('wheel/util.py') >>> util.size # doctest: +SKIP 859 >>> util.dist # doctest: +SKIP <importlib.metadata._hooks.PathDistribution object at 0x101e0cef0> >>> util.hash # doctest: +SKIP <FileHash mode: sha256 value: bYkw5oMccfazVCoYQwKkkemoVyMAFoR34mmKBx8R1NI> Once you have the file, you can also read its contents:: >>> print(util.read_text()) # doctest: +SKIP import base64 import sys ... def as_bytes(s): if isinstance(s, text_type): return s.encode('utf-8') return s You can also use the ``locate`` method to get a the absolute path to the file:: >>> util.locate() # doctest: +SKIP PosixPath('/home/gustav/example/lib/site-packages/wheel/util.py') In the case where the metadata file listing files (RECORD or SOURCES.txt) is missing, ``files()`` will return ``None``. The caller may wish to wrap calls to ``files()`` in `always_iterable <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.always_iterable>`_ or otherwise guard against this condition if the target distribution is not known to have the metadata present. .. _requirements: Distribution requirements ------------------------- To get the full set of requirements for a distribution, use the ``requires()`` function:: >>> requires('wheel') # doctest: +SKIP ["pytest (>=3.0.0) ; extra == 'test'", "pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'"] Package distributions --------------------- A convenience method to resolve the distribution or distributions (in the case of a namespace package) for top-level Python packages or modules:: >>> packages_distributions() {'importlib_metadata': ['importlib-metadata'], 'yaml': ['PyYAML'], 'jaraco': ['jaraco.classes', 'jaraco.functools'], ...} .. versionadded:: 3.10 .. _distributions: Distributions ============= While the above API is the most common and convenient usage, you can get all of that information from the ``Distribution`` class. A ``Distribution`` is an abstract object that represents the metadata for a Python package. You can get the ``Distribution`` instance:: >>> from importlib.metadata import distribution # doctest: +SKIP >>> dist = distribution('wheel') # doctest: +SKIP Thus, an alternative way to get the version number is through the ``Distribution`` instance:: >>> dist.version # doctest: +SKIP '0.32.3' There are all kinds of additional metadata available on the ``Distribution`` instance:: >>> dist.metadata['Requires-Python'] # doctest: +SKIP '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*' >>> dist.metadata['License'] # doctest: +SKIP 'MIT' The full set of available metadata is not described here. See :pep:`566` for additional details. Extending the search algorithm ============================== Because package metadata is not available through :data:`sys.path` searches, or package loaders directly, the metadata for a package is found through import system :ref:`finders <finders-and-loaders>`. To find a distribution package's metadata, ``importlib.metadata`` queries the list of :term:`meta path finders <meta path finder>` on :data:`sys.meta_path`. The default ``PathFinder`` for Python includes a hook that calls into ``importlib.metadata.MetadataPathFinder`` for finding distributions loaded from typical file-system-based paths. The abstract class :py:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder` defines the interface expected of finders by Python's import system. ``importlib.metadata`` extends this protocol by looking for an optional ``find_distributions`` callable on the finders from :data:`sys.meta_path` and presents this extended interface as the ``DistributionFinder`` abstract base class, which defines this abstract method:: @abc.abstractmethod def find_distributions(context=DistributionFinder.Context()): """Return an iterable of all Distribution instances capable of loading the metadata for packages for the indicated ``context``. """ The ``DistributionFinder.Context`` object provides ``.path`` and ``.name`` properties indicating the path to search and name to match and may supply other relevant context. What this means in practice is that to support finding distribution package metadata in locations other than the file system, subclass ``Distribution`` and implement the abstract methods. Then from a custom finder, return instances of this derived ``Distribution`` in the ``find_distributions()`` method. .. _`entry point API`: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html#entry-points .. _`metadata API`: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html#metadata-api .. _`importlib_resources`: https://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
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