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.. currentmodule:: asyncio .. _asyncio-dev: ======================= Developing with asyncio ======================= Asynchronous programming is different from classic "sequential" programming. This page lists common mistakes and traps and explains how to avoid them. .. _asyncio-debug-mode: Debug Mode ========== By default asyncio runs in production mode. In order to ease the development asyncio has a *debug mode*. There are several ways to enable asyncio debug mode: * Setting the :envvar:`PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG` environment variable to ``1``. * Using the :ref:`Python Development Mode <devmode>`. * Passing ``debug=True`` to :func:`asyncio.run`. * Calling :meth:`loop.set_debug`. In addition to enabling the debug mode, consider also: * setting the log level of the :ref:`asyncio logger <asyncio-logger>` to :py:data:`logging.DEBUG`, for example the following snippet of code can be run at startup of the application:: logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) * configuring the :mod:`warnings` module to display :exc:`ResourceWarning` warnings. One way of doing that is by using the :option:`-W` ``default`` command line option. When the debug mode is enabled: * asyncio checks for :ref:`coroutines that were not awaited <asyncio-coroutine-not-scheduled>` and logs them; this mitigates the "forgotten await" pitfall. * Many non-threadsafe asyncio APIs (such as :meth:`loop.call_soon` and :meth:`loop.call_at` methods) raise an exception if they are called from a wrong thread. * The execution time of the I/O selector is logged if it takes too long to perform an I/O operation. * Callbacks taking longer than 100ms are logged. The :attr:`loop.slow_callback_duration` attribute can be used to set the minimum execution duration in seconds that is considered "slow". .. _asyncio-multithreading: Concurrency and Multithreading ============================== An event loop runs in a thread (typically the main thread) and executes all callbacks and Tasks in its thread. While a Task is running in the event loop, no other Tasks can run in the same thread. When a Task executes an ``await`` expression, the running Task gets suspended, and the event loop executes the next Task. To schedule a :term:`callback` from another OS thread, the :meth:`loop.call_soon_threadsafe` method should be used. Example:: loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, *args) Almost all asyncio objects are not thread safe, which is typically not a problem unless there is code that works with them from outside of a Task or a callback. If there's a need for such code to call a low-level asyncio API, the :meth:`loop.call_soon_threadsafe` method should be used, e.g.:: loop.call_soon_threadsafe(fut.cancel) To schedule a coroutine object from a different OS thread, the :func:`run_coroutine_threadsafe` function should be used. It returns a :class:`concurrent.futures.Future` to access the result:: async def coro_func(): return await asyncio.sleep(1, 42) # Later in another OS thread: future = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro_func(), loop) # Wait for the result: result = future.result() To handle signals and to execute subprocesses, the event loop must be run in the main thread. The :meth:`loop.run_in_executor` method can be used with a :class:`concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` to execute blocking code in a different OS thread without blocking the OS thread that the event loop runs in. There is currently no way to schedule coroutines or callbacks directly from a different process (such as one started with :mod:`multiprocessing`). The :ref:`asyncio-event-loop-methods` section lists APIs that can read from pipes and watch file descriptors without blocking the event loop. In addition, asyncio's :ref:`Subprocess <asyncio-subprocess>` APIs provide a way to start a process and communicate with it from the event loop. Lastly, the aforementioned :meth:`loop.run_in_executor` method can also be used with a :class:`concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` to execute code in a different process. .. _asyncio-handle-blocking: Running Blocking Code ===================== Blocking (CPU-bound) code should not be called directly. For example, if a function performs a CPU-intensive calculation for 1 second, all concurrent asyncio Tasks and IO operations would be delayed by 1 second. An executor can be used to run a task in a different thread or even in a different process to avoid blocking the OS thread with the event loop. See the :meth:`loop.run_in_executor` method for more details. .. _asyncio-logger: Logging ======= asyncio uses the :mod:`logging` module and all logging is performed via the ``"asyncio"`` logger. The default log level is :py:data:`logging.INFO`, which can be easily adjusted:: logging.getLogger("asyncio").setLevel(logging.WARNING) Network logging can block the event loop. It is recommended to use a separate thread for handling logs or use non-blocking IO. For example, see :ref:`blocking-handlers`. .. _asyncio-coroutine-not-scheduled: Detect never-awaited coroutines =============================== When a coroutine function is called, but not awaited (e.g. ``coro()`` instead of ``await coro()``) or the coroutine is not scheduled with :meth:`asyncio.create_task`, asyncio will emit a :exc:`RuntimeWarning`:: import asyncio async def test(): print("never scheduled") async def main(): test() asyncio.run(main()) Output:: test.py:7: RuntimeWarning: coroutine 'test' was never awaited test() Output in debug mode:: test.py:7: RuntimeWarning: coroutine 'test' was never awaited Coroutine created at (most recent call last) File "../t.py", line 9, in <module> asyncio.run(main(), debug=True) < .. > File "../t.py", line 7, in main test() test() The usual fix is to either await the coroutine or call the :meth:`asyncio.create_task` function:: async def main(): await test() Detect never-retrieved exceptions ================================= If a :meth:`Future.set_exception` is called but the Future object is never awaited on, the exception would never be propagated to the user code. In this case, asyncio would emit a log message when the Future object is garbage collected. Example of an unhandled exception:: import asyncio async def bug(): raise Exception("not consumed") async def main(): asyncio.create_task(bug()) asyncio.run(main()) Output:: Task exception was never retrieved future: <Task finished coro=<bug() done, defined at test.py:3> exception=Exception('not consumed')> Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 4, in bug raise Exception("not consumed") Exception: not consumed :ref:`Enable the debug mode <asyncio-debug-mode>` to get the traceback where the task was created:: asyncio.run(main(), debug=True) Output in debug mode:: Task exception was never retrieved future: <Task finished coro=<bug() done, defined at test.py:3> exception=Exception('not consumed') created at asyncio/tasks.py:321> source_traceback: Object created at (most recent call last): File "../t.py", line 9, in <module> asyncio.run(main(), debug=True) < .. > Traceback (most recent call last): File "../t.py", line 4, in bug raise Exception("not consumed") Exception: not consumed
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