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:mod:`collections.abc` --- Abstract Base Classes for Containers =============================================================== .. module:: collections.abc :synopsis: Abstract base classes for containers .. moduleauthor:: Raymond Hettinger <python at rcn.com> .. sectionauthor:: Raymond Hettinger <python at rcn.com> .. versionadded:: 3.3 Formerly, this module was part of the :mod:`collections` module. **Source code:** :source:`Lib/_collections_abc.py` .. testsetup:: * from collections.abc import * import itertools __name__ = '<doctest>' -------------- This module provides :term:`abstract base classes <abstract base class>` that can be used to test whether a class provides a particular interface; for example, whether it is :term:`hashable` or whether it is a mapping. An :func:`issubclass` or :func:`isinstance` test for an interface works in one of three ways. 1) A newly written class can inherit directly from one of the abstract base classes. The class must supply the required abstract methods. The remaining mixin methods come from inheritance and can be overridden if desired. Other methods may be added as needed: .. testcode:: class C(Sequence): # Direct inheritance def __init__(self): ... # Extra method not required by the ABC def __getitem__(self, index): ... # Required abstract method def __len__(self): ... # Required abstract method def count(self, value): ... # Optionally override a mixin method .. doctest:: >>> issubclass(C, Sequence) True >>> isinstance(C(), Sequence) True 2) Existing classes and built-in classes can be registered as "virtual subclasses" of the ABCs. Those classes should define the full API including all of the abstract methods and all of the mixin methods. This lets users rely on :func:`issubclass` or :func:`isinstance` tests to determine whether the full interface is supported. The exception to this rule is for methods that are automatically inferred from the rest of the API: .. testcode:: class D: # No inheritance def __init__(self): ... # Extra method not required by the ABC def __getitem__(self, index): ... # Abstract method def __len__(self): ... # Abstract method def count(self, value): ... # Mixin method def index(self, value): ... # Mixin method Sequence.register(D) # Register instead of inherit .. doctest:: >>> issubclass(D, Sequence) True >>> isinstance(D(), Sequence) True In this example, class :class:`D` does not need to define ``__contains__``, ``__iter__``, and ``__reversed__`` because the :ref:`in-operator <comparisons>`, the :term:`iteration <iterable>` logic, and the :func:`reversed` function automatically fall back to using ``__getitem__`` and ``__len__``. 3) Some simple interfaces are directly recognizable by the presence of the required methods (unless those methods have been set to :const:`None`): .. testcode:: class E: def __iter__(self): ... def __next__(next): ... .. doctest:: >>> issubclass(E, Iterable) True >>> isinstance(E(), Iterable) True Complex interfaces do not support this last technique because an interface is more than just the presence of method names. Interfaces specify semantics and relationships between methods that cannot be inferred solely from the presence of specific method names. For example, knowing that a class supplies ``__getitem__``, ``__len__``, and ``__iter__`` is insufficient for distinguishing a :class:`Sequence` from a :class:`Mapping`. .. versionadded:: 3.9 These abstract classes now support ``[]``. See :ref:`types-genericalias` and :pep:`585`. .. _collections-abstract-base-classes: Collections Abstract Base Classes --------------------------------- The collections module offers the following :term:`ABCs <abstract base class>`: .. tabularcolumns:: |l|L|L|L| ============================== ====================== ======================= ==================================================== ABC Inherits from Abstract Methods Mixin Methods ============================== ====================== ======================= ==================================================== :class:`Container` [1]_ ``__contains__`` :class:`Hashable` [1]_ ``__hash__`` :class:`Iterable` [1]_ [2]_ ``__iter__`` :class:`Iterator` [1]_ :class:`Iterable` ``__next__`` ``__iter__`` :class:`Reversible` [1]_ :class:`Iterable` ``__reversed__`` :class:`Generator` [1]_ :class:`Iterator` ``send``, ``throw`` ``close``, ``__iter__``, ``__next__`` :class:`Sized` [1]_ ``__len__`` :class:`Callable` [1]_ ``__call__`` :class:`Collection` [1]_ :class:`Sized`, ``__contains__``, :class:`Iterable`, ``__iter__``, :class:`Container` ``__len__`` :class:`Sequence` :class:`Reversible`, ``__getitem__``, ``__contains__``, ``__iter__``, ``__reversed__``, :class:`Collection` ``__len__`` ``index``, and ``count`` :class:`MutableSequence` :class:`Sequence` ``__getitem__``, Inherited :class:`Sequence` methods and ``__setitem__``, ``append``, ``reverse``, ``extend``, ``pop``, ``__delitem__``, ``remove``, and ``__iadd__`` ``__len__``, ``insert`` :class:`ByteString` :class:`Sequence` ``__getitem__``, Inherited :class:`Sequence` methods ``__len__`` :class:`Set` :class:`Collection` ``__contains__``, ``__le__``, ``__lt__``, ``__eq__``, ``__ne__``, ``__iter__``, ``__gt__``, ``__ge__``, ``__and__``, ``__or__``, ``__len__`` ``__sub__``, ``__xor__``, and ``isdisjoint`` :class:`MutableSet` :class:`Set` ``__contains__``, Inherited :class:`Set` methods and ``__iter__``, ``clear``, ``pop``, ``remove``, ``__ior__``, ``__len__``, ``__iand__``, ``__ixor__``, and ``__isub__`` ``add``, ``discard`` :class:`Mapping` :class:`Collection` ``__getitem__``, ``__contains__``, ``keys``, ``items``, ``values``, ``__iter__``, ``get``, ``__eq__``, and ``__ne__`` ``__len__`` :class:`MutableMapping` :class:`Mapping` ``__getitem__``, Inherited :class:`Mapping` methods and ``__setitem__``, ``pop``, ``popitem``, ``clear``, ``update``, ``__delitem__``, and ``setdefault`` ``__iter__``, ``__len__`` :class:`MappingView` :class:`Sized` ``__len__`` :class:`ItemsView` :class:`MappingView`, ``__contains__``, :class:`Set` ``__iter__`` :class:`KeysView` :class:`MappingView`, ``__contains__``, :class:`Set` ``__iter__`` :class:`ValuesView` :class:`MappingView`, ``__contains__``, ``__iter__`` :class:`Collection` :class:`Awaitable` [1]_ ``__await__`` :class:`Coroutine` [1]_ :class:`Awaitable` ``send``, ``throw`` ``close`` :class:`AsyncIterable` [1]_ ``__aiter__`` :class:`AsyncIterator` [1]_ :class:`AsyncIterable` ``__anext__`` ``__aiter__`` :class:`AsyncGenerator` [1]_ :class:`AsyncIterator` ``asend``, ``athrow`` ``aclose``, ``__aiter__``, ``__anext__`` ============================== ====================== ======================= ==================================================== .. rubric:: Footnotes .. [1] These ABCs override :meth:`object.__subclasshook__` to support testing an interface by verifying the required methods are present and have not been set to :const:`None`. This only works for simple interfaces. More complex interfaces require registration or direct subclassing. .. [2] Checking ``isinstance(obj, Iterable)`` detects classes that are registered as :class:`Iterable` or that have an :meth:`__iter__` method, but it does not detect classes that iterate with the :meth:`__getitem__` method. The only reliable way to determine whether an object is :term:`iterable` is to call ``iter(obj)``. Collections Abstract Base Classes -- Detailed Descriptions ---------------------------------------------------------- .. class:: Container ABC for classes that provide the :meth:`__contains__` method. .. class:: Hashable ABC for classes that provide the :meth:`__hash__` method. .. class:: Sized ABC for classes that provide the :meth:`__len__` method. .. class:: Callable ABC for classes that provide the :meth:`__call__` method. .. class:: Iterable ABC for classes that provide the :meth:`__iter__` method. Checking ``isinstance(obj, Iterable)`` detects classes that are registered as :class:`Iterable` or that have an :meth:`__iter__` method, but it does not detect classes that iterate with the :meth:`__getitem__` method. The only reliable way to determine whether an object is :term:`iterable` is to call ``iter(obj)``. .. class:: Collection ABC for sized iterable container classes. .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. class:: Iterator ABC for classes that provide the :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` and :meth:`~iterator.__next__` methods. See also the definition of :term:`iterator`. .. class:: Reversible ABC for iterable classes that also provide the :meth:`__reversed__` method. .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. class:: Generator ABC for generator classes that implement the protocol defined in :pep:`342` that extends iterators with the :meth:`~generator.send`, :meth:`~generator.throw` and :meth:`~generator.close` methods. See also the definition of :term:`generator`. .. versionadded:: 3.5 .. class:: Sequence MutableSequence ByteString ABCs for read-only and mutable :term:`sequences <sequence>`. Implementation note: Some of the mixin methods, such as :meth:`__iter__`, :meth:`__reversed__` and :meth:`index`, make repeated calls to the underlying :meth:`__getitem__` method. Consequently, if :meth:`__getitem__` is implemented with constant access speed, the mixin methods will have linear performance; however, if the underlying method is linear (as it would be with a linked list), the mixins will have quadratic performance and will likely need to be overridden. .. versionchanged:: 3.5 The index() method added support for *stop* and *start* arguments. .. class:: Set MutableSet ABCs for read-only and mutable sets. .. class:: Mapping MutableMapping ABCs for read-only and mutable :term:`mappings <mapping>`. .. class:: MappingView ItemsView KeysView ValuesView ABCs for mapping, items, keys, and values :term:`views <dictionary view>`. .. class:: Awaitable ABC for :term:`awaitable` objects, which can be used in :keyword:`await` expressions. Custom implementations must provide the :meth:`__await__` method. :term:`Coroutine <coroutine>` objects and instances of the :class:`~collections.abc.Coroutine` ABC are all instances of this ABC. .. note:: In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with :func:`types.coroutine` or :func:`asyncio.coroutine`) are *awaitables*, even though they do not have an :meth:`__await__` method. Using ``isinstance(gencoro, Awaitable)`` for them will return ``False``. Use :func:`inspect.isawaitable` to detect them. .. versionadded:: 3.5 .. class:: Coroutine ABC for coroutine compatible classes. These implement the following methods, defined in :ref:`coroutine-objects`: :meth:`~coroutine.send`, :meth:`~coroutine.throw`, and :meth:`~coroutine.close`. Custom implementations must also implement :meth:`__await__`. All :class:`Coroutine` instances are also instances of :class:`Awaitable`. See also the definition of :term:`coroutine`. .. note:: In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with :func:`types.coroutine` or :func:`asyncio.coroutine`) are *awaitables*, even though they do not have an :meth:`__await__` method. Using ``isinstance(gencoro, Coroutine)`` for them will return ``False``. Use :func:`inspect.isawaitable` to detect them. .. versionadded:: 3.5 .. class:: AsyncIterable ABC for classes that provide ``__aiter__`` method. See also the definition of :term:`asynchronous iterable`. .. versionadded:: 3.5 .. class:: AsyncIterator ABC for classes that provide ``__aiter__`` and ``__anext__`` methods. See also the definition of :term:`asynchronous iterator`. .. versionadded:: 3.5 .. class:: AsyncGenerator ABC for asynchronous generator classes that implement the protocol defined in :pep:`525` and :pep:`492`. .. versionadded:: 3.6 Examples and Recipes -------------------- ABCs allow us to ask classes or instances if they provide particular functionality, for example:: size = None if isinstance(myvar, collections.abc.Sized): size = len(myvar) Several of the ABCs are also useful as mixins that make it easier to develop classes supporting container APIs. For example, to write a class supporting the full :class:`Set` API, it is only necessary to supply the three underlying abstract methods: :meth:`__contains__`, :meth:`__iter__`, and :meth:`__len__`. The ABC supplies the remaining methods such as :meth:`__and__` and :meth:`isdisjoint`:: class ListBasedSet(collections.abc.Set): ''' Alternate set implementation favoring space over speed and not requiring the set elements to be hashable. ''' def __init__(self, iterable): self.elements = lst = [] for value in iterable: if value not in lst: lst.append(value) def __iter__(self): return iter(self.elements) def __contains__(self, value): return value in self.elements def __len__(self): return len(self.elements) s1 = ListBasedSet('abcdef') s2 = ListBasedSet('defghi') overlap = s1 & s2 # The __and__() method is supported automatically Notes on using :class:`Set` and :class:`MutableSet` as a mixin: (1) Since some set operations create new sets, the default mixin methods need a way to create new instances from an iterable. The class constructor is assumed to have a signature in the form ``ClassName(iterable)``. That assumption is factored-out to an internal classmethod called :meth:`_from_iterable` which calls ``cls(iterable)`` to produce a new set. If the :class:`Set` mixin is being used in a class with a different constructor signature, you will need to override :meth:`_from_iterable` with a classmethod or regular method that can construct new instances from an iterable argument. (2) To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the semantics are fixed), redefine :meth:`__le__` and :meth:`__ge__`, then the other operations will automatically follow suit. (3) The :class:`Set` mixin provides a :meth:`_hash` method to compute a hash value for the set; however, :meth:`__hash__` is not defined because not all sets are :term:`hashable` or immutable. To add set hashability using mixins, inherit from both :meth:`Set` and :meth:`Hashable`, then define ``__hash__ = Set._hash``. .. seealso:: * `OrderedSet recipe <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/576694/>`_ for an example built on :class:`MutableSet`. * For more about ABCs, see the :mod:`abc` module and :pep:`3119`.
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