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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <!-- This file documents the installation and use of the programs in Web2c, an implementation of Donald Knuth's TeX system. Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010-2021 Karl Berry & Olaf Weber. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation --> <!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.7, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>Web2c: A TeX implementation</title> <meta name="description" content="Web2c: A TeX implementation"> <meta name="keywords" content="Web2c: A TeX implementation"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> <link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> <link href="#Index" rel="index" title="Index"> <link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> <link href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml" rel="up" title="(dir)"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} kbd {font-style: oblique} pre.display {font-family: inherit} pre.format {font-family: inherit} pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} --> </style> </head> <body lang="en"> <h1 class="settitle" align="center">Web2c: A TeX implementation</h1> <span id="SEC_Contents"></span> <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2> <div class="contents"> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Installation-1" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-configure-options-1" href="#configure-options">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Compile_002dtime-options-1" href="#Compile_002dtime-options">2.2 Compile-time options</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Additional-targets-1" href="#Additional-targets">2.3 Additional targets</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests" href="#Triptrap">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Commonalities-1" href="#Commonalities">3 Commonalities</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Option-conventions-1" href="#Option-conventions">3.1 Option conventions</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Common-options-1" href="#Common-options">3.2 Common options</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Path-searching-1" href="#Path-searching">3.3 Path searching</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Output-file-location-1" href="#Output-file-location">3.4 Output file location</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX" href="#Three-programs">4 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Runtime-options-1" href="#Runtime-options">4.1 Runtime options</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Initial-and-virgin-1" href="#Initial-and-virgin">4.2 Initial and virgin</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Memory-dumps-1" href="#Memory-dumps">4.3 Memory dumps</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Creating-memory-dumps-1" href="#Creating-memory-dumps">4.3.1 Creating memory dumps</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">4.3.2 Determining the memory dump to use</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1" href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">4.3.3 Hardware and memory dumps</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Editor-invocation-1" href="#Editor-invocation">4.4 Editor invocation</a></li> <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-filenames-1" href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">4.5 <code>\input</code> filenames</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-quoted-filename_003a-_005cinput-_0022some-name_0022" href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename">4.5.1 <code>\input</code> quoted filename: <code>\input "some name"</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-braced-filename_003a-_005cinput_007bsome-name_007d" href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">4.5.2 <code>\input</code> braced filename: <code>\input{some name}</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-filename-caveats-1" href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">4.5.3 <code>\input</code> filename caveats</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-TeX_003a-Typesetting" href="#TeX">5 TeX: Typesetting</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-tex-invocation-1" href="#tex-invocation">5.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Initial-TeX-1" href="#Initial-TeX">5.2 Initial TeX</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Formats-1" href="#Formats">5.3 Formats</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Languages-and-hyphenation-1" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">5.4 Languages and hyphenation</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX" href="#MLTeX">5.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions" href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">5.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</a></li> <li><a id="toc-_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics" href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">5.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-TCX-files_003a-Character-translations" href="#TCX-files">5.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns" href="#patgen-invocation">5.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Shell-escapes-1" href="#Shell-escapes">5.5 Shell escapes</a></li> <li><a id="toc-IPC-and-TeX-1" href="#IPC-and-TeX">5.6 IPC and TeX</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Extended-TeX-engines" href="#TeX-extensions">5.7 Extended TeX engines</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families" href="#Metafont">6 Metafont: Creating typeface families</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-mf-invocation-1" href="#mf-invocation">6.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Initial-Metafont-1" href="#Initial-Metafont">6.2 Initial Metafont</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont" href="#Modes">6.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Online-Metafont-graphics-1" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">6.4 Online Metafont graphics</a></li> <li><a id="toc-GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts" href="#gftodvi-invocation">6.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a></li> <li><a id="toc-MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source" href="#mft-invocation">6.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-MetaPost_003a-Generating-PostScript" href="#MetaPost">7 MetaPost: Generating PostScript</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-mpost-invocation-1" href="#mpost-invocation">7.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Initial-MetaPost-1" href="#Initial-MetaPost">7.2 Initial MetaPost</a></li> <li><a id="toc-DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion" href="#dvitomp-invocation">7.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies" href="#BibTeX">8 BibTeX: Bibliographies</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-BibTeX-invocation" href="#bibtex-invocation">8.1 BibTeX invocation</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1" href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">8.2 Basic BibTeX style files</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-WEB_003a-Literate-programming" href="#WEB">9 WEB: Literate programming</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal" href="#tangle-invocation">9.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX" href="#weave-invocation">9.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files" href="#pooltype-invocation">9.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-DVI-utilities-1" href="#DVI-utilities">10 DVI utilities</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references" href="#dvicopy-invocation">10.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</a></li> <li><a id="toc-DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files" href="#dvitype-invocation">10.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-DVItype-output-example" href="#dvitype-output-example">10.2.1 DVItype output example</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Font-utilities-1" href="#Font-utilities">11 Font utilities</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Font-file-formats-1" href="#Font-file-formats">11.1 Font file formats</a></li> <li><a id="toc-GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion" href="#gftopk-invocation">11.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a></li> <li><a id="toc-PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion" href="#pktogf-invocation">11.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a></li> <li><a id="toc-PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts" href="#pktype-invocation">11.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a></li> <li><a id="toc-GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts" href="#gftype-invocation">11.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a></li> <li><a id="toc-TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion" href="#tftopl-invocation">11.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a></li> <li><a id="toc-PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion" href="#pltotf-invocation">11.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a></li> <li><a id="toc-VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists" href="#vftovp-invocation">11.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a></li> <li><a id="toc-VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font" href="#vptovf-invocation">11.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1" href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">11.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Legalisms-1" href="#Legalisms">Appendix A Legalisms</a></li> <li><a id="toc-References-1" href="#References">Appendix B References</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <span id="Top"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Web2c"></span><h1 class="top">Web2c</h1> <p>This document describes how to install and use the programs in the Web2c implementation of the TeX system, especially for Unix systems. It corresponds to Web2c version 2021, released in February 2021. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A brief introduction. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Installation" accesskey="2">Installation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile and install Web2c. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="3">Commonalities</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Option syntax, standard options, memory dumps. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="4">Three programs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">TeX, Metafont, MetaPost have much in common. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX" accesskey="5">TeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Typesetting. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="6">Metafont</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Typeface design. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="7">MetaPost</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Technical illustrations. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="8">BibTeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Reusable bibliographies. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#WEB" accesskey="9">WEB</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Literate programming. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI expansion. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Font format conversion. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Blah blah blah. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#References">References</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Books and such. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Introduction"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Introduction-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2> <span id="index-introduction"></span> <p>This manual corresponds to version 2021 of Web2c, released in February 2021. </p> <span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-Web2c-implementation-of"></span> <span id="index-Hobby_002c-John"></span> <span id="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter"></span> <p><em>Web2c</em> is the name of a TeX implementation, originally for Unix, but now also running under various operating systems. By <em>TeX implementation</em>, we mean all of the standard programs developed by the Stanford TeX project directed by Donald E. Knuth: Metafont, DVItype, GFtoDVI, BibTeX, Tangle, etc., as well as TeX itself. Other programs are also included: DVIcopy, written by Peter Breitenlohner, MetaPost and its utilities (derived from Metafont), by John Hobby, etc. </p> <span id="index-translation-from-WEB-to-C"></span> <span id="index-strategy_002c-overall"></span> <p>General strategy: Web2c works, as its name implies, by translating the WEB source in which TeX is written into C source code. Its output is not self-contained, however; it makes extensive use of many macros and functions in a library (the <samp>web2c/lib</samp> directory in the sources). Therefore, it will not work without change on an arbitrary WEB program. </p> <span id="index-licensing-terms"></span> <span id="index-freedom-of-Web2c"></span> <span id="index-ice-cream"></span> <p>Availability: All of Web2c is freely available—“free” both in the sense of no cost (free ice cream) and of having the source code to modify and/or redistribute (free speech). See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>, for the practical details of how to obtain Web2c. </p> <p>Different parts of the Web2c distribution have different licensing terms, however, reflecting the different circumstances of their creation; consult each source file for exact details. The main practical implication for redistributors of Web2c is that most of the executables are covered by the GNU General Public License or GNU Lesser General Public License, and therefore anyone who gets a binary distribution must also be able to get the sources, as explained by the terms of the GPL (<a href="https://gnu.org/licenses/">https://gnu.org/licenses/</a>. The GPL covers the Web2c executables, including <code>tex</code>, because the Free Software Foundation sponsored the initial development of the Kpathsea library that Web2c uses. The basic source files from Stanford, however, have their own copyright terms or are in the public domain, and are not covered by the GPL. </p> <span id="index-history"></span> <span id="index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas"></span> <span id="index-Trickey_002c-Howard"></span> <span id="index-Curtis_002c-Pavel"></span> <span id="index-Morgan_002c-Tim"></span> <span id="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></span> <span id="index-Weber_002c-Olaf"></span> <p>History: Tomas Rokicki originated the TeX-to-C system in 1987, working from the first change files for TeX under Unix, which were done primarily by Howard Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan then took over development and maintenance for a number of years; the name changed to Web-to-C somewhere in there. In 1990, Karl Berry became the maintainer. He made many changes to the original sources, and started using the shorter name Web2c. In 1997, Olaf Weber took over, and then in 2006, Karl started taking care of it again. No significant development or changes have been needed for many years. Dozens of other people have contributed; their names are listed in the <samp>ChangeLog</samp> files. </p> <span id="index-acknowledgements"></span> <span id="index-Martin_002c-Rick"></span> <span id="index-Morris_002c-Bob"></span> <span id="index-Stallman_002c-Richard"></span> <p>Other acknowledgements by Karl: The University of Massachusetts at Boston (particularly Rick Martin and Bob Morris) provided computers and ftp access to me for many years. Richard Stallman at the Free Software Foundation employed me while I wrote the original path searching library (for the GNU font utilities). (rms also gave us Emacs, GDB, and GCC, without which I cannot imagine developing Web2c.) And, of course, TeX would not exist in the first place without Donald E. Knuth. </p> <span id="index-reading_002c-additional"></span> <p>Further reading: See <a href="#References">References</a>. </p> <hr> <span id="Installation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commonalities</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Installation-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Installation</h2> <span id="index-configuration"></span> <span id="index-compilation"></span> <span id="index-installation"></span> <p>(A copy of this chapter is in the distribution file <samp>web2c/INSTALL</samp>.) </p> <p>Installing Web2c is mostly the same as installing any other Kpathsea-using program. Therefore, for the basic steps involved, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. (A copy is in the file <samp>kpathsea/INSTALL</samp>.) </p> <p>One peculiarity to Web2c is that the source distribution comes in two files: <samp>web.tar.gz</samp> and <samp>web2c.tar.gz</samp>. You must retrieve and unpack them both. (We have two because the former archive contains the very large and seldom-changing original WEB source files.) See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </p> <span id="index-mpost_002c-reason-for-name-change"></span> <p>Another peculiarity is the MetaPost program. Although it has been installed previously as <code>mp</code>, as of Web2c 7.0 the installed name is now <code>mpost</code>, to avoid conflict with the <code>mp</code> program that does prettyprinting. This approach was recommended by the MetaPost author, John Hobby. If you as the TeX administrator wish to make it available under its shorter name as well, you will have to set up a link or some such yourself. And of course individual users can do the same. </p> <p>For solutions to common installation problems and information on how to report a bug, see the file <samp>kpathsea/BUGS</samp> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Bugs">Bugs</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). See also the Web2c home page, <a href="http://www.tug.org/web2c">http://www.tug.org/web2c</a>. </p> <p>Points worth repeating: </p> <ul> <li> <span id="index-directory-structure"></span> <span id="index-basic-fonts-and-macros"></span> <span id="index-fonts_002c-basic"></span> <span id="index-macros_002c-basic"></span> Before starting the standard compilation and installation you must install the basic fonts, macros, and other library files. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </li><li> If you do not wish to use the standard file locations, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </li><li> Some Web2c features are enabled or disabled at <code>configure</code> time, as described in the first section below. </li></ul> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#configure-options" accesskey="1">configure options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Especially –with and –enable. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="2">Compile-time options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Unusual -D’s. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="3">Additional targets</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Breaking down the task. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="4">Triptrap</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Running the torture tests. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="configure-options"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compile-time options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="configure-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</h3> <span id="index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime"></span> <span id="index-compile_002dtime-options"></span> <span id="index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-options"></span> <p>This section gives pointers to descriptions of the ‘<samp>--with</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--enable</samp>’ <code>configure</code> arguments that Web2c accepts. Some are specific to Web2c, others are generic to all Kpathsea-using programs. </p> <p>For a list of all the options <code>configure</code> accepts, run ‘<samp>configure --help</samp>’. The generic options are listed first, and the package-specific options come last. </p> <p>For a description of the generic options (which mainly allow you to specify installation directories) and basic <code>configure</code> usage, see <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Invoking-configure">Running <code>configure</code> scripts</a> in <cite>Autoconf</cite>, a copy is in the file <samp>kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>--disable-dump-share</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Do not make fmt/base/mem files sharable across different endian architectures. See <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>--without-maketexmf-default</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--without-maketexpk-default</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--without-maketextfm-default</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-maketextex-default</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. The defaults are the inverse of the options, i.e., everything is enabled except <code>mktextex</code>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>--enable-shared</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Build Kpathsea as a shared library. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Shared-library">Shared library</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>--with-editor=<var>cmd</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Change the default editor invoked by the ‘<samp>e</samp>’ interactive command. See <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>--with-epsfwin</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-hp2627win</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-mftalkwin</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-nextwin</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-regiswin</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-suntoolswin</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-tektronixwin</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-unitermwin</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-x</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-x-toolkit=KIT</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-x11win</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--with-x11</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Define Metafont graphics support; by default, no graphics support is enabled. See <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>--x-includes=<var>dir</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>--x-libraries=<var>dir</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Define the locations of the X11 include files and libraries; by default, <code>configure</code> does its best to guess). See <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a> in <cite>Autoconf</cite>. A copy is in <samp>kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Compile_002dtime-options"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional targets</a>, Previous: <a href="#configure-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">configure options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Compile_002dtime-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Compile-time options</h3> <span id="index-compile_002dtime-options-1"></span> <span id="index-_0023define-options"></span> <span id="index-_002dD-compiler-options"></span> <p>In addition to the <code>configure</code> options listed in the previous section, there are a few things that can be affected at compile-time with C definitions, rather than with <code>configure</code>. Using any of these is unusual. </p> <p>To specify extra compiler flags (‘<samp>-D<var>name</var></samp>’ in this case), the simplest thing to do is: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">make XCFLAGS="<var>ccoptions</var>" </pre></div> <p>You can also set the <code>CFLAGS</code> environment variable before running <code>configure</code>. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#configure-environment">configure environment</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </p> <p>Anyway, here are the possibilities: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-DFIXPT</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-DNO_MF_ASM</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-FIXPT"></span> <span id="index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic"></span> <span id="index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic"></span> <span id="index-assembly-language-routines"></span> <span id="index-fraction-routines"></span> <p>Use the original WEB fixed-point routines for Metafont and MetaPost arithmetic calculations regarding fractions. By default, assembly-language routines are used on x86 hardware with GNU C (unless ‘<samp>NO_MF_ASM</samp>’ is defined), and floating-point routines are used otherwise. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-DIPC_DEBUG</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-IPC_005fDEBUG"></span> <p>Report on various interprocess communication activities. See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Additional-targets"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="n" rel="next">Triptrap</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compile-time options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Additional-targets-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 Additional targets</h3> <span id="index-additional-Make-targets"></span> <span id="index-targets_002c-additional-Make"></span> <span id="index-Make-targets_002c-additional"></span> <p>Web2c has several Make targets besides the standard ones. You can invoke these either in the top level directory of the source distribution (the one containing <samp>kpathsea/</samp> and <samp>web2c/</samp>), or in the <samp>web2c/</samp> directory. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>c-sources</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target"></span> <span id="index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on"></span> <p>Make only the C files, translated from the Web sources, presumably because you want to take them to a non-Unix machine. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>formats</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>install-formats</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-formats-Make-target"></span> <span id="index-install_002dformats-Make-target"></span> <p>Make or install all the memory dumps (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). By default, the standard plain formats plus <samp>latex.fmt</samp> are made. You can add other formats by redefining the <code>fmts</code>, <code>bases</code>, and <code>mems</code> variables. See the top of <samp>web2c/Makefile</samp> for the possibilities. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>fmts</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>install-fmts</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-fmts-Make-target"></span> <span id="index-install_002dfmts-Make-target"></span> <p>Make or install the TeX <samp>.fmt</samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>bases</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>install-bases</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-bases-Make-target"></span> <span id="index-install_002dbases-Make-target"></span> <p>Make or install the Metafont <samp>.base</samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>mems</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>install-mems</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-mems-Make-target"></span> <span id="index-install_002dmems-Make-target"></span> <p>Make or install the MetaPost <samp>.mem</samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>triptrap</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>trip</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>trap</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>mptrap</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-triptrap-Make-target"></span> <span id="index-trip-Make-target"></span> <span id="index-trap-Make-target"></span> <span id="index-mptrap-Make-target"></span> <p>To run the torture tests for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost (respectively). See the next section. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Triptrap"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional targets</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</h3> <span id="index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat"></span> <span id="index-trip-test"></span> <span id="index-trap-test"></span> <span id="index-mptrap-test"></span> <span id="index-torture-tests"></span> <span id="index-tripman_002etex"></span> <span id="index-trapman_002etex"></span> <span id="index-mptrap_002ereadme"></span> <p>To validate your TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost executables, run ‘<samp>make triptrap</samp>’. This runs the trip, trap, and mptrap “torture tests”. See the files <samp>triptrap/tripman.tex</samp>, <samp>triptrap/trapman.tex</samp>, and <samp>triptrap/mptrap.readme</samp> for detailed information and background on the tests. </p> <p>The differences between your executables’ behavior and the standard values will show up on your terminal. The usual differences (these are all acceptable) are: </p> <ul> <li> string usage and table sizes; </li><li> glue set ratios; </li><li> ‘<samp>down4</samp>’, ‘<samp>right4</samp>’, and ‘<samp>y4</samp>’ commands in DVItype output; </li><li> dates and times. </li></ul> <p>Any other differences are trouble. The most common culprit in the past has been compiler bugs, especially when optimizing. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </p> <p>The files <samp>trip.diffs</samp>, <samp>mftrap.diffs</samp>, and <samp>mptrap.diffs</samp> in the <samp>triptrap</samp> directory show the standard diffs against the original output. If you diff your diffs against these files, you should come up clean. For example </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">make trip >&mytrip.diffs diff triptrap/trip.diffs mytrip.diffs </pre></div> <p>To run the tests separately, use the targets <code>trip</code>, <code>trap</code>, and <code>mptrap</code>. </p> <p>To run simple tests for all the programs as well as the torture tests, run ‘<samp>make check</samp>’. You can compare the output to the distributed file <samp>tests/check.log</samp> if you like. </p> <hr> <span id="Commonalities"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Three programs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Commonalities-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Commonalities</h2> <span id="index-commonalities"></span> <p>Many aspects of the TeX system are the same among more than one program, so we describe those pieces together, here. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Option-conventions" accesskey="1">Option conventions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">– or -, = or ‘ ’ for values. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="2">Common options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">–help –version –verbose, and TeX/MF/MP options. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="3">Path searching</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Features of the common path searching library. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="4">Output file location</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">TEXMFOUTPUT allows output in places other than ‘.’. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Option-conventions"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Common options</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Option-conventions-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.1 Option conventions</h3> <span id="index-option-conventions"></span> <span id="index-conventions-for-options_002c"></span> <span id="index-getopt_005flong_005fonly"></span> <p>To provide a clean and consistent behavior, we chose to have all these programs use the GNU function <code>getopt_long_only</code> to parse command lines. However, we do use in a restricted mode, where all the options have to come before the rest of the arguments. </p> <span id="index-_002d-starts-option-names"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002d-starts-option-names"></span> <p>As a result, you can: </p><ul> <li> use ‘<samp>-</samp>’ or ‘<samp>--</samp>’ to start an option name; </li><li> use any unambiguous abbreviation for an option name; </li><li> separate option names and values with either ‘<samp>=</samp>’ or one or more spaces; </li><li> <span id="index-_002d-starting-a-filename"></span> <span id="index-filenames-starting-with-_002d"></span> use filenames that would otherwise look like options by putting them after an option ‘<samp>--</samp>’. </li></ul> <p>By convention, non-option arguments, if specified, generally define the name of an input file, as documented for each program. </p> <p>If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is the last value that counts. </p> <p>For example, the following command line specifies the options ‘<samp>foo</samp>’, ‘<samp>bar</samp>’, and ‘<samp>verbose</samp>’; gives the value ‘<samp>baz</samp>’ to the ‘<samp>abc</samp>’ option, and the value ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ to the ‘<samp>quux</samp>’ option; and specifies the filename <samp>-myfile-</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">-foo --bar -verb -abc=baz -quux karl --quux xyz -- -myfile- </pre></div> <hr> <span id="Common-options"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Option-conventions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Option conventions</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Common-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.2 Common options</h3> <span id="index-common-options"></span> <p>All of these programs accept the standard GNU ‘<samp>--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’ options, and several programs accept ‘<samp>--verbose</samp>’. Rather than writing identical descriptions for every program, they are described here. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>--help</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d_002dhelp-common-option"></span> <span id="index-help_002c-online"></span> <p>Print a usage message listing basic usage and all available options to standard output, then exit successfully. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>--verbose</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d_002dverbose-common-option"></span> <span id="index-verbosity_002c-enabling"></span> <p>Print progress reports to standard output. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>--version</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d_002dversion-common-option"></span> <span id="index-version-number_002c-finding"></span> <p>Print the version number to standard output, then exit successfully. </p></dd> </dl> <p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of additional options in common: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-cnf-line=<var>str</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dcnf_002dline"></span> <p>Parse <var>str</var> as if it were a line in the <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> configuration file, overriding all other settings. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-file-line-error</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror"></span> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-no-file-line-error</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror"></span> <span id="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle"></span> <span id="index-changing-error-messages-style"></span> <p>Change (or do not change) the way error messages are printed. The alternate style looks like error messages from many compilers and is easier to parse for some editors that invoke TeX. This option used to be called ‘<samp>-file-line-error-style</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-fmt=<var>dumpname</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-base=<var>dumpname</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-mem=<var>dumpname</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dfmt_003ddumpname"></span> <span id="index-_002dbase_003ddumpname"></span> <span id="index-_002dmem_003ddumpname"></span> <span id="index-dump-file"></span> <p>Use <var>dumpname</var> instead of the program name or a ‘<samp>%&</samp>’ line to determine the name of the memory dump file read (‘<samp>fmt</samp>’ for TeX, ‘<samp>base</samp>’ for Metafont, ‘<samp>mem</samp>’ for MetaPost). See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>. Also sets the program name to <var>dumpname</var> if no ‘<samp>-progname</samp>’ option was given. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-halt-on-error</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dhalt_002don_002derror"></span> <span id="index-stopping-at-the-first-error"></span> <p>Stop processing and exit when an error occurs, as opposed to the normal process of trying to recover and continue. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-ini</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dini"></span> <span id="index-program-names_002c-special"></span> <span id="index-initial-form_002c-enabling"></span> <p>Enable the “initial” form of the program (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>). This is implicitly set if the program name is <code>initex</code> resp. <code>inimf</code>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-interaction=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dinteraction_003dstring"></span> <span id="index-interaction-mode"></span> <p>Set the interaction mode from the command line. The <var>string</var> must be one of ‘<samp>batchmode</samp>’, ‘<samp>nonstopmode</samp>’, ‘<samp>scrollmode</samp>’, or ‘<samp>errorstopmode</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-jobname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002djobname_003dstring"></span> <span id="index-job-name"></span> <p>Set the job name to <var>string</var>, instead of deriving it from the name of the input file. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-kpathsea-debug=<var>number</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003dnumber"></span> <span id="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"></span> <span id="index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying"></span> <span id="index-path-searching-debugging"></span> <p>Set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of <var>number</var> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Debugging">Debugging</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). You can also specify this in <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> environment variable (for all Web2c programs). (The command line value overrides.) The most useful value is ‘<samp>-1</samp>’, to get all available output. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-output-directory=<var>dirname</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002doutput_002ddirectory"></span> <span id="index-output-directory_002c-specifying"></span> <p>Specify the directory <var>dirname</var> to which output files are written. Also look for input files in <var>dirname</var> first, before looking along the normal search path. See <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-parse-first-line</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"></span> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-no-parse-first-line</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"></span> <span id="index-parsing-the-first-line"></span> <p>Check or disable checking whether the first line of the main input file starts with ‘<samp>%&</samp>’, and parse it if it does. This line can be used specify the format and/or a TCX file. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-progname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dprogname_003dstring"></span> <span id="index-binaries_002c-linking"></span> <span id="index-linking-binaries"></span> <span id="index-program-names_002c-special-1"></span> <p>Set program (and memory dump) name to <var>string</var>. This may affect the search paths and other values used (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Using this option is equivalent to making a link named <var>string</var> to the binary and then invoking the binary under that name. See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-recorder</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002drecorder"></span> <span id="index-file-recorder"></span> <p>Enable the filename recorder. This makes the program save a list of the opened files into a file with (by default) extension ‘<samp>.fls</samp>’. For Aleph, this option is always on, and the file has extension ‘<samp>.ofl</samp>’. </p> <p>Ordinarily, the ‘<samp>.fls</samp>’ file is written to the same location as the ‘<samp>.log</samp>’ file, for example, respecting <samp>-output-directory</samp> if it is given (see <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>). However, if TeX processing is done on the command line (or in response to the ‘<samp>**</samp>’ prompt), the ‘<samp>.fls</samp>’ might be written to the current directory, or include an integer (the current pid), as in <samp>texput1234.fls</samp>. You can use <samp>-jobname</samp> to explicitly set the basename. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dtranslate_002dfile_003dtcxfile"></span> <span id="index-translation-file-for-TeX_002c-specifying"></span> <span id="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files"></span> <span id="index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file"></span> <p>Use <var>tcxfile</var> to define which characters are printable and translations between the internal and external character sets. Moreover, <var>tcxfile</var> can be explicitly declared in the first line of the main input file ‘<samp>%& -translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></samp>’. This is the recommended method for portability reasons. See <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d8bit"></span> <span id="index-8-bit-clean"></span> <span id="index-8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying"></span> <p>This option specifies that by default all characters should be considered printable. If ‘<samp>-translate-file</samp>’ was given as well, then the TCX file may mark characters as non-printable. This is a no-op in engines natively supporting Unicode. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Path-searching"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output file location</a>, Previous: <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Common options</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Path-searching-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.3 Path searching</h3> <span id="index-path-searching"></span> <span id="index-texmf_002ecnf"></span> <span id="index-configuration-file-reading"></span> <p>All of the Web2c programs, including TeX, which do path searching use the Kpathsea routines to do so. The precise names of the environment and configuration file variables which get searched for particular file formatted are therefore documented in the Kpathsea manual (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Reading <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), invoking <code>mktex…</code> scripts (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), and so on are all handled by Kpathsea. </p> <span id="index-font-aliases"></span> <span id="index-aliases-for-fonts"></span> <span id="index-texfonts_002emap"></span> <p>The programs which read fonts make use of another Kpathsea feature: <samp>texfonts.map</samp>, which allows arbitrary aliases for the actual names of font files; for example, ‘<samp>Times-Roman</samp>’ for ‘<samp>ptmr8r.tfm</samp>’. The distributed (and installed by default) <samp>texfonts.map</samp> includes aliases for many widely available PostScript fonts by their PostScript names. </p> <hr> <span id="Output-file-location"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Output-file-location-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.4 Output file location</h3> <span id="index-output-file-location"></span> <span id="index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output"></span> <span id="index-_002e_002c-used-for-output"></span> <p>All the programs generally follow the usual convention for output files. Namely, they are placed in the directory current when the program is run, regardless of any input file location; or, in a few cases, output is to standard output. </p> <p>For example, if you run ‘<samp>tex /tmp/foo</samp>’, for example, the output will be in <samp>./foo.dvi</samp> and <samp>./foo.log</samp>, not <samp>/tmp/foo.dvi</samp> and <samp>/tmp/foo.log</samp>. </p> <span id="index-_002doutput_002ddirectory-1"></span> <span id="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-1"></span> <span id="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in"></span> <p>You can use the ‘<samp>-output-directory</samp>’ option to cause all output files that would normally be written in the current directory to be written in the specified directory instead. See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>. </p> <span id="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-if-_002e-unwritable"></span> <span id="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in-1"></span> <p>If the current directory is not writable, and ‘<samp>-output-directory</samp>’ is not specified, the main programs (TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and BibTeX) make an exception: if the config file or environment variable value <code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set (it is not by default), output files are written to the directory specified. </p> <span id="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-for-reading"></span> <p><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is also checked for input files, as TeX often generates files that need to be subsequently read; for input, no suffixes (such as ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’) are added by default and no exhaustive path searching is done, the input name is simply checked as given. </p> <hr> <span id="Three-programs"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commonalities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</h2> <span id="index-three-programs"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost"></span> <span id="index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX"></span> <span id="index-MetaPost_002c-TeX_002c-and-Metafont"></span> <p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of features in common. Besides the ones here, command-line options and other commonalities are described in the previous section. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Runtime-options" accesskey="1">Runtime options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> configuration file. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="2">Initial and virgin</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making memory dumps vs. production runs. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="3">Memory dumps</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">.fmt/.base files for fast startup. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="4">Editor invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The ‘e’ response at errors. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="5">\input filenames</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Filename delimiters and Kpathsea expansion. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Runtime-options"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial and virgin</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Runtime-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 Runtime options</h3> <span id="index-runtime-options"></span> <span id="index-configuration-file-values"></span> <span id="index-array-sizes"></span> <span id="index-texmf_002ecnf-1"></span> <p>Besides the configure- and compile-time options described in the installation section (see <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>), you can control a number of parameters in the <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> runtime file read by Kpathsea (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). </p> <p>The main purpose of <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> is to specify search paths, but array sizes and other options are also set there. Most are rather obscure. Here are a few of the more interesting values: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>main_memory</samp>’ <span id="index-main_005fmemory"></span> </dt> <dd><p>Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. Must remake the format file after changing. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>extra_mem_bot</samp>’ <span id="index-extra_005fmem_005fbot"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-boxes_002c-memory-for"></span> <span id="index-glue_002c-memory-for"></span> <span id="index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for"></span> <span id="index-PiCTeX_002c-increasing-memory-for"></span> <p>Extra space for “large” TeX data structures (default 0): boxes, glue, breakpoints, et al. If you use PiCTeX, you may well want to set this. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>expand_depth</samp>’ <span id="index-expand_005fdepth"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-recursive-expansion-limit"></span> <span id="index-expansion-limit_002c-recursive"></span> <span id="index-runtime-stack-overflow"></span> <span id="index-overflow_002c-of-runtime-stack"></span> <span id="index-segmentation-fault"></span> <span id="index-SIGSEGV"></span> <p>Limit on recursive expansion calls before TeX aborts (default 10000). If a TeX program does an unterminated recursive expansion, TeX will dutifully expand macros until the system’s runtime stack overflows, typically with a segmentation fault (SIGSEGV). This parameter was introduced to minimize the chance of that unpleasant (though not dangerous) crash, instead allowing TeX to quit with a more informative message. </p> <span id="index-libsigsegv-library"></span> <p>The crash can still happen, though, if the system has an exceptionally small memory allocation for its stack. There is no quantitative way to determine the limit, and it does not seem worth implementing system-dependent heuristics to guess at the number, since it’s highly improbable that any real TeX code will ever need more than 10000 recursive expansions (it has never happened). For the same reason, using the libsigsegv library (<a href="https://gnu.org/s/libsigsegv">https://gnu.org/s/libsigsegv</a>) does not seem worth the effort. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>texmf_casefold_search</samp>’ <span id="index-texmf_005fcasefold_005fsearch"></span> </dt> <dd><p>See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Casefolding-search">Casefolding search</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </p> </dd> </dl> <span id="index-array-limit_002c-fixed"></span> <span id="index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit"></span> <span id="index-reallocation-of-arrays"></span> <span id="index-dynamic-array-allocation"></span> <p>Ideally all arrays would be dynamically expanded as necessary, so the only limiting factor would be the amount of swap space available, or some configurable limit much larger than can currently be supported. </p> <p>Unfortunately, implementing this is extremely difficult, as the fixed size of arrays is assumed in many places throughout the source code. These runtime limits are a practical compromise between the compile-time limits in previous versions, and truly dynamic arrays. (On the other hand, the Web2c BibTeX implementation does do true dynamic reallocation of some arrays.) </p> <span id="index-modifying-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live"></span> <span id="index-location-of-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live"></span> <p>Nowadays there is rarely a reason to modify the values. But if you do wish to modify <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, in TeX Live the best approach is to put your changes, and only your changes at the top of the TL installation tree. That is, if the system <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> is installed in <samp>/some/path/to/texlive/YYYY/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</samp> is put your custom settings in <samp>/some/path/to/texlive/YYY/texmf.cnf</samp>, where <var>YYYY</var> is the year of installation (if you use that subdirectory; it’s the default). That way, unrelated changes to the system <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> can happen with normal updates, without affecting your local values. </p> <hr> <span id="Initial-and-virgin"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="n" rel="next">Memory dumps</a>, Previous: <a href="#Runtime-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Runtime options</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Initial-and-virgin-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Initial and virgin</h3> <span id="index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin"></span> <p>The TeX and Metafont programs each have two main variants, called <em>initial</em> and <em>virgin</em>. MetaPost no longer makes this distinction. </p> <p>The initial form is enabled if: </p><ol> <li> <span id="index-_002dini-1"></span> the ‘<samp>-ini</samp>’ option was specified; or </li><li> the program name is <samp>initex</samp> resp. <samp>inimf</samp>; or </li><li> the first line of the main input file is ‘<samp>%&ini</samp>’; </li></ol> <p>otherwise, the virgin form is used. </p> <span id="index-virgin-programs"></span> <span id="index-production-use"></span> <p>The <em>virgin</em> form is the one generally invoked for production use. The first thing it does is read a memory dump (see <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a>), and then proceeds on with the main job. </p> <span id="index-initial-programs"></span> <span id="index-initializations_002c-lengthy"></span> <p>The <em>initial</em> form is generally used only to create memory dumps (see the next section). It starts up more slowly than the virgin form, because it must do lengthy initializations that are encapsulated in the memory dump file. </p> <hr> <span id="Memory-dumps"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Editor invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial and virgin</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Memory-dumps-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Memory dumps</h3> <span id="index-memory-dumps"></span> <span id="index-dumping-memory"></span> <span id="index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps"></span> <span id="index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps"></span> <p>In typical use, TeX and Metafont require a large number of macros to be predefined; therefore, they support <em>memory dump</em> files, which can be read much more efficiently than ordinary source code. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps" accesskey="1">Creating memory dumps</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="2">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps" accesskey="3">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Creating-memory-dumps"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="n" rel="next">Determining the memory dump to use</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Creating-memory-dumps-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 Creating memory dumps</h4> <span id="index-memory-dumps_002c-creating"></span> <span id="index-creating-memory-dumps"></span> <span id="index-writing-memory-dumps"></span> <p>The programs all create memory dumps in slightly idiosyncratic (thought substantially similar) way, so we describe the details in separate sections (references below). The basic idea is to run the initial version of the program (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), read the source file to define the macros, and then execute the <code>\dump</code> primitive. </p> <p>Also, each program uses a different filename extension for its memory dumps, since although they are completely analogous they are not interchangeable (TeX cannot read a Metafont memory dump, for example). </p> <p>Here is a list of filename extensions with references to examples of creating memory dumps: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>TeX</dt> <dd><p>(‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’) See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>Metafont</dt> <dd><p>(‘<samp>.base</samp>’) See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>. </p></dd> </dl> <p>When making memory dumps, the programs read environment variables and configuration files for path searching and other values as usual. If you are making a new installation and have environment variables pointing to an old one, for example, you will probably run into difficulties. </p> <hr> <span id="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hardware and memory dumps</a>, Previous: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Creating memory dumps</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 Determining the memory dump to use</h4> <span id="index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining"></span> <span id="index-fmt-file_002c-determining"></span> <span id="index-base-file_002c-determining"></span> <span id="index-mem-file_002c-determining"></span> <p>The virgin form (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>) of each program always reads a memory dump before processing normal source input. All three programs determine the memory dump to use in the same way: </p> <ol> <li> If the first non-option command-line argument begins with ‘<samp>&</samp>’, the program uses the remainder of that argument as the memory dump name. For example, running ‘<samp>tex \&super</samp>’ reads <samp>super.fmt</samp>. (The backslash protects the ‘<samp>&</samp>’ against interpretation by the shell.) </li><li> <span id="index-_002dfmt_003dfmt"></span> <span id="index-_002dbase_003dbase"></span> If the ‘<samp>-fmt</samp>’ resp. ‘<samp>-base</samp>’ option is specified, its value is used. </li><li> <span id="index-_002dprogname_003dstring-1"></span> If the ‘<samp>-progname</samp>’ option is specified, its value is used. </li><li> <span id="index-_0025_0026-magic-number"></span> If the first line of the main input file (which must be specified on the command line, not in response to ‘<samp>**</samp>’) is <code>%&<var>dump</var></code>, and <var>dump</var> is an existing memory dump of the appropriate type, <var>dump</var> is used. <p>The first line of the main input file can also specify which character translation file is to be used: <code>%&-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></code> (see <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>). </p> <p>These two roles can be combined: <code>%&<var>dump</var> -translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></code>. If this is done, the name of the dump must be given first. </p> </li><li> <span id="index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump"></span> <span id="index-links-to-binaries"></span> Otherwise, the program uses the program invocation name, most commonly <samp>tex</samp> resp. <samp>mf</samp>. For example, if <samp>latex</samp> is a link to <samp>tex</samp>, and the user runs ‘<samp>latex foo</samp>’, <samp>latex.fmt</samp> will be used. </li></ol> <hr> <span id="Hardware-and-memory-dumps"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Determining the memory dump to use</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.3 Hardware and memory dumps</h4> <span id="index-hardware-and-memory-dumps"></span> <span id="index-memory-dumps-and-hardware"></span> <span id="index-sharing-memory-dumps"></span> <span id="index-fmt-files_002c-sharing"></span> <span id="index-base-files_002c-sharing"></span> <span id="index-mem-files_002c-sharing"></span> <span id="index-LittleEndian-machines"></span> <span id="index-BigEndian-machines"></span> <span id="index-endian-dependencies"></span> <span id="index-machine-dependencies"></span> <span id="index-architecture-dependencies"></span> <span id="index-dependencies_002c-hardware"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-option"></span> <p>By default, memory dump files are generally sharable between architectures of different types; specifically, on machines of different endianness (see <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Byte-order">Byte order</a> in <cite>GNU C Library</cite>). (This is a feature of the Web2c implementation, and is not true of all TeX implementations.) If you specify ‘<samp>--disable-dump-share</samp>’ to <code>configure</code>, however, memory dumps will be endian-dependent. </p> <span id="index-byte-swapping"></span> <span id="index-swapping-bytes"></span> <p>The reason to do this is speed. To achieve endian-independence, the reading of memory dumps on LittleEndian architectures, such as PC’s and DEC architectures, is somewhat slowed (all the multibyte values have to be swapped). Usually, this is not noticeable, and the advantage of being able to share memory dumps across all platforms at a site far outweighs the speed loss. But if you’re installing Web2c for use on LittleEndian machines only, perhaps on a PC being used only by you, you may wish to get maximum speed. </p> <span id="index-floating_002dpoint-values"></span> <span id="index-glue-ratio-representations"></span> <p>TeXnically, even without ‘<samp>--disable-dump-share</samp>’, sharing of <samp>.fmt</samp> files cannot be guaranteed to work. Floating-point values are always written in native format, and hence will generally not be readable across platforms. Fortunately, TeX uses floating point only to represent glue ratios, and all common formats (plain, LaTeX, AMSTeX, …) do not do any glue setting at <samp>.fmt</samp>-creation time. Metafont does not use floating point in any dumped value at all. </p> <span id="index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps"></span> <span id="index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps"></span> <span id="index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time"></span> <p>Incidentally, different memory dump files will never compare equal byte-for-byte, because the program always dumps the current date and time. So don’t be alarmed by just a few bytes difference. </p> <span id="index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e"></span> <span id="index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e"></span> <p>If you don’t know what endianness your machine is, and you’re curious, here is a little C program to tell you. (The <code>configure</code> script contains a similar program.) This is from the book <cite>C: A Reference Manual</cite>, by Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele Jr. (see <a href="#References">References</a>). </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">main () { /* Are we little or big endian? From Harbison&Steele. */ union { long l; char c[sizeof (long)]; } u; u.l = 1; if (u.c[0] == 1) printf ("LittleEndian\n"); else if (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1) printf ("BigEndian\n"); else printf ("unknownEndian"); exit (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1); } </pre></div> <hr> <span id="Editor-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input filenames</a>, Previous: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Memory dumps</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Editor-invocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Editor invocation</h3> <span id="index-editor-invoked-at-error"></span> <span id="index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at"></span> <span id="index-e-response-at-error-prompt"></span> <p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost all (by default) stop and ask for user intervention at an error. If the input came from a file, and the user responds with <kbd>e</kbd> or <kbd>E</kbd>, the program invokes an editor. </p> <span id="index-TEXEDIT"></span> <span id="index-MFEDIT"></span> <span id="index-MPEDIT"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003dcmd"></span> <span id="index-texmf_002ecnf-for-editors"></span> <p>Specifying ‘<samp>--with-editor=<var>cmd</var></samp>’ to <code>configure</code> sets the default editor command string to <var>cmd</var>. The environment variables/configuration values <code>TEXEDIT</code>, <code>MFEDIT</code>, and <code>MPEDIT</code> (respectively) override this. If ‘<samp>--with-editor</samp>’ is not specified, the default is <code>vi +%d %s</code> on Unix, and an invocation of the TeXworks editor on Windows. (See <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> for the precise values.) </p> <p>In this string, ‘<samp>%d</samp>’ is replaced by the line number of the error, and ‘<samp>%s</samp>’ is replaced by the name of the current input file. </p> <hr> <span id="g_t_005cinput-filenames"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Editor invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="g_t_005cinput-filenames-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.5 <code>\input</code> filenames</h3> <span id="index-input-filenames"></span> <span id="index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files"></span> <span id="index-_005cinput-filenames"></span> <p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost source programs can all read other source files with the <code>\input</code> (TeX) and <code>input</code> (MF and MP) primitives: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\input <var>name</var> % in TeX </pre></div> <span id="index-space_002dterminated-filenames"></span> <span id="index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames"></span> <span id="index-terminator-for-filenames"></span> <p>The file <var>name</var> can always be terminated with whitespace; for Metafont and MetaPost, the statement terminator ‘<samp>;</samp>’ also works. (LaTeX and other macro packages provide other interfaces to <code>\input</code> that allow different notation; here we are concerned only with the primitive operation.) </p> <p>As (allowed) extensions to standard TeX, Web2c also supports specifying the filename in double quotes (<code>"some name"</code>) and in braces (<code>{"some name"}</code>), which is convenient for filenames containing spaces or other special characters, as described in the sections below. </p> <p>In all cases, space tokens are ignored after the filename is read. </p> <span id="index-_0022-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames"></span> <span id="index-double-quote-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames"></span> <p>Also, double quote (<code>"</code>) characters are ignored within the filename; there is no way to read files whose names contain a <code>"</code>. </p> <span id="index-portable-filenames"></span> <p>However, for maximal portability of your document across systems, use only the characters ‘<samp>a</samp>’–‘<samp>z</samp>’, ‘<samp>0</samp>’–‘<samp>9</samp>’, and at most one ‘<samp>.</samp>’. Do not use anything but simple filenames, since directory separators vary among systems; instead, add the necessary directories to the appropriate search path. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename" accesskey="1">Quotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">\input "some name" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename" accesskey="2">Braces</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">\input {some name} </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats" accesskey="3">Caveats</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tokenization, nulls, Kpathsea expansion. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input braced filename</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="u" rel="up">\input filenames</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename_003a-_005cinput-_0022some-name_0022"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.5.1 <code>\input</code> quoted filename: <code>\input "some name"</code></h4> <span id="index-_005cinput-quoted-filename"></span> <span id="index-quoted-filename-for-_005cinput"></span> <p>As of Web2c version 7.5.3 (2004), double-quote characters can be used to include spaces or other special characters. In typical use, the ‘<samp>"</samp>’ characters surround the entire filename: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\input "filename with spaces" </pre></div> <p>Technically, the quote characters can be used inside the name, and can enclose any characters, as in: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\input filename" "with" "spaces </pre></div> <p>One more point. In LaTeX, the quotes are needed inside the braces of its <code>\input</code> macro, thus: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\input{a b} % fails \input{"a b"} % ok </pre></div> <p>There is no way to quote the quote character. </p> <hr> <span id="g_t_005cinput-braced-filename"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input filename caveats</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\input quoted filename</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="u" rel="up">\input filenames</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="g_t_005cinput-braced-filename_003a-_005cinput_007bsome-name_007d"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.5.2 <code>\input</code> braced filename: <code>\input{some name}</code></h4> <span id="index-_005cinput-braced-_0028grouped_0029-filename"></span> <span id="index-braced-filename-for-_005cinput"></span> <span id="index-group_002ddelimited-filename-for-_005cinput"></span> <p>As of Web2c 2020, <code>\input</code> filenames in TeX engines (this does not apply in Metafont and MetaPost) can also be specified within a TeX group, typically curly braces. For example: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\input{filename with spaces} </pre></div> <p>As always with TeX, the brace characters are not hardwired; what counts is the category code: the first token after the <code>\input</code> must be of catcode 1 (begin group), and it is matched with the next character of catcode 2 (end group). </p> <p>Within the group-delimited filename, braces are treated as normal characters. </p> <p>As with all forms of filenames, following spaces are ignored (after the end group), and double quote (<code>"</code>) characters are ignored within the filename. </p> <hr> <span id="g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\input braced filename</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="u" rel="up">\input filenames</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.5.3 <code>\input</code> filename caveats</h4> <span id="index-_005cinput-filename-caveats"></span> <span id="index-caveats-for-_005cinput-filenames"></span> <span id="index-tokenization_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></span> <span id="index-expansion_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></span> <span id="index-multiple-spaces_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></span> <span id="index-tabs_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></span> <p>The quoting mechanisms just described come into play <em>after</em> TeX has tokenized and expanded the input. So, multiple spaces and tabs will generally be seen as a single space, active characters such as ‘<samp>~</samp>’ are expanded first (generally causing an error), and so on. More examples below. </p> <span id="index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames"></span> <span id="index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames"></span> <span id="index-meta-characters-in-filenames"></span> <p>On the other hand, various C library routines and Unix itself use the null byte (character code zero, ASCII NUL) to terminate strings. So filenames in Web2c cannot contain nulls, even though TeX itself does not treat NUL specially. </p> <span id="index-_007e-expansion-in-filenames"></span> <span id="index-_0024-expansion-in-filenames"></span> <p>Finally, the present Web2c implementation does ‘<samp>~</samp>’ and ‘<samp>$</samp>’ expansion on <var>name</var>, unlike Knuth’s original implementation. Thus: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\input ~jsmith/$foo.bar </pre></div> <p>will dereference the environment variable or Kpathsea config file value ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ and read that file, extended with ‘<samp>.bar</samp>’, in user ‘<samp>jsmith</samp>’’s home directory. You can also use braces in the variable expansion, as in ‘<samp>${foo}bar</samp>’, if you want to follow the variable name with a letter, numeral, or ‘<samp>_</samp>’. </p> <p>(So another way to get a program to read a filename containing whitespace is to define an environment variable and dereference it.) </p> <span id="index-_005cstring_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></span> <p>In all the common TeX formats (plain TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, AMSTeX, …), the characters ‘<samp>~</samp>’ and ‘<samp>$</samp>’ have special category codes, so to actually use these in a document you have to change their catcodes or use <code>\string</code>. </p> <hr> <span id="TeX"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="n" rel="next">Metafont</a>, Previous: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Three programs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="TeX_003a-Typesetting"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 TeX: Typesetting</h2> <span id="index-TeX_002c-description-of"></span> <span id="index-typesetting"></span> <span id="index-mathematical-typesetting"></span> <p>TeX is a typesetting system: it was especially designed to handle complex mathematics, as well as most ordinary text typesetting. </p> <span id="index-batch-languages"></span> <span id="index-word-processor_002c-not"></span> <p>TeX is a batch language, like C or Pascal, and not an interactive “word processor”: you compile a TeX input file into a corresponding device-independent (DVI) file (and then translate the DVI file to the commands for a particular output device). This approach has both considerable disadvantages and considerable advantages. For a complete description of the TeX language, see <cite>The TeXbook</cite> (see <a href="#References">References</a>). Many other books on TeX, introductory and otherwise, are available. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tex-invocation" accesskey="1">tex invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking TeX. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="2">Initial TeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making format files. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formats" accesskey="3">Formats</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Major TeX macro packages. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="4">Languages and hyphenation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">TeX supports many human languages. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="5">Shell escapes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Running subprograms from TeX. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="6">IPC and TeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI output to a socket. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="7">TeX extensions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Additional engines with additional features. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="tex-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="tex-invocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</h3> <span id="index-tex"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-invocation"></span> <p>TeX (usually invoked as <code>tex</code>) formats the given text and commands, and outputs a corresponding device-independent representation of the typeset document. This section merely describes the options available in the Web2c implementation. For a complete description of the TeX typesetting language, see <cite>The TeXbook</cite> (see <a href="#References">References</a>). </p> <p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost process the command line (described here) and determine their memory dump (fmt) file in the same way (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">tex [<var>option</var>]… [<var>texname</var>[.tex]] [<var>tex-commands</var>] tex [<var>option</var>]… \<var>first-line</var> tex [<var>option</var>]… &<var>fmt</var> <var>args</var> </pre></div> <span id="index-_002etex"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-input-files-found"></span> <p>TeX searches the usual places for the main input file <var>texname</var> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending <var>texname</var> with <samp>.tex</samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>After <var>texname</var> is read, TeX processes any remaining <var>tex-commands</var> on the command line as regular TeX input. Also, if the first non-option argument begins with a TeX escape character (usually <code>\</code>), TeX processes all non-option command-line arguments as a line of regular TeX input. </p> <p>If no arguments or options are specified, TeX prompts for an input file name with ‘<samp>**</samp>’. </p> <span id="index-texput"></span> <p>TeX writes the main DVI output to the file <samp><var>basetexname</var>.dvi</samp>, where <var>basetexname</var> is the basename of <var>texname</var>, or ‘<samp>texput</samp>’ if no input file was specified. A DVI file is a device-independent binary representation of your TeX document. The idea is that after running TeX, you translate the DVI file using a separate program to the commands for a particular output device, such as a PostScript printer (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) or an X Window System display (see xdvi(1)). </p> <span id="index-EC-fonts"></span> <span id="index-mktextfM_002c-disabling"></span> <span id="index-_005cfont-and-dynamic-generation"></span> <p>TeX also reads TFM files for any fonts you load in your document with the <code>\font</code> primitive. By default, it runs an external program named <samp>mktextfm</samp> to create any nonexistent TFM files. You can disable this at configure-time or runtime (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). This is enabled mostly for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size. </p> <span id="index-_005copenout-and-security"></span> <span id="index-security_002c-and-_005copenout"></span> <span id="index-output-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></span> <span id="index-Trojan-horses-and-TeX-programs"></span> <span id="index-dot-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></span> <span id="index-security_002c-and-output-files"></span> <p>TeX can write output files, via the <code>\openout</code> primitive; this opens a security hole vulnerable to Trojan horse attack: an unwitting user could run a TeX program that overwrites, say, <samp>~/.rhosts</samp>. (MetaPost has a <code>write</code> primitive with similar implications). To alleviate this and similar problems the functions <code>kpathsea_out_name_ok</code> and <code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code> from the Kpathse library (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>) are used to determine if a given filename is acceptable to be opened for output or input, depending on the setting of the configuration variables <code>openout_any</code> and <code>openin_any</code>: ‘<samp>a</samp>’ (for “any”, the default for <code>openin_any</code>), ‘<samp>r</samp>’ (for “restricted”), or ‘<samp>p</samp>’ (for “paranoid”, the default for <code>openout_any</code>). </p> <p>In any case, all <code>\openout</code> filenames are recorded in the log file, except those opened on the first line of input, which is processed when the log file has not yet been opened. </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-enc</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-[no]-file-line-error</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-fmt=<var>fmtname</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-halt-on-error</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-ini</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-interaction=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-ipc</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-ipc-start</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-jobname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-kpathsea-debug=<var>number</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-[no]parse-first-line</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-output-directory</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-progname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-recorder</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-enc</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002denc"></span> <span id="index-Unicode-input"></span> <span id="index-UTF_002d8-input"></span> <p>Enable encTeX extensions, such as <code>\mubyte</code>. This can be used to support the Unicode UTF-8 input encoding, although using an engine with native Unicode support is more common nowadays. <a href="http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html">http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-ipc</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-ipc-start</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dipc"></span> <span id="index-_002dipc_002dstart"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-option"></span> <p>With either option, TeX writes its DVI output to a socket as well as to the usual <samp>.dvi</samp> file. With ‘<samp>-ipc-start</samp>’, TeX also opens a server program at the other end to read the output. See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>. </p> <p>These options are available only if the ‘<samp>--enable-ipc</samp>’ option was specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></span> <span id="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></span> <p>Turn on or off the ‘<samp>mktex</samp>’ script associated with <var>filetype</var>. For TeX proper, <var>filetype</var> can only be ‘<samp>tex</samp>’ and ‘<samp>tfm</samp>’, but for pdfTeX and luaTeX, it can also be ‘<samp>pk</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-mltex</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmltex"></span> <span id="index-MLTeX_002c-enabling"></span> <span id="index-program-names_002c-special-2"></span> <p>If we are <code>INITEX</code> (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), enable MLTeX extensions such as <code>\charsubdef</code>. Implicitly set if the program name is <code>mltex</code>. See <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-output-comment=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002doutput_002dcomment_003dstring"></span> <span id="index-output_005fcomment-for-DVI-files"></span> <span id="index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying"></span> <span id="index-regression-testing"></span> <p>Use <var>string</var> as the DVI file comment. Ordinarily, this comment records the date and time of the TeX run, but if you are doing regression testing, you may not want the DVI file to have this spurious difference. This is also taken from the environment variable and config file value ‘<samp>output_comment</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-shell-escape</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dshell_002descape"></span> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-no-shell-escape</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dno_002dshell_002descape"></span> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-shell-restricted</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dshell_002drestricted"></span> <p>Enable, or disable, or enable with restrictions the <code>\write18{<var>shell-command</var>}</code> feature for external executing shell commands. See <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-enable-write18</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002denable_002dwrite18"></span> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-disable-write18</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002ddisable_002dwrite18"></span> <p>Synonyms for <samp>-shell-escape</samp> and <samp>-no-shell-escape</samp>, for compatibility with MiKTeX. (MiKTeX also accepts both pairs of options.) See <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-src-specials</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-src-specials=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-generating-source-specials"></span> <p>This option makes TeX output specific source information using ‘<samp>\special</samp>’ commands in the DVI file. These ‘<samp>\special</samp>’ track the current file name and line number. </p> <p>Using the first form of this option, the ‘<samp>\special</samp>’ commands are inserted automatically. </p> <p>In the second form of the option, <var>string</var> is a comma separated list of the following values: ‘<samp>cr</samp>’, ‘<samp>display</samp>’, ‘<samp>hbox</samp>’, ‘<samp>math</samp>’, ‘<samp>par</samp>’, ‘<samp>parend</samp>’, ‘<samp>vbox</samp>’. You can use this list to specify where you want TeX to output such commands. For example, ‘<samp>-src-specials=cr,math</samp>’ will output source information every line and every math formula. </p> <p>These commands can be used with the appropriate DVI viewer and text editor to switch from the current position in the editor to the same position in the viewer and back from the viewer to the editor. </p> <p>This option works by inserting ‘<samp>\special</samp>’ commands into the token stream, and thus in principle these additional tokens can be recovered or seen by the tricky-enough macros. If you run across a case, let us know, because this counts as a bug. However, such bugs are very hard to fix, requiring significant changes to TeX, so please don’t count on it. </p> <p>Redefining ‘<samp>\special</samp>’ will not affect the functioning of this option. The commands inserted into the token stream are hard-coded to always use the ‘<samp>\special</samp>’ primitive. </p> <p>TeX does not pass the trip test when this option is enabled. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Initial-TeX"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Formats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Formats</a>, Previous: <a href="#tex-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tex invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Initial-TeX-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 Initial TeX</h3> <span id="index-initial-TeX"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-initial"></span> <span id="index-_002efmt"></span> <span id="index-fmt-files"></span> <p>The <em>initial</em> form of TeX is invoked by ‘<samp>tex -ini</samp>’. It does lengthy initializations avoided by the “virgin” (<code>vir</code>) form, so as to be capable of dumping ‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’ files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms, see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>. </p> <p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>. </p> <span id="index-plain_002efmt"></span> <span id="index-tex_002efmt"></span> <span id="index-format-files"></span> <p>Unlike Metafont and MetaPost, many format files are commonly used with TeX. The standard one implementing the features described in the <cite>TeXbook</cite> is ‘<samp>plain.fmt</samp>’, also known as ‘<samp>tex.fmt</samp>’ (again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during installation, but you can also do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if an update to <samp>plain.tex</samp> is issued): </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">tex -ini '\input plain \dump' </pre></div> <p>(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.) Then install the resulting <samp>plain.fmt</samp> in ‘<samp>$(fmtdir)</samp>’ (<samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</samp> by default), and link <samp>tex.fmt</samp> to it. </p> <p>The necessary invocation for generating a format file differs for each format, so instructions that come with the format should explain. The top-level <samp>web2c</samp> Makefile has targets for making most common formats: <tt>plain latex amstex texinfo eplain</tt>. See <a href="#Formats">Formats</a>, for more details on TeX formats. </p> <hr> <span id="Formats"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Languages and hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Formats-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 Formats</h3> <span id="index-formats-for-TeX"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-format-packages-for"></span> <span id="index-macro-packages_002c-major-TeX"></span> <p>TeX <em>formats</em> are large collections of macros, often dumped into a <samp>.fmt</samp> file (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>) by <code>tex -ini</code> (see <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>). A number of formats are in reasonably widespread use, and the Web2c Makefile has targets to make the versions current at the time of release. You can change which formats are automatically built by setting the <code>fmts</code> Make variable; by default, only the ‘<samp>plain</samp>’ and ‘<samp>latex</samp>’ formats are made. </p> <p>Nowadays, the formats are generally installed and updated as part of a larger TeX distribution, such as TeX Live (<a href="https://tug.org/texlive">https://tug.org/texlive</a>). </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><tt>latex</tt></dt> <dd><span id="index-LaTeX"></span> <p>The most widely used format. The current release is named ‘LaTeX2e’; new versions are released approximately every six months, with patches issued as needed. The old release was called ‘LaTeX 2.09’, and is no longer maintained or supported. LaTeX attempts to provide generic markup instructions, such as “emphasize”, instead of specific typesetting instructions, such as “use the 10pt Computer Modern italic font”. The LaTeX home page: <a href="https://www.latex-project.org">https://www.latex-project.org</a>. </p> </dd> <dt><tt>context</tt></dt> <dd><span id="index-ConTeXt"></span> <p>ConTeXt is an independent macro package which has a basic document structuring approach similar to LaTeX. It also supports creating interactive PDF files and has integrated MetaPost support, among many other interesting features. The ConTeXt home page: <a href="http://www.pragma-ade.com">http://www.pragma-ade.com</a>. </p> </dd> <dt><tt>amstex</tt></dt> <dd><span id="index-AMSTeX"></span> <span id="index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system"></span> <span id="index-Mathematical-Reviews"></span> <p>The official typesetting system of the American Mathematical Society. Like LaTeX, it encourages generic markup commands. The AMS also provides many LaTeX packages for authors who prefer LaTeX. Taken together, they are used to produce nearly all AMS publications, e.g., <cite>Mathematical Reviews</cite>. The AMSTeX home page: <a href="https://www.ams.org/tex">https://www.ams.org/tex</a>. </p> </dd> <dt><tt>texinfo</tt></dt> <dd><span id="index-Texinfo"></span> <span id="index-Info-format"></span> <span id="index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system"></span> <p>The documentation system developed and maintained by the Free Software Foundation for their software manuals. It can be automatically converted into plain text, a machine-readable on-line format called ‘info’, HTML, etc. The Texinfo home page: <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo">https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo</a>. </p> </dd> <dt><tt>eplain</tt></dt> <dd><span id="index-Eplain"></span> <span id="index-expanded-plain-format"></span> <p>The “expanded plain” format provides various common features (e.g., symbolic cross-referencing, tables of contents, indexing, citations using BibTeX), for those authors who prefer to handle their own high-level formatting. The Eplain home page: <a href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>. </p> </dd> <dt><tt>slitex</tt></dt> <dd><span id="index-SliTeX"></span> <span id="index-slides_002c-producing"></span> <span id="index-beamer_002c-package"></span> <p>An obsolete LaTeX 2.09 format for making slides. It is replaced by the ‘<samp>slides</samp>’ document class, although the ‘<samp>beamer</samp>’ package is the most commonly method for making slides nowadays. The Beamer page on CTAN: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Languages-and-hyphenation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell escapes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formats</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Languages-and-hyphenation-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 Languages and hyphenation</h3> <span id="index-language-support-in-TeX"></span> <span id="index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-TeX"></span> <span id="index-hyphenation-and-languages"></span> <p>TeX supports most natural languages. See also <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a>. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="1">MLTeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Multi-lingual TeX. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="2">TCX files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Support for different character sets & fonts. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#patgen-invocation" accesskey="3">patgen invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating hyphenation patterns. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="MLTeX"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">TCX files</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</h4> <span id="index-mltex"></span> <span id="index-Multi_002dlingual-TeX"></span> <span id="index-Ferguson_002c-Michael"></span> <span id="index-Raichle_002c-Bernd"></span> <span id="index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with"></span> <span id="index-glyph-substitutions"></span> <span id="index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs"></span> <p>Multi-lingual TeX (<code>mltex</code>) is an extension of TeX originally written by Michael Ferguson and now updated and maintained by Bernd Raichle. With the advent of Unicode, it has become obsolete, though it is still supported in Web2c in the event of bugs or compilation bugs. </p> <p>MLTeX allows the use of non-existing glyphs in a font by declaring glyph substitutions. These are restricted to substitutions of an accented character glyph, which need not be defined in the current font, by its appropriate <code>\accent</code> construction using a base and accent character glyph, which do have to exist in the current font. This substitution is automatically done behind the scenes, if necessary, and thus MLTeX additionally supports hyphenation of words containing an accented character glyph for fonts missing this glyph (e.g., Computer Modern). Standard TeX suppresses hyphenation in this case. </p> <p>MLTeX works at <samp>.fmt</samp>-creation time: the basic idea is to specify the ‘<samp>-mltex</samp>’ option to TeX when you <code>\dump</code> a format. Then, when you subsequently invoke TeX and read that <code>.fmt</code> file, the MLTeX features described below will be enabled. </p> <p>Generally, you use special macro files to create an MLTeX <code>.fmt</code> file. </p> <p>The sections below describe the two new primitives that MLTeX defines. Aside from these, MLTeX is completely compatible with standard TeX. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef" accesskey="1">\charsubdef</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Character substitution definitions. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef" accesskey="2">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracing substitutions. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="g_t_005ccharsubdef"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef" accesskey="n" rel="next">\tracingcharsubdef</a>, Up: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">MLTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="g_t_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</h4> <span id="index-_005ccharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></span> <p>The most important primitive MLTeX adds is <code>\charsubdef</code>, used in a way reminiscent of <code>\chardef</code>: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\charsubdef <var>composite</var> [=] <var>accent</var> <var>base</var> </pre></div> <p>Each of <var>composite</var>, <var>accent</var>, and <var>base</var> are font glyph numbers, expressed in the usual TeX syntax: <tt>`\e</tt> symbolically, <tt>'145</tt> for octal, <tt>"65</tt> for hex, <tt>101</tt> for decimal. </p> <p>MLTeX’s <code>\charsubdef</code> declares how to construct an accented character glyph (not necessarily existing in the current font) using two character glyphs (that do exist). Thus it defines whether a character glyph code, either typed as a single character or using the <code>\char</code> primitive, will be mapped to a font glyph or to an <code>\accent</code> glyph construction. </p> <p>For example, if you assume glyph code 138 <span id="index-e_002dcircumflex"></span> (decimal) for an e-circumflex and you are using the Computer Modern fonts, which have the circumflex accent in position 18 and lowercase ‘e’ in the usual ASCII position 101 decimal, you would use <code>\charsubdef</code> as follows: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\charsubdef 138 = 18 101 </pre></div> <p>For the plain TeX format to make use of this substitution, you have to redefine the circumflex accent macro <code>\^</code> in such a way that if its argument is character ‘e’ the expansion <code>\char138 </code> is used instead of <code>\accent18 e</code>. Similar <code>\charsubdef</code> declaration and macro redefinitions have to be done for all other accented characters. </p> <p>To disable a previous <code>\charsubdef <var>c</var></code>, redefine <var>c</var> as a pair of zeros. For example: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\charsubdef '321 = 0 0 % disable N tilde </pre></div> <span id="index-N-tilde"></span> <p>(Octal <tt>'321</tt> is the ISO Latin-1 value for the Spanish N tilde.) </p> <p><code>\charsubdef</code> commands should only be given once. Although in principle you can use <code>\charsubdef</code> at any time, the result is unspecified. If <code>\charsubdef</code> declarations are changed, usually either incorrect character dimensions will be used or MLTeX will output missing character warnings. (The substitution of a <code>\charsubdef</code> is used by TeX when appending the character node to the current horizontal list, to compute the width of a horizontal box when the box gets packed, and when building the <code>\accent</code> construction at <code>\shipout</code>-time. In summary, the substitution is accessed often, so changing it is not desirable, nor generally useful.) </p> <hr> <span id="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\charsubdef</a>, Up: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">MLTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</h4> <span id="index-_005ctracingcharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></span> <span id="index-redefined-character-substitutions"></span> <p>To help diagnose problems with ‘<samp>\charsubdef</samp>’, MLTeX provides a new primitive parameter, <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>. If positive, every use of <code>\charsubdef</code> will be reported. This can help track down when a character is redefined. </p> <span id="index-_005ctracinglostchars-and-MLTeX"></span> <p>In addition, if the TeX parameter <code>\tracinglostchars</code> is 100 or more, the character substitutions actually performed at <code>\shipout</code>-time will be recorded. </p> <hr> <span id="TCX-files"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#patgen-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">patgen invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MLTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="TCX-files_003a-Character-translations"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</h4> <span id="index-TCX-character-translation-files"></span> <span id="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files-1"></span> <span id="index-character-translation-files"></span> <span id="index-international-characters"></span> <span id="index-8_002dbit-characters"></span> <span id="index-accented-character"></span> <p>TCX (TeX character translation) files help TeX support direct input of 8-bit international characters if fonts containing those characters are being used. Specifically, they map an input (keyboard) character code to the internal TeX character code (a superset of ASCII). </p> <p>Of the various proposals for handling more than one input encoding, TCX files were chosen because they follow Knuth’s original ideas for the use of the ‘<samp>xchr</samp>’ and ‘<samp>xord</samp>’ tables. He ventured that these would be changed in the WEB source in order to adjust the actual version to a given environment. It turns out, however, that recompiling the WEB sources is not as simple a task as Knuth may have imagined; therefore, TCX files, providing the possibility of changing of the conversion tables on on-the-fly, have been implemented instead. </p> <p>This approach limits the portability of TeX documents, as some implementations do not support it (or use a different method for input-internal reencoding). It may also be problematic to determine the encoding to use for a TeX document of unknown provenance; in the worst case, failure to do so correctly may result in subtle errors in the typeset output. But we feel the benefits outweigh these disadvantages. </p> <p>This is entirely independent of the MLTeX extension (see <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>): whereas a TCX file defines how an input keyboard character is mapped to TeX’s internal code, MLTeX defines substitutions for a non-existing character glyph in a font with a <code>\accent</code> construction made out of two separate character glyphs. TCX files involve no new primitives; it is not possible to specify that an input (keyboard) character maps to more than one character. </p> <span id="index-WEB2C_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files"></span> <p>Information on specifying TCX files: </p> <ul> <li> The best way to specify a TCX file is to list it explicitly in the first line of the main document: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">%& -translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var> </pre></div> </li><li> You can also specify a TCX file to be used on a particular TeX run with the command-line option ‘<samp>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></samp>’. </li><li> TCX files are searched for along the <code>WEB2C</code> path. </li><li> Initial TeX (see <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>) ignores TCX files. </li></ul> <span id="index-il1_002dt1_002etcx"></span> <span id="index-il2_002dt1_002etcx"></span> <span id="index-empty_002etcx"></span> <span id="index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input"></span> <span id="index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input"></span> <p>The Web2c distribution comes with a number of TCX files. Two important ones are <samp>il1-t1.tcx</samp> and <samp>il2-t1.tcx</samp>, which support ISO Latin 1 and ISO Latin 2, respectively, with Cork-encoded fonts (a.k.a. the LaTeX T1 encoding). TCX files for Czech, Polish, and Slovak are also provided. </p> <p>One other notable TCX file is <samp>empty.tcx</samp>, which is, well, empty. Its purpose is to reset Web2C’s behavior to the default (only visible ASCII being printable, as described below) when a format was dumped with another TCX being active—which is in fact the case for everything but plain TeX in the TeX Live and other distributions. Thus: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">latex somefile8.tex ⇒ terminal etc. output with 8-bit chars latex --translate-file=empty.tcx somefile8.tex ⇒ terminal etc. output with ^^ notation </pre></div> <span id="index-syntax-of-TCX-files"></span> <p>Syntax of TCX files: </p><ol> <li> <span id="index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files"></span> Line-oriented. Blank lines are ignored. </li><li> <span id="index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files"></span> Whitespace is ignored except as a separator. </li><li> <span id="index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files"></span> Comments start with ‘<samp>%</samp>’ and continue to the end of the line. </li><li> Otherwise, a line consists of one or two character codes, optionally followed by 0 or 1. The last number indicates whether <var>dest</var> is considered printable. <div class="example"> <pre class="example"><var>src</var> [<var>dest</var> [<var>prnt</var>]] </pre></div> </li><li> <span id="index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span> <span id="index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span> <span id="index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span> <span id="index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span> Each character code may be specified in octal with a leading ‘<samp>0</samp>’, hexadecimal with a leading ‘<samp>0x</samp>’, or decimal otherwise. Values must be between 0 and 255, inclusive (decimal). </li><li> If the <var>dest</var> code is not specified, it is taken to be the same as <var>src</var>. </li><li> If the same <var>src</var> code is specified more than once, it is the last definition that counts. </li></ol> <span id="index-printable-characters_002c-specifying"></span> <span id="index-_005e_005e-notation_002c-avoiding"></span> <p>Finally, here’s what happens: when TeX sees an input character with code <var>src</var>, it 1) changes <var>src</var> to <var>dest</var>; and 2) makes the <var>dest</var> code “printable”, i.e., printed as-is in diagnostics and the log file rather than in ‘<samp>^^</samp>’ notation. </p> <p>By default, no characters are translated, and character codes between 32 and 126 inclusive (decimal) are printable. </p> <p>Specifying translations for the printable ASCII characters (codes 32–127) will yield unpredictable results. Additionally you shouldn’t make the following characters printable: <code>^^I</code> (TAB), <code>^^J</code> (line feed), <code>^^M</code> (carriage return), and <code>^^?</code> (delete), since TeX uses them in various ways. </p> <span id="index-font-character-code_002c-translating"></span> <span id="index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating"></span> <p>Thus, the idea is to specify the input (keyboard) character code for <var>src</var>, and the output (font) character code for <var>dest</var>. </p> <span id="index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_002d8bit_002e"></span> <p>By default, only the printable ASCII characters are considered printable by TeX. If you specify the ‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’ option, all characters are considered printable by default. If you specify both the ‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’ option and a TCX file, then the TCX can set specific characters to be non-printable. </p> <p>Both the specified TCX encoding and whether characters are printable are saved in the dump files (like <samp>tex.fmt</samp>). So by giving these options in combination with ‘<samp>-ini</samp>’, you control the defaults seen by anyone who uses the resulting dump file. </p> <p>When loading a dump, if the ‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’ option was given, then all characters become printable by default. </p> <p>When loading a dump, if a TCX file was specified, then the TCX data from the dump is ignored and the data from the file used instead. </p> <hr> <span id="patgen-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TCX files</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</h4> <span id="index-patgen"></span> <span id="index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating"></span> <span id="index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for"></span> <p>Patgen creates hyphenation patterns from dictionary files for use with TeX. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">patgen <var>dictionary</var> <var>patterns</var> <var>output</var> <var>translate</var> </pre></div> <p>Each argument is a filename. No path searching is done. The output is written to the file <var>output</var>. </p> <p>In addition, Patgen prompts interactively for other values. </p> <p>For more information, see <cite>Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-puter</cite> by Frank Liang (see <a href="#References">References</a>), and also the <samp>patgen.web</samp> source file. </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <hr> <span id="Shell-escapes"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">IPC and TeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Languages and hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Shell-escapes-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Shell escapes</h3> <span id="index-shell-commands-in-TeX"></span> <span id="index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes"></span> <span id="index-restricted-shell-escapes"></span> <span id="index-system-command"></span> <span id="index-shell_005fescape-enabling-in-TeX"></span> <span id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite18"></span> <span id="index-_005cwrite18-shell-escape-extension"></span> <span id="index-system-C-library-function"></span> <span id="index-texmf_002ecnf-for-shell-escapes"></span> <p>TeX can execute <em>shell escapes</em>, that is, arbitrary shell commands. Although tremendously useful, this also has obvious security implications. Therefore, as of TeX Live 2009, a <em>restricted</em> mode for shell escapes is the default mode of operation, which allows executing only certain commands, as specified in the <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> configuration file. </p> <ul> <li> Unrestricted shell escapes are allowed if the option <samp>--shell-escape</samp> is specified, or if the environment variable or config file value <code>shell_escape</code> is set to ‘<samp>t</samp>’ or ‘<samp>y</samp>’ and ‘<samp>1</samp>’. </li><li> Restricted shell escapes are allowed if <code>shell_escape</code> is set to ‘<samp>p</samp>’. This is the default. </li><li> Shell escapes are completely disabled if <samp>--no-shell-escape</samp> is specified, or if <code>shell_escape</code> is set to anything else. </li></ul> <p>When enabled, the TeX construct to execute a system command is <code>\write18{<var>shell-command</var>}</code>; for example: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\write18{echo "hello, world"} </pre></div> <span id="index-_005coutput-routine_002c-and-_005cwrite"></span> <p>From TeX’s point of view, this is a normal <code>\write</code> command, and is therefore subject to the usual TeX expansions. Also, the system call either happens during the ‘<samp>\output</samp>’ routine or right away, according to the absence or presence of the <code>\immediate</code> prefix, as usual for <code>\write</code>. </p> <span id="index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape"></span> <p>The <var>shell-command</var> string is passed to the command shell (via the C library function <code>system</code>). The output of <var>shell-command</var> is not diverted anywhere, so it will not appear in the log file, or anywhere but the terminal output. The exit status of the system call is also not available to TeX. </p> <p>In unrestricted mode, the argument is simply passed straight to <code>system</code> unaltered. </p> <p>In restricted mode, ASCII double quote characters (<tt>"</tt>) should always be used in the argument to <code>\write18</code> where quoting of arguments is needed, as in the example above. This is to achieve some measure of system independence. On Unix systems, these are replaced with single quote (<tt>'</tt>) characters to avoid insecure further expansion. Care is also taken on Windows to avoid additional expansions (from, e.g., <tt>`...`</tt>). Mismatched quotation marks in the command string result in a diagnostic message in the log file; no execution is performed. </p> <span id="index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands"></span> <p>After quotation processing, if the first word (delimited by a space or tab) of the command is in the list specified by the <code>shell_escape_commands</code> configuration value, the command is executed. Otherwise it is not. In any case, a message is written to the log file. </p> <p>The <code>shell_escape_commands</code> value is a comma-separated list of words. Whitespace is significant, and typically should not be present. The default definition in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> looks like this, but with more commands included: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">shell_escape_commands = bibtex,kpsewhich,repstopdf,... </pre></div> <span id="index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing"></span> <span id="index-_005copenin_002c-and-pipes"></span> <span id="index-_005cinput_002c-and-pipes"></span> <span id="index-_005copenout_002c-and-pipes"></span> <span id="index-_005cpdfshellescape"></span> <p>pdfTeX and luaTeX support reading (via <code>\input</code> and <code>\openin</code>) and writing (via <code>\openout</code>) from pipes if the first character is ‘<samp>|</samp>’. The following command is then treated exactly the same as the argument to <code>\write18</code>. In these engines, the primitive variable <code>\pdfshellescape</code> is set to 0 if shell escapes are disabled, 1 if they are enabled, and 2 if they are enabled with restrictions. </p> <span id="index-web-environments_002c-and-security"></span> <p>The purpose of this feature is to make it possible for TeX documents to perform useful external actions in the common case of an individual user running a known document on his or her own machine. In such environments as CGI scripts or wikis where the input has to be considered untrustworthy, shell escapes should be completely disabled. </p> <hr> <span id="IPC-and-TeX"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX extensions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell escapes</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="IPC-and-TeX-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 IPC and TeX</h3> <span id="index-IPC"></span> <span id="index-sockets"></span> <p>(If anyone uses this feature and needs documentation, write <a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>.) </p> <p>This functionality is available only if the ‘<samp>--enable-ipc</samp>’ option was specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c (see <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>). </p> <span id="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-1"></span> <p>If you define <code>IPC_DEBUG</code> before compilation (e.g., with ‘<samp>make XCFLAGS=-DIPC_DEBUG</samp>’), TeX will print messages to standard error about its socket operations. This may be helpful if you are, well, debugging. </p> <hr> <span id="TeX-extensions"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IPC and TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Extended-TeX-engines"></span><h3 class="section">5.7 Extended TeX engines</h3> <span id="index-extensions-to-TeX"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-extensions-to"></span> <p>The base TeX program has been extended in many ways. Here’s a partial list. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>e-TeX</dt> <dd><span id="index-e_002dTeX"></span> <span id="index-primitives_002c-new"></span> <p>Adds many new primitives, including right-to-left typesetting and more registers. Now frozen. More info: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/etex">https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>Aleph</dt> <dd><span id="index-Aleph"></span> <span id="index-Omega"></span> <span id="index-Unicode"></span> <p>This adds Unicode support, right-to-left typesetting, and more. Omega was the original program. Aleph is an updated version with a variety of bug fixes, and includes e-TeX. Aleph is not actively maintained. More info: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/aleph">https://ctan.org/pkg/aleph</a>, <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/omega">https://ctan.org/pkg/omega</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>pdfTeX</dt> <dd><span id="index-pdfTeX"></span> <span id="index-PDF"></span> <span id="index-micro_002dtypography"></span> <span id="index-hypertext"></span> <span id="index-etex-is-pdfTeX"></span> <p>Can produce PDF as well as DVI files. It also incorporates the e-TeX extensions, new primitives for hypertext and micro-typography, reading/writing from pipes, and much more. In TeX Live, the command <code>etex</code> invokes pdfTeX to make all these additions available with DVI output. Home page: <a href="http://pdftex.org">http://pdftex.org</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>LuaTeX</dt> <dd><span id="index-LuaTeX"></span> <span id="index-Lua"></span> <span id="index-UTF_002d8-input_002c-native"></span> <span id="index-OpenType-support"></span> <span id="index-TrueType-support"></span> <span id="index-system-fonts_002c-using"></span> <p>Embeds the Lua programming language (<a href="http://lua.org">http://lua.org</a>) and opens up the TeX typesetting engine to control from Lua, starting from the pdfTeX capabilities as a base. Also natively supports UTF-8 input, the OpenType and TrueType font formats, and use of system fonts. Home page: <a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>XeTeX</dt> <dd><span id="index-XeTeX"></span> <span id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></span> <p>Combines support for Unicode input, the OpenType and TrueType font formats, and use of system fonts with the capabilities of pdfTeX, with the exception of the font expansion part of micro-typography. Home page: <a href="https://tug.org/xetex">https://tug.org/xetex</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>pTeX</dt> <dt>upTeX</dt> <dd><span id="index-pTeX"></span> <span id="index-upTeX"></span> <p>With additional support for Japanese; pTeX was the original engine, and upTeX has native Unicode support and thus is more useful for Chinese and Korean. More info: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a>, <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>epTeX</dt> <dt>eupTeX</dt> <dd><span id="index-epTeX"></span> <span id="index-eupTeX"></span> <p>Further extends pTeX and upTeX with the e-TeX extensions. More info: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/eptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/eptex</a>, <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/euptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/euptex</a>. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Metafont"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="n" rel="next">MetaPost</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Metafont: Creating typeface families</h2> <span id="index-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-typeface-families"></span> <span id="index-geometric-designs"></span> <span id="index-shapes"></span> <span id="index-font-design"></span> <p>Metafont is a system for producing shapes; it was designed for producing complete typeface families, but it can also produce geometric designs, dingbats, etc. And it has considerable mathematical and equation-solving capabilities which can be useful entirely on their own. </p> <p>Metafont is a batch language, like C or Pascal: you compile a Metafont program into a corresponding font, rather than interactively drawing lines or curves. This approach has both considerable disadvantages (people unfamiliar with conventional programming languages will be unlikely to find it usable) and considerable advantages (you can make your design intentions specific and parameterizable). For a complete description of the Metafont language, see <cite>The METAFONTbook</cite> (see <a href="#References">References</a>). </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mf-invocation" accesskey="1">mf invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking Metafont. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="2">Initial Metafont</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making bases. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modes" accesskey="3">Modes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Device definitions for Metafont. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="4">Online Metafont graphics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Seeing MF output online. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="5">gftodvi invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making proofsheets for fonts. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mft-invocation" accesskey="6">mft invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Prettyprinting Metafont sources. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="mf-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="mf-invocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</h3> <span id="index-mf"></span> <span id="index-Metafont-invocation"></span> <p>Metafont (usually invoked as <code>mf</code>) reads character definitions specified in the Metafont programming language, and outputs the corresponding font. This section merely describes the options available in the Web2c implementation. For a complete description of the Metafont language, see <cite>The Metafontbook</cite> (see <a href="#References">References</a>). </p> <p>Metafont processes its command line and determines its memory dump (base) file in a way exactly analogous to MetaPost and TeX (see <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>, and see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">mf [<var>option</var>]… [<var>mfname</var>[.mf]] [<var>mf-commands</var>] mf [<var>option</var>]… \<var>first-line</var> mf [<var>option</var>]… &<var>base</var> <var>args</var> </pre></div> <p>Most commonly, a Metafont invocation looks like this: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">mf '\mode:=<var>mode</var>; mag:=<var>magnification</var>; input <var>mfname</var>' </pre></div> <p>(The single quotes avoid unwanted interpretation by the shell.) </p> <span id="index-_002emf"></span> <span id="index-Metafont-input-files"></span> <span id="index-EC-fonts-1"></span> <span id="index-mktexmf_002c-disabling"></span> <p>Metafont searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mfname</var> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending <var>mfname</var> with <samp>.mf</samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. By default, Metafont runs an external program named <samp>mktexmf</samp> to create any nonexistent Metafont source files you input. You can disable this at configure-time or runtime (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). This is mostly for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size. </p> <span id="index-_002ennngf-generic-fonts"></span> <span id="index-mfput"></span> <span id="index-GF-output"></span> <span id="index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont"></span> <p>Metafont writes the main GF output to the file <samp><var>basemfname</var>.<var>nnn</var>gf</samp>, where <var>nnn</var> is the font resolution in pixels per inch, and <var>basemfname</var> is the basename of <var>mfname</var>, or ‘<samp>mfput</samp>’ if no input file was specified. A GF file contains bitmaps of the actual character shapes. Usually GF files are converted immediately to PK files with GFtoPK (see <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a>), since PK files contain equivalent information, but are more compact. (Metafont output in GF format rather than PK for only historical reasons.) </p> <span id="index-_002etfm-output"></span> <span id="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></span> <p>Metafont also usually writes a metric file in TFM format to <samp><var>basemfname</var>.tfm</samp>. A TFM file contains character dimensions, kerns, and ligatures, and spacing parameters. TeX reads only this <tt>.tfm</tt> file, not the GF file. </p> <span id="index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-proof-mode"></span> <span id="index-2602gf"></span> <span id="index-_002e2602gf"></span> <p>The <var>mode</var> in the example command above is a name referring to a device definition (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); for example, <code>localfont</code> or <code>ljfour</code>. These device definitions must generally be precompiled into the base file. If you leave this out, the default is <code>proof</code> mode, as stated in <cite>The Metafontbook</cite>, in which Metafont outputs at a resolution of 2602dpi; this is usually not what you want. The remedy is simply to assign a different mode—<code>localfont</code>, for example. </p> <p>The <var>magnification</var> assignment in the example command above is a magnification factor; for example, if the device is 600dpi and you specify <code>mag:=2</code>, Metafont will produce output at 1200dpi. Very often, the <var>magnification</var> is an expression such as <code>magstep(.5)</code>, corresponding to a TeX “magstep”, which are factors of </p> <p>After running Metafont, you can use the font in a TeX document as usual. For example: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\font\myfont = newfont \myfont Now I am typesetting in my new font (minimum hamburgers). </pre></div> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-[no]-file-line-error</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-fmt=<var>fmtname</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-halt-on-error</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-ini</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-interaction=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-jobname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-kpathsea-debug=<var>number</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-[no]parse-first-line</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-output-directory</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-progname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-recorder</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"></span> <span id="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"></span> <p>Turn on or off the ‘<samp>mktex</samp>’ script associated with <var>filetype</var>. The only value that makes sense for <var>filetype</var> is ‘<samp>mf</samp>’. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Initial-Metafont"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#mf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Initial-Metafont-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 Initial Metafont</h3> <span id="index-initial-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-Metafont_002c-initial"></span> <span id="index-_002ebase"></span> <span id="index-base-files"></span> <p><code>inimf</code> is the “initial” form of Metafont, which does lengthy initializations avoided by the “virgin” (<code>vir</code>) form, so as to be capable of dumping ‘<samp>.base</samp>’ files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms, see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>. </p> <p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>. </p> <span id="index-plain_002ebase"></span> <span id="index-mf_002ebase"></span> <p>The only memory dump file commonly used with Metafont is the default ‘<samp>plain.base</samp>’, also known as ‘<samp>mf.base</samp>’ (again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during installation, but you can also do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if a Metafont update is issued): </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">mf -ini '\input plain; input modes; dump' </pre></div> <p>(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.) Then install the resulting <samp>plain.base</samp> in ‘<samp>$(basedir)</samp>’ (<samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</samp> by default), and link <samp>mf.base</samp> to it. </p> <p>For an explanation of the additional <samp>modes.mf</samp> file, see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>. This file has no counterpart in TeX or MetaPost. </p> <span id="index-cmmf_002ebase-not-recommended"></span> <span id="index-cm_002ebase"></span> <span id="index-cmbase_002emf"></span> <span id="index-Computer-Modern-macros"></span> <span id="index-base-files_002c-plain-only"></span> <p>In the past, it was sometimes useful to create a base file <samp>cmmf.base</samp> (a.k.a. <samp>cm.base</samp>), with the Computer Modern macros also included in the base file. Nowadays, however, the additional time required to read <samp>cmbase.mf</samp> is exceedingly small, usually not enough to be worth the administrative hassle of updating the <samp>cmmf.base</samp> file when you install a new version of <samp>modes.mf</samp>. <span id="index-type-design_002c-personal"></span> People actually working on a typeface may still find it worthwhile to create their own base file, of course. </p> <hr> <span id="Modes"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Online Metafont graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</h3> <span id="index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions"></span> <span id="index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont"></span> <p>Running Metafont and creating Metafont base files requires information that TeX and MetaPost do not: <em>mode</em> definitions which specify device characteristics, so Metafont can properly rasterize the shapes. </p> <span id="index-modes_002emf-recommended-modes-file"></span> <p>When making a base file, a file containing modes for locally-available devices should be input after <samp>plain.mf</samp>. One commonly used file is <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>; it includes all known definitions. </p> <span id="index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes"></span> <span id="index-mode_005fdef"></span> <span id="index-mode_005fsetup"></span> <p>If, however, for some reason you have decreased the memory available in your Metafont, you may need to copy <samp>modes.mf</samp> and remove the definitions irrelevant to you (probably most of them) instead of using it directly. (Or, if you’re a Metafont hacker, maybe you can suggest a way to redefine <code>mode_def</code> and/or <code>mode_setup</code>; right now, the amount of memory used is approximately four times the total length of the <code>mode_def</code> names, and that’s a lot.) </p> <p>If you have a device not included in <samp>modes.mf</samp>, please see comments in that file for how to create the new definition, and please send the definition to <a href="mailto:tex-fonts@math.utah.edu">tex-fonts@math.utah.edu</a> to get it included in the next release of <samp>modes.mf</samp>. </p> <span id="index-smode-and-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition"></span> <span id="index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-smode"></span> <p>Usually, when you run Metafont you must supply the name of a mode that was dumped in the base file. But you can also define the mode characteristics dynamically, by invoking Metafont with an assignment to <code>smode</code> instead of <code>mode</code>, like this: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">mf '\smode:="newmode.mf"; mag:=<var>magnification</var>; input <var>mfname</var>' </pre></div> <p>This is most useful when you are working on the definition of a new mode. </p> <p>The <var>magnification</var> and <var>mfname</var> arguments are explained in <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>. In the file <samp>newmode.mf</samp>, you should have the following (with no <code>mode_def</code> or <code>enddef</code>), if you are using <samp>modes.mf</samp> conventions: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">mode_param (pixels_per_inch, <var>dpi</var>); mode_param (blacker, <var>b</var>); mode_param (fillin, <var>f</var>); mode_param (o_correction, <var>o</var>); mode_common_setup_; </pre></div> <p>(Of course, you should use real numbers for <var>dpi</var>, <var>b</var>, <var>f</var>, and <var>o</var>.) </p> <p>For more information on the use of <code>smode</code>, or if you are not using <samp>modes.mf</samp>, see page 269 of <cite>The Metafontbook</cite>. </p> <hr> <span id="Online-Metafont-graphics"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">gftodvi invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Online-Metafont-graphics-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.4 Online Metafont graphics</h3> <span id="index-online-Metafont-graphics"></span> <span id="index-Metafont-graphics"></span> <p>The Web2c implementation of Metafont can do online graphics with a number of devices. (See the Metafont manual for more information about how to draw on your screen.) By default, no graphics support is enabled. </p> <span id="index-MFTERM"></span> <span id="index-TERM"></span> <p>Metafont examines the <code>MFTERM</code> environment variable or config file value at runtime, or the <code>TERM</code> environment variable if <code>MFTERM</code> is not set, to determine the device support to use. Naturally, only the devices for which support has been compiled in can be selected. </p> <p>Here is a table of the possibilities, showing the <code>MFTERM</code> value and the corresponding <code>configure</code> option(s) in parentheses. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>epsf</code> <span id="index-epsf"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-Herberts_002c-Mathias"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002denable_002depsfwin"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-epsfwin</samp>’) Pseudo-window server for Encapsulated PostScript (see <samp>web2c/window/epsf.c</samp>). This device produces an EPS file containing the graphics which would be displayed online on other devices. The name of the EPS file defaults to metafont.eps but can be changed by setting the MFEPSF environment variable to the new filename. Contributed by Mathias Herberts. </p> </dd> <dt><code>hp2627</code> <span id="index-hp2627"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-hp2627win</samp>’) HP2627a color graphics terminals. </p> </dd> <dt><code>mftalk</code> <span id="index-mftalk"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-mftalkwin</samp>’) Generic window server (see <samp>web2c/window/mftalk.c</samp>). </p> </dd> <dt><code>next</code> <span id="index-next"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-DrawingServant"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dnext"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-next</samp>’) NeXT window system. This requires a separate program, called <code>DrawingServant</code>, available separately. See the <samp>web2c/window/next.c</samp>. </p> </dd> <dt><code>regis</code> <span id="index-regis"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dregiswin"></span> <span id="index-Regis-graphics-support"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-regiswin</samp>’) Regis terminals. </p> </dd> <dt><code>sun</code> <span id="index-sun"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-SunView"></span> <span id="index-Suntools"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin"></span> <span id="index-sun_002dgfx_002ec"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-suntoolswin</samp>’) The old Suntools (not any flavor of X) window system. (You can get the even older SunWindows <code>gfx</code> system by using <samp>sun-gfx.c</samp>.) </p> </dd> <dt><code>tek</code> <span id="index-tek"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-Tektronix"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-tektronixwin</samp>’) Tektronix terminals. </p> <span id="index-Poole_002c-Simon"></span> </dd> <dt><code>uniterm</code> <span id="index-uniterm"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-Tektronix-4014"></span> <span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin"></span> <p>(‘<samp>--enable-unitermwin</samp>’) Uniterm, Simon Poole’s emulator of a smart Tektronix 4014 terminal. This may work with regular Tektronix terminals as well; it’s faster than the driver ‘<samp>--enable-tektronixwin</samp>’ selects. </p> <span id="index-NO_005fX11WIN"></span> <span id="index-Xt"></span> <span id="index-Xlib"></span> </dd> <dt><code>xterm</code> <span id="index-xterm"></span> </dt> <dd><span id="index-_002d_002dwith_002dx"></span> <p>‘<samp>--with-x</samp>’ The X window system (version 11). </p> <span id="index-_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003dkit"></span> <span id="index-toolkits_002c-X"></span> <span id="index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-Xt-support"></span> <span id="index-Xlib-support"></span> <p>There are two variants of the X11 support, one that works with the Xt toolkit, and another that works directly with Xlib. The Xt support is more efficient and has more functionality, so it is the default. If you must use the Xlib support, use ‘<samp>configure --with-x --with-kf-x-toolkit=no</samp>’. </p> <span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin"></span> <span id="index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont"></span> <p>Specify ‘<samp>--disable-mf-nowin</samp>’ in order not to build a separate non-windows-capable Metafont executable <code>mf-nowin</code> (or <code>mf-nowin.exe</code>). </p> <span id="index-X-resources"></span> <span id="index-X-class-name-for-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-class-name-for-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-geometry-for-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-Metafont-geometry"></span> <span id="index-_002eXdefaults"></span> <span id="index-_002eXresources"></span> <span id="index-_002dgeometry_002c-supported-with-Xt"></span> <p>You cannot specify any of the usual X options (e.g., ‘<samp>-geometry</samp>’) on the Metafont command line, but you can specify X resources in your <samp>~/.Xdefaults</samp> or <samp>~/.Xresources</samp> file. The class name is <code>Metafont</code>. If you’re using the Xt support, all the usual X toolkit resources are supported. If you’re using the Xlib support, only the <code>geometry</code> resource is supported. </p> <span id="index-DISPLAY"></span> <p>You specify the X display to which Metafont connects in the <code>DISPLAY</code> environment variable, as usual. </p> </dd> </dl> <span id="index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices"></span> <span id="index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-texmfmp_002ec"></span> <p>Writing support for a new device is straightforward. Aside from defining the basic drawing routines that Metafont uses (see <samp>mf.web</samp>), you only have to add another entry to the tables on the last page of <samp>web2c/lib/texmfmp.c</samp>. Or you can write an independent program and use MFtalk (see <samp>web2c/window/mftalk.c</samp>). </p> <hr> <span id="gftodvi-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#mft-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">mft invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Online Metafont graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts"></span><h3 class="section">6.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</h3> <span id="index-gftodvi"></span> <span id="index-character-proofs-of-fonts"></span> <span id="index-font-proofs"></span> <span id="index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts"></span> <p>GFtoDVI makes <em>proof sheets</em> from a GF bitmap file as output by, for example, Metafont (see <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>). This is an indispensable aid for font designers or Metafont hackers. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">gftodvi [<var>option</var>]… <var>gfname</var>[gf] </pre></div> <p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>The suffix ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is not an extension, no ‘<samp>.</samp>’ precedes it; for instance, <samp>cmr10.600gf</samp>. </p> <p>The output filename is the basename of <var>gfname</var> extended with <samp>.dvi</samp>, e.g., ‘<samp>gftodvi /wherever/foo.600gf</samp>’ creates <samp>./foo.dvi</samp>. </p> <p>The characters from <var>gfname</var> appear one per page in the DVI output, with labels, titles, and annotations, as specified in Appendix H (Hardcopy Proofs) of <cite>The Metafontbook</cite>. </p> <p>GFtoDVI uses several fonts besides <var>gfname</var> itself: </p> <ul> <li> <span id="index-gray-font"></span> <em>gray font</em> (default <samp>gray</samp>): for the pixels that actually make up the character. Simply using black is not right, since then labels, key points, and other information could not be shown. </li><li> <span id="index-title-font"></span> <em>title font</em> (default <samp>cmr8</samp>): for the header information at the top of each output page. </li><li> <span id="index-label-font"></span> <em>label font</em> (default <samp>cmtt10</samp>): for the labels on key points of the figure. </li><li> <span id="index-slant-font"></span> <em>slant font</em> (no default): for diagonal lines, which are otherwise simulated using horizontal and vertical rules. </li></ul> <p>To change the default fonts, you must use <code>special</code> commands in your Metafont source file, typically via commands like <code>slantfont slantlj4</code>. There is no default slant font since no one printer is suitable as a default. You can make your own by copying one of the existing files, such as <samp>.../fonts/source/public/misc/slantlj4.mf</samp> and then running <code>mf</code> on it. </p> <p>For testing purposes, you may it useful to run <code>mf-nowin rtest</code> (hit RETURN when it stops) to get a <samp>gf</samp> file of a thorn glyph. Or use <code>mf</code> instead of <code>mf-nowin</code> to have the glyph(s) displayed on the screen. After that, <code>gftodvi rtest.2602gf</code> should produce <samp>rtest.dvi</samp>, which you process as usual. </p> <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>-help</samp>’, and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-overflow-label-offset=<var>points</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003dpoints"></span> <span id="index-overflow-label-offset"></span> <span id="index-offset-for-overflow-labels"></span> <p>Typeset the so-called overflow labels, if any, <var>points</var> TeX points from the right edge of the character bounding box. The default is a little over two inches (ten million scaled points, to be precise). Overflow equations are used to locate coordinates when their actual position is too crowded with other information. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="mft-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">gftodvi invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source"></span><h3 class="section">6.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</h3> <span id="index-mft"></span> <span id="index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting"></span> <span id="index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-mftmac_002etex"></span> <p>MFT translates a Metafont program into a TeX document suitable for typesetting, with the aid of TeX macros defined in the file <samp>mftmac.tex</samp>. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">mft [<var>option</var>]… <var>mfname</var>[.mf] </pre></div> <p>MFT searches the usual places for <var>mfname</var> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. The output goes to the basename of <var>mfname</var> extended with <samp>.tex</samp>, e.g., ‘<samp>mft /wherever/foo.mf</samp>’ creates <samp>./foo.tex</samp>. </p> <p>Line breaks in the input are carried over into the output; moreover, blank spaces at the beginning of a line are converted to quads of indentation in the output. Thus, you have full control over the indentation and line breaks. Each line of input is translated independently of the others. </p> <p>Further control is allowed via Metafont comments: <span id="index-comments_002c-MFT-control"></span> </p><ul> <li> Metafont comments following a single ‘<samp>%</samp>’ should be valid TeX input. But Metafont material can be included within vertical bars in a comment; this will be translated by MFT as if it were regular Metafont code. For example, a comment like ‘<samp>% |x2r| is the tip of the bowl</samp>’ will be translated into the TeX ‘<samp>% $x_{2r}$ is the …</samp>’, i.e., the ‘<samp>x2r</samp>’ is treated as an identifier. </li><li> ‘<samp>%%</samp>’ indicates that the remainder of an input line should be copied verbatim to the output. This is typically used to introduce additional TeX material at the beginning or an MFT job, e.g. code to modify the standard layout or the formatting macros defined in <samp>mftmac.tex</samp>, or to add a line saying ‘<samp>%%\bye</samp>’ at the end of the job. (MFT doesn’t add this automatically in order to allow processing several files produces by MFT in the same TeX job.) </li><li> ‘<samp>%%% <var>token1</var> <var>other-tokens</var></samp>’ introduces a change in MFT’s formatting rules; all the <var>other-tokens</var> will henceforth be translated according to the current conventions for <var>token1</var>. The tokens must be symbolic (i.e., not numeric or string tokens). For example, the input line <div class="example"> <pre class="example">%%% addto fill draw filldraw </pre></div> <p>says to format the ‘<samp>fill</samp>’, ‘<samp>draw</samp>’, and ‘<samp>filldraw</samp>’ operations of plain Metafont just like the primitive token ‘<samp>addto</samp>’, i.e., in boldface type. Without such reformatting commands, MFT would treat ‘<samp>fill</samp>’ like an ordinary tag or variable name. In fact, you need a ‘<samp>%%%</samp>’ command even to get parentheses to act like delimiters. </p> </li><li> ‘<samp>%%%%</samp>’ introduces an MFT comment, i.e., MFT ignores the remainder of such a line. </li><li> Five or more ‘<samp>%</samp>’ signs should not be used. </li></ul> <span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1"></span> <p>(The above description was edited from <samp>mft.web</samp>, written by D.E. Knuth<!-- /@w -->.) </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-change=<var>chfile</var>[.ch]</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dchange_003dchfile"></span> <span id="index-change-files_002c-and-MFT"></span> <p>Apply the change file <var>chfile</var> as with Tangle and Weave (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>). </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-style=<var>mftfile</var>[.mft]</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dstyle_003dmftfile"></span> <span id="index-style-files"></span> <span id="index-plain_002emft"></span> <p>Read <var>mftfile</var> before anything else; a MFT style file typically contains only MFT directives as described above. The default style file is named <samp>plain.mft</samp>, which defines this properly for programs using plain Metafont. The MFT files is searched along the <code>MFTINPUTS</code> path; see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </p> <span id="index-cmbase_002emft"></span> <span id="index-e_002emft"></span> <span id="index-Computer-Modern-Typefaces_002c-production-of"></span> <p>Other examples of MFT style files are <samp>cmbase.mft</samp>, which defines formatting rules for the macros defined in <samp>cm.base</samp>, and <samp>e.mft</samp>, which was used in the production of Knuth’s Volume <!-- /@w -->E, <cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>. </p> <span id="index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting"></span> <p>Using an appropriate MFT style file, it is also possible to configure MFT for typesetting MetaPost sources. However, MFT does not search the usual places for MetaPost input files. </p></dd> </dl> <p>If you use eight-bit characters in the input file, they are passed on verbatim to the TeX output file; it is up to you to configure TeX to print these properly. </p> <hr> <span id="MetaPost"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="MetaPost_003a-Generating-PostScript"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 MetaPost: Generating PostScript</h2> <span id="index-MetaPost"></span> <span id="index-PostScript-meets-Metafont"></span> <span id="index-Metafont-meets-PostScript"></span> <span id="index-technical-illustrations_002c-creating"></span> <p>MetaPost is a picture-drawing language similar to Metafont (see <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>), but instead of outputting bitmaps in a “font”, it outputs PostScript commands. It’s primarily intended for creating technical illustrations, but can also be used to create PostScript or OpenType fonts (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/metatype1">https://ctan.org/pkg/metatype1</a>). </p> <span id="index-troff_002c-supported-in-MetaPost"></span> <p>MetaPost also provides for arbitrary integration of text and graphics in a natural way, using any typesetter (TeX and Troff are both supported) and a number of other subsidiary programs, described below. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mpost-invocation" accesskey="1">mpost invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking MetaPost. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="2">Initial MetaPost</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making mems. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#dvitomp-invocation" accesskey="3">dvitomp invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI-to-MPX translation. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="mpost-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="mpost-invocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</h3> <span id="index-mpost"></span> <span id="index-MetaPost-invocation"></span> <span id="index-mpman_002epdf"></span> <p>MetaPost (installed as <code>mpost</code>) reads a series of pictures specified in the MetaPost programming language, and outputs corresponding PostScript code. This section merely describes the options available in the Web2c implementation. For a complete description of the MetaPost language, see AT&T technical report CSTR-162, generally available in <samp><var>texmf</var>/doc/metapost/</samp>, where <var>texmf</var> is the root of TeX directory structure. The MetaPost home page: <a href="https://tug.org/metapost">https://tug.org/metapost</a>. </p> <span id="index-mpgraph_002epdf"></span> <p>Also, a standard MetaPost package for drawing graphs is documented in AT&T technical report CSTR-164, available as the file <samp>mpgraph.ps</samp>, generally stored alongside <samp>mpman.ps</samp>. </p> <p>MetaPost processes its command line and determines its memory dump (mem) file in a way analogous to Metafont and TeX (see <a href="#tex-invocation"><code>tex</code> invocation</a>, and see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">mpost [<var>option</var>]… [<var>mpname</var>[.mp]] [<var>mp-commands</var>] mpost [<var>option</var>]… \<var>first-line</var> mpost [<var>option</var>]… &<var>mem</var> <var>args</var> </pre></div> <span id="index-_002emp"></span> <span id="index-MetaPost-input-files"></span> <p>MetaPost searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mpname</var> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending <var>mpname</var> with <samp>.mp</samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <span id="index-beginfig"></span> <span id="index-_002ennn-PostScript-figures"></span> <span id="index-_002etfm-output-1"></span> <span id="index-mpout"></span> <span id="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost"></span> <span id="index-PostScript-output"></span> <p>MetaPost writes its PostScript output to a series of files <samp><var>basempname</var>.<var>nnn</var></samp> (or perhaps <samp><var>basempname</var>.ps</samp>, very occasionally <samp><var>basempname</var>.tfm</samp>), where <var>nnn</var> are the figure numbers specified in the input, typically to the <code>beginfig</code> macro, and <var>basempname</var> is the basename of <var>mpname</var>, or ‘<samp>mpout</samp>’ if no input file was specified. MetaPost uses the ‘<samp>.ps</samp>’ extension when the figure number is out of range, e.g., if you say <code>beginfig(-1)</code>. </p> <p>You can use the output files as figures in a TeX document just as with any other PostScript figures. For example, with this TeX command: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\special{psfile="<var>filename</var>"} </pre></div> <p>or by using <samp>epsf.tex</samp> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#EPSF-macros">EPSF macros</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>). </p> <span id="index-btex-for-MetaPost-labels"></span> <span id="index-etex-for-MetaPost-labels"></span> <p>The MetaPost construct </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">btex … <var>tex-input</var> … etex </pre></div> <p>generates a MetaPost picture expression corresponding to <var>tex-input</var>. </p> <p>The construct </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">verbatimtex … <var>tex-input</var> … etex </pre></div> <p>simply passes the <var>tex-input</var> through to TeX. For example, if you are using LaTeX, your MetaPost input file must start with a <code>verbatimtex</code> block that gives the necessary <code>\documentclass</code> (or <code>\documentstyle</code>) <code>\begin{document}</code> command. You will also need to set the enviroment variable <code>TEX</code> to ‘<samp>latex</samp>’. </p> <p><var>tex-input</var> need not be specifically TeX input; it could also be Troff. In that case, you will need the ‘<samp>-m pictures</samp>’ Troff macro package (unfortunately absent from many Troff implementations), or an equivalent such as the ‘<samp>-m pspic</samp>’ macros from GNU groff described in grops(1). </p> <span id="index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></span> <span id="index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost"></span> <span id="index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></span> <p>Naturally, you must use fonts that are supported by the typesetter; specifically, you’ll probably want to use standard PostScript fonts with Troff. And only the TeX system understands Computer Modern or other Metafont fonts; you can also use PostScript fonts with TeX, of course. </p> <span id="index-mproof_002etex"></span> <span id="index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels"></span> <span id="index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels"></span> <p>MetaPost-generated PostScript figures which do use Computer Modern fonts for labels cannot be directly previewed or printed. Instead, you must include them in a TeX document and run the resulting DVI file through Dvips to arrange for the downloading of the required fonts (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Fonts-in-figures">Fonts in figures</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>). To help with this, the MetaPost distribution provides a small TeX file <samp>mproof.tex</samp> which is typically called as: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">tex mproof <var>mp-output-files</var>... ; dvips mproof -o </pre></div> <p>The resulting file <samp>mproof.ps</samp> can then be printed or previewed. </p> <span id="index-prologues_002c-and-EPSF-output"></span> <span id="index-psfonts_002emap_002c-read-by-MetaPost"></span> <p>To generate EPSF files, set the internal MetaPost variable <code>prologues</code> positive. To make the output files self-contained, use only standard PostScript fonts. MetaPost reads the same <samp>psfonts.map</samp> file as Dvips, to determine PostScript fonts that need to be downloaded (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#psfonts_002emap">psfonts.map</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>). </p> <span id="index-PDF_002c-and-_002emps-files"></span> <span id="index-_002emps-files-and-PDF"></span> <p>It is posible for pdfTeX to read MetaPost output directly; this is in contrast to general EPSF files, which have to be converted for use with PDF output. The easiest way is to name the MetaPost output files with the <code>.mps</code> extension. Then the LaTeX <code>\includegraphics</code> command, for example, will be able to read them, even when outputting PDF. </p> <span id="index-security_002c-and-write"></span> <p>MetaPost can write output files, via the <code>write</code> primitive; this opens a security hole. See <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>. </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-[no]-file-line-error</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-fmt=<var>fmtname</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-halt-on-error</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-ini</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-interaction=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-jobname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-kpathsea-debug=<var>number</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-[no]parse-first-line</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-output-directory</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-progname=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-recorder</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-T</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-troff</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dT"></span> <span id="index-_002dtroff"></span> <span id="index-prologues"></span> <p>Set the <code>prologues</code> internal variable to <code>1</code>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-tex=<var>texprogram</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dtex_003dtexprogram"></span> <p>When this option is given, the program <var>texprogram</var> is used to typeset the labels. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Initial-MetaPost"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">dvitomp invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#mpost-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mpost invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Initial-MetaPost-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 Initial MetaPost</h3> <span id="index-initial-MetaPost"></span> <span id="index-MetaPost_002c-initial"></span> <p>As of MetaPost 1.504 (TeX Live 2011), MetaPost no longer dumps <samp>.mem</samp> files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>) and does not distinguish virgin and initial forms (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>). Instead, the “initial” file name is read in its source form—that is, <samp>mpost.mp</samp> when the program is invoked as <code>mpost</code>. </p> <p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>. </p> <span id="index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></span> <span id="index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></span> <span id="index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility"></span> <span id="index-mfplain"></span> <p>MetaPost provides a format with all the features of plain Metafont, called <samp>mfplain</samp>. You can use that in the same way; just run <code>mfplain</code> instead of <code>mpost</code>. This lets you directly process Metafont source files with MetaPost, producing character proofs (one file for each character) similar to those produced with Metafont in proof mode and GFtoDVI (see <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a>). </p> <hr> <span id="dvitomp-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</h3> <span id="index-dvitomp"></span> <span id="index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX"></span> <span id="index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files"></span> <p>DVItoMP converts DVI files into low-level MetaPost commands in a so-called MPX file. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">dvitomp <var>dvifile</var>[.dvi] [<var>mpxfile</var>[.mpx]] </pre></div> <p>If <var>mpxfile</var> is not specified, the output goes to the basename of <var>dvifile</var> extended with <samp>.mpx</samp>, e.g., ‘<samp>dvitomp /wherever/foo.dvi</samp>’ creates <samp>./foo.mpx</samp>. </p> <span id="index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP"></span> <p>DVItoMP supports Dvips-style color specials, such as ‘<samp>color push <var>name</var></samp>’ and ‘<samp>color pop</samp>’, outputting them as <code>withcolor</code> MetaPost commands. </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <hr> <span id="BibTeX"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="n" rel="next">WEB</a>, Previous: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 BibTeX: Bibliographies</h2> <span id="index-bibliographies_002c-creating"></span> <span id="index-BibTeX"></span> <p>BibTeX automates much of the job of typesetting bibliographies, and makes bibliography entries reusable in many different contexts. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#bibtex-invocation" accesskey="1">bibtex invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files" accesskey="2">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard and semi-standard styles. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="bibtex-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic BibTeX style files</a>, Up: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">BibTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="BibTeX-invocation"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 BibTeX invocation</h3> <span id="index-bibtex"></span> <span id="index-_002ebbl-bibliography-files"></span> <span id="index-_002eaux-cross_002dreference-files"></span> <span id="index-_002ebib-bibliography-databases"></span> <p>BibTeX creates a printable bibliography (<samp>.bbl</samp>) file from references in a <samp>.aux</samp> file, generally written by TeX or LaTeX. The <samp>.bbl</samp> file is then incorporated on a subsequent run. The basic bibliographic information comes from <samp>.bib</samp> files, and a BibTeX style (<samp>.bst</samp>) file controls the precise contents of the <samp>.bbl</samp> file. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">bibtex [<var>option</var>]… <var>auxfile</var>[.aux] </pre></div> <span id="index-_002eblg-BibTeX-log-file"></span> <span id="index-log-file_002c-BibTeX"></span> <p>The output goes to the basename of <var>auxfile</var> extended with <samp>.bbl</samp>; for example, ‘<samp>bibtex /wherever/foo.aux</samp>’ creates <samp>./foo.bbl</samp>. BibTeX also writes a log file to the basename of <var>auxfile</var> extended with ‘<samp>.blg</samp>’. </p> <span id="index-_005cbibliography"></span> <span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></span> <span id="index-TEXBIB_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></span> <span id="index-BIBINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></span> <span id="index-BSTINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bst-files"></span> <p>The names of the <samp>.bib</samp> and <samp>.bst</samp> files are specified in the <samp>.aux</samp> file as well, via the <samp>\bibliography</samp> and <samp>\bibliographystyle</samp> (La)TeX macros. BibTeX searches for <samp>.bib</samp> files using the <code>BIBINPUTS</code> and <code>TEXBIB</code> paths, and for <samp>.bst</samp> files using <code>BSTINPUTS</code> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). It does no path searching for <samp>.aux</samp> files. </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-terse</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dterse"></span> <span id="index-terse-output"></span> <span id="index-verbose-BibTeX-output_002c-suppressing"></span> <p>Suppress the program banner and progress reports normally output. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-min-crossrefs=<var>n</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003dn"></span> <span id="index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items"></span> <span id="index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced"></span> <p>If at least <var>n</var> (2 by default) bibliography entries refer to another entry <var>e</var> via their <code>crossref</code> field, include <var>e</var> in the <tt>.bbl</tt> file, even if it was not explicitly referenced in the <tt>.aux</tt> file. For example, <var>e</var> might be a conference proceedings as a whole, with the cross-referencing entries being individual articles published in the proceedings. </p> <p>If you want to avoid these automatic inclusions altogether, make <var>n</var> a sufficiently large number, and be sure to remove any previous <tt>.aux</tt> and <tt>.bbl</tt> files. Otherwise the option may appear to have no effect, since BibTeX will have added the citation for <var>e</var> to the <tt>.aux</tt>, and nothing will remove it. </p> </dd> </dl> <p>See also: </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt><samp>btxdoc.tex</samp></dt> <dd><span id="index-btxdoc_002etex"></span> <p>Basic LaTeXable documentation for general BibTeX users. </p> </dd> <dt><samp>btxhak.tex</samp></dt> <dd><span id="index-btxhak_002etex"></span> <span id="index-style-design_002c-for-BibTeX"></span> <p>LaTeXable documentation for style designers. </p> </dd> <dt><samp>btxdoc.bib</samp></dt> <dd><span id="index-btxdoc_002ebib"></span> <p>BibTeX database file for the two above documents. </p> </dd> <dt><samp>xampl.bib</samp></dt> <dd><span id="index-xampl_002ebib"></span> <p>Example database file with all the standard entry types. </p> </dd> <dt><samp><a href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/</a></samp></dt> <dd><span id="index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu"></span> <span id="index-BibTeX-collection"></span> <span id="index-TUGboat-bibliography"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-bibliographies-for"></span> <p>A very large <samp>.bib</samp> and <samp>.bst</samp> collection, including references for all the standard TeX books and a complete bibliography for TUGboat. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Basic-BibTeX-style-files"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#bibtex-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">bibtex invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">BibTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 Basic BibTeX style files</h3> <span id="index-basic-BibTeX-style-files"></span> <span id="index-BibTeX-style-files"></span> <p>Here are descriptions of the four standard and four semi-standard basic BibTeX styles. <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/biblio/bibtex</samp> contains these and many more (for CTAN info, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>plain</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-plain_002ebst"></span> <p>Sorts entries alphabetically, with numeric labels. Generally formatted according to van Leunen’s <cite>A Handbook for Scholars</cite>. The other style files listed here are based on <code>plain</code>. </p> </dd> <dt><code>abbrv</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-abbrv_002ebst"></span> <p>First names, month names, and journal names are abbreviated. </p> </dd> <dt><code>acm</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-acm_002ebst"></span> <p>Names are printed in small caps. </p> </dd> <dt><code>alpha</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-alpha_002ebst"></span> <p>Alphanumeric labels, e.g., ‘<samp>Knu66</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt><code>apalike</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-apalike_002ebst"></span> <p>No labels at all; instead, the year appears in parentheses after the author. Use this in conjunction with <samp>apalike.tex</samp> (plain TeX) or <samp>apalike.sty</samp> (LaTeX), which also changes the citations in the text to be ‘<samp>(<var>author</var>, <var>year</var>)</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt><code>ieeetr</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-ieeetr_002ebst"></span> <p>Numeric labels, entries in citation order, <small>IEEE</small> abbreviations, article titles in quotes. </p> </dd> <dt><code>siam</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-siam_002ebst"></span> <p>Numeric labels, alphabetic order, <cite>Math. Reviews</cite> abbreviations, names in small caps. </p> </dd> <dt><code>unsrt</code></dt> <dd><span id="index-unsrt_002ebst"></span> <p>Lists entries in citation order, i.e., unsorted. </p> </dd> <dt><code>btxbst.doc</code></dt> <dd><p>The template file and documentation for the standard styles. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="WEB"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="n" rel="next">DVI utilities</a>, Previous: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BibTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="WEB_003a-Literate-programming"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 WEB: Literate programming</h2> <span id="index-WEB"></span> <span id="index-literate-programming"></span> <p><em>WEB</em> languages allow you to write a single source file that can produce both a compilable program and a well-formatted document describing the program in as much detail as you wish to prepare. Writing in this kind of dual-purpose language is called <em>literate programming</em>. (The Usenet newsgroup <samp>comp.programming.literate</samp> is devoted to this subject.) </p> <span id="index-webman_002etex"></span> <span id="index-Spiderweb"></span> <span id="index-Cweb"></span> <span id="index-CWEB"></span> <span id="index-Awk_002c-WEB-for"></span> <span id="index-Ada_002c-WEB-for"></span> <span id="index-Troff_002c-WEB-for"></span> <p>WEB-like languages have been implemented with many pairs of base languages: Cweb provides C and Troff (see <a href="#References">References</a>); CWEB provides C and TeX (<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/web/c_cpp/cweb</samp>); Spiderweb provides C, C++, Awk, Ada, many others, and TeX (<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/web/spiderweb</samp>); and, of course, the original WEB provides Pascal and TeX, the implementation languages for the original TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and related programs to come from the TeX project at Stanford. </p> <p>The original WEB language is documented in the file <samp>webman.tex</samp>, which is included in the <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz</a> archive (and available in many other places, of course). </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tangle-invocation" accesskey="1">tangle invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="2">weave invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#pooltype-invocation" accesskey="3">pooltype invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="tangle-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">weave invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal"></span><h3 class="section">9.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</h3> <span id="index-tangle"></span> <span id="index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB"></span> <span id="index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling"></span> <p>Tangle creates a compilable Pascal program from a WEB source file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>). Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">tangle [<var>option</var>]… <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]] </pre></div> <span id="index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle"></span> <p>The Pascal output is written to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with ‘<samp>.p</samp>’; for example, ‘<samp>tangle /wherever/foo.web</samp>’ creates <samp>./foo.p</samp>. Tangle applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var> before writing the output; by default, there is no change file. </p> <span id="index-pool-file_002c-writing"></span> <span id="index-string-pool_002c-writing"></span> <p>If the program makes use of the WEB string facility, Tangle writes the string pool to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with ‘<samp>.pool</samp>’. </p> <p>The Pascal output is packed into lines of 72 characters or less, with the only concession to readability being the termination of lines at semicolons when this can be done conveniently. </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-length=<var>number</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dlength_003dnumber"></span> <span id="index-identifier-length"></span> <p>The number of characters that are considered significant in an identifier. Whether underline characters are counted depends on the ‘<samp>-underline</samp>’ option. The default value is 32, the original tangle used 7, but this proved too restrictive for use by Web2c. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-lowercase</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-mixedcase</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-uppercase</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dlowercase"></span> <span id="index-_002dmixedcase"></span> <span id="index-_002duppercase"></span> <span id="index-identifier-case"></span> <p>These options specify the case of identifiers in the output of tangle. If ‘<samp>-uppercase</samp>’ (‘<samp>-lowercase</samp>’) is specified, tangle will convert all identfiers to uppercase (lowercase). The default is ‘<samp>-mixedcase</samp>’, which specifies that the case will not be changed. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-underline</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dunderline"></span> <span id="index-identifiers-with-underlines"></span> <p>When this option is given, tangle does not strip underline characters from identifiers. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-loose</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>-strict</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dloose"></span> <span id="index-_002dstrict"></span> <span id="index-identifier-collisions"></span> <p>These options specify how strict tangle must be when checking identifiers for equality. The default is ‘<samp>-loose</samp>’, which means that tangle will follow the rules set by the case-smashing and underline options above. If ‘<samp>-strict</samp>’ is set, then identifiers will always be stripped of underlines and converted to uppercase before checking whether they collide. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="weave-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#pooltype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pooltype invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#tangle-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tangle invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</h3> <span id="index-weave"></span> <span id="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-WEB"></span> <span id="index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting"></span> <span id="index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs"></span> <p>Weave creates a TeX document from a WEB source file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>), assuming various macros defined in <samp>webmac.tex</samp>. It takes care of typographic details such as page layout, indentation, and italicizing identifiers. It also automatically gathers and outputs extensive cross-reference information. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">weave [<var>option</var>]… <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]] </pre></div> <span id="index-change-files_002c-and-Weave"></span> <p>The output is to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’; for example, ‘<samp>weave /wherever/foo.web</samp>’ creates <samp>./foo.tex</samp>. Weave applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var> before writing the output; by default, there is no change file. </p> <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-x</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dx"></span> <span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting"></span> <span id="index-CONTENTS_002etex"></span> <span id="index-webmac_002etex"></span> <p>Omit the cross-reference information: the index, the list of WEB module names, and the table of contents (an empty <samp>CONTENTS.tex</samp> file will still be written when the Weave output file is processed by TeX using the default <samp>webmac.tex</samp>, though). </p></dd> </dl> <p>Conventionally, WEB programmers should define the TeX <code>\title</code> macro at the beginning of the source file. Also, to get output of only changed modules, one can say <code>\let\maybe=\iffalse</code> (usually as the first change in the change file). </p> <hr> <span id="pooltype-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">weave invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files"></span><h3 class="section">9.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</h3> <span id="index-pooltype"></span> <span id="index-type-programs_002c-pool"></span> <span id="index-string-numbers_002c-displaying"></span> <span id="index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying"></span> <p>Pooltype shows the so-called <em>string number</em> of each string in a WEB pool file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>), as output by Tangle (see <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a>), including the first 256 strings corresponding to the possible input characters. Pooltype primarily serves as an example of WEB conventions to implementors of the TeX system. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">pooltype [<var>option</var>]… <var>poolfile</var>[.pool] </pre></div> <p>No path searching is done for <var>poolfile</var>. Output is to standard output. </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <p>As an example of the output, here is the (edited) output for <samp>tex.pool</samp>: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">0: "^^@" 1: "^^A" … 255: "^^ff" 256: "pool size" … 1314: "Using character substitution: " (23617 characters in all.) </pre></div> <span id="index-representation-of-strings"></span> <span id="index-string-representation"></span> <p>In Metafont and MetaPost, the first 256 characters are actually represented as single bytes (i.e., themselves), not in the ‘<samp>^^</samp>’ notation. Consider Pooltype as showing the results after conversion for output. </p> <hr> <span id="DVI-utilities"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font utilities</a>, Previous: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WEB</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="DVI-utilities-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 DVI utilities</h2> <span id="index-DVI-utilities"></span> <p>TeX outputs a file in <em>DVI</em> (DeVice Independent) format as a compact representation of the original document. DVI files can be translated to meet the requirements of a real physical device, such as PostScript printers (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>), PCL printers (see dvilj(1)), and X displays (see xdvi(1)). In fact, DVI translators are available for virtually all common devices: see <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/dviware</samp> (for CTAN info, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). </p> <span id="index-dvitype_002eweb"></span> <span id="index-DVI-format-definition"></span> <p>For the precise definition of the DVI file format, see (for example) the source file <samp>web2c/dvitype.web</samp>. </p> <p>The DVI-processing programs in the Web2c distribution are not device drivers; they perform generic utility functions. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#dvicopy-invocation" accesskey="1">dvicopy invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Expand virtual fonts. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="2">dvitype invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI to human-readable text. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="dvicopy-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">dvitype invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">DVI utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</h3> <span id="index-dvicopy"></span> <span id="index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding"></span> <p>DVIcopy reads a DVI file, expands any references to virtual fonts (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) to base fonts, and writes the resulting DVI file. Thus you can use virtual fonts even if your DVI processor does not support them, by passing the documents through DVIcopy first. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">dvicopy [<var>option</var>]… [<var>indvi</var>[.dvi] [<var>outdvi</var>[.dvi]]] </pre></div> <p>DVIcopy reads standard input if <var>indvi</var> is not specified, and writes standard output if <var>outdvi</var> is not specified. </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-magnification=<var>integer</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger"></span> <span id="index-magnification"></span> <span id="index-_005cmag"></span> <p>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000 specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX’s <code>\mag</code> parameter. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-max-pages=<var>n</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn"></span> <p>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-page-start=<var>page-spec</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec"></span> <span id="index-starting-page"></span> <span id="index-page_002c-starting"></span> <span id="index-_005ccountn"></span> <p>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more (signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX’s <code>\count0…9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; ‘<samp>*</samp>’ matches anything. Examples: ‘<samp>3</samp>’, ‘<samp>1.*.-4</samp>’. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="dvitype-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dvicopy invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">DVI utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</h3> <span id="index-dvitype-DVI-validation"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text"></span> <span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></span> <span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></span> <span id="index-type-programs_002c-DVI"></span> <span id="index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files"></span> <p>DVItype translates a DeVice Independent (DVI) file (as output by TeX, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves as a DVI-validating program, i.e., if DVItype can read a file, it’s correct. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">dvitype [<var>option</var>]… <var>dvifile</var>[.dvi] </pre></div> <p>DVItype does not read any bitmap files, but it does read TFM files for fonts referenced in <var>dvifile</var>. The usual places are searched (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>Output goes to standard output. </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-dpi=<var>real</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002ddpi_003dreal"></span> <p>Do pixel movement calculations at <var>real</var> pixels per inch; default 300.0. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-magnification=<var>integer</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger-1"></span> <span id="index-magnification-1"></span> <span id="index-_005cmag-1"></span> <p>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000 specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX’s <code>\mag</code> parameter. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-max-pages=<var>n</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn-1"></span> <p>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-output-level=<var>n</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002doutput_002dlevel_003dn"></span> <p>Verbosity level of output, from 0 to 4 (default 4): </p><ul> <li> 0: Global document information only. </li><li> 1: Most DVI commands included, and typeset characters summarized. </li><li> 2: Character and movement commands explicitly included. </li><li> 3: DVI stack and current position calculations included. </li><li> 4: Same information as level 3, but DVItype does random positioning in the file, reading the DVI postamble first. </li></ul> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-page-start=<var>page-spec</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec-1"></span> <span id="index-starting-page-1"></span> <span id="index-page_002c-starting-1"></span> <span id="index-_005ccountn-1"></span> <p>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more (signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX’s <code>\count0…9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; ‘<samp>*</samp>’ matches anything. Examples: ‘<samp>1</samp>’, ‘<samp>5.*.-9</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-show-opcodes</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dshow_002dopcodes"></span> <span id="index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI"></span> <span id="index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing"></span> <span id="index-debugging-DVI-utilities"></span> <p>Show numeric opcode values (in decimal) for DVI commands, in braces after the command name. This can help in debugging DVI utilities. We use decimal because in the DVI format documentation (in <samp>dvitype.web</samp>, among others) the opcodes are shown in decimal. </p></dd> </dl> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#dvitype-output-example" accesskey="1">dvitype output example</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="dvitype-output-example"></span><div class="header"> <p> Up: <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="u" rel="up">dvitype invocation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="DVItype-output-example"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.2.1 DVItype output example</h4> <span id="index-dvitype-output-example"></span> <p>As an example of the output from DVItype (see section above), here is its (abridged) translation of the <samp>story.dvi</samp> resulting from running the example in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, with ‘<samp>-output-level=4</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-show-opcodes</samp>’ on. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">… Options selected: Starting page = * Maximum number of pages = 1000000 Output level = 4 (the works) Resolution = 300.00000000 pixels per inch numerator/denominator=25400000/473628672 magnification=1000; 0.00006334 pixels per DVI unit ' TeX output 1992.05.17:0844' Postamble starts at byte 564. maxv=43725786, maxh=30785863, maxstackdepth=3, totalpages=1 Font 33: cmsl10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units Font 23: cmbx10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units Font 0: cmr10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units 42: beginning of page 1 87: push {141} level 0:(h=0,v=0,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=0) 88: down3 -917504 {159} v:=0-917504=-917504, vv:=-58 92: pop {142} … 104: putrule {137} height 26214, width 30785863 (2x1950 pixels) 113: down3 5185936 {159} v:=655360+5185936=5841296, vv:=370 117: push {141} level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370) 118: right4 12265425 {146} h:=0+12265425=12265425, hh:=777 [ ] 123: fntdef1 23 {243}: cmbx10 145: fntnum23 {194} current font is cmbx10 146: setchar65 h:=12265425+569796=12835221, hh:=813 147: w3 251220 {150} h:=12835221+251220=13086441, hh:=829 151: setchar83 h:=13086441+418700=13505141, hh:=856 … 164: setchar82 h:=17448202+565245=18013447, hh:=1142 165: x0 -62805 {152} h:=18013447-62805=17950642, hh:=1138 166: setchar89 h:=17950642+569796=18520438, hh:=1174 [A SHORT STORY] 167: pop {142} level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370) … 550: pop {142} level 0:(h=0,v=42152922,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2670) 551: down3 1572864 {159} v:=42152922+1572864=43725786, vv:=2770 555: push {141} level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770) 556: right4 15229091 {146} h:=0+15229091=15229091, hh:=965 561: setchar49 h:=15229091+327681=15556772, hh:=986 [ 1] 562: pop {142} level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770) 563: eop {140} </pre></div> <p>Explanation: </p> <ul> <li> The DVItype options are recorded at the beginning, followed by global information about the document, including fonts used. </li><li> Each DVI command is preceded by its byte position in the file (‘<samp>42:</samp>’, ‘<samp>87:</samp>’, …), and (because of the ‘<samp>-show-opcodes</samp>’) followed by its decimal opcode value in braces (‘<samp>{141}</samp>’, ‘<samp>{142}</samp>’, …). </li><li> The ‘<samp>level</samp>’ lines record information about the DVI stack; ‘<samp>h</samp>’ and ‘<samp>v</samp>’ define the current position in DVI units, while ‘<samp>hh</samp>’ and ‘<samp>vv</samp>’ are the same in pixels. </li><li> Text sequences are summarized in brackets, as in ‘<samp>[A SHORT STORY]</samp>’ and the ‘<samp>[ 1]</samp>’. </li></ul> <hr> <span id="Font-utilities"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Legalisms" accesskey="n" rel="next">Legalisms</a>, Previous: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DVI utilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Font-utilities-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">11 Font utilities</h2> <span id="index-font-utilities"></span> <p>The Web2c programs described here convert between various TeX-related font formats; the first section below briefly describes the formats. GFtoPK is the only one that is routinely used, as Metafont outputs GF format, but it’s most efficient for device drivers to use PK. </p> <span id="index-pktype_002eweb"></span> <span id="index-gftype_002eweb"></span> <span id="index-PK-format-definition"></span> <span id="index-GF-format-definition"></span> <p>The precise definitions of the PK, GF, TFM, PL, VF, and VPL formats mentioned below are in the source files that read them; <samp>pktype.web</samp>, <samp>gftype.web</samp>, <samp>tftopl.web</samp>, etc. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-file-formats" accesskey="1">Font file formats</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Explanations of GF, PK, TFM, VF, ... </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="2">gftopk invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">GF -> PK (compact) </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="3">pktogf invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">PK -> GF (expand). </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="4">pktype invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">PK -> human-readable text. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="5">gftype invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">GF -> human-readable text. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="6">tftopl invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">TFM -> PL (for editing TFM). </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="7">pltotf invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">PL -> TFM (make editing results usable). </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="8">vftovp invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">VF -> VPL (tftopl for virtual fonts). </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="9">vptovf invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">VPL -> VF (pltotf for virtual fonts). </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Type 1, BDF, editors, etc. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Font-file-formats"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">gftopk invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Font-file-formats-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.1 Font file formats</h3> <span id="index-font-file-formats"></span> <span id="index-file-formats-for-fonts"></span> <p>(For another perspective on this, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Font-concepts">Font concepts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>). </p> <p>Font files come in several varieties, with suffixes like: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">.tfm .*pk .*gf .*pxl<span class="roman"> (obsolete)</span> .pl .mf .vf .vpl </pre></div> <p>Each represents a file format. </p> <span id="index-TFM-files_002c-explained"></span> <p>A TFM (TeX font metric) file is a compact binary file that contains information about each character in a font, about combinations of characters within that font, and about the font as a whole. The font metric information contained in TFM files is device-independent units is used by TeX to do typesetting. Unlike the bitmap (raster) fonts described below, TFM font files contain no information about the shapes of characters. They describe rectangular areas and combinations thereof, but not what will eventually be printed in those areas. </p> <span id="index-scaling-of-fonts"></span> <span id="index-optical-font-scaling"></span> <span id="index-geometric-font-scaling"></span> <span id="index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling"></span> <p>Since TeX does scaling calculations, one TFM file serves for all magnifications of a given typeface. On the other hand, the best printed results are obtained when magnified (or reduced fonts) are not produced geometrically (as done by PostScript, for example) but rather optically, with each size a separate design (as done with Computer Modern and the EC fonts, for example); then a separate TFM file is needed for each size. </p> <span id="index-DVI-files_002c-explained"></span> <p>At any rate, TeX produces a DVI (DeVice Independent) file from your source document. In order to print DVI files on real devices, you need font files defining digitized character shapes and other data. Then previewers and printer-driver programs can translate your DVI files into something usable by your monitor or printer. Bitmap fonts come with suffixes such as ‘<samp>.600pk</samp>’ or ‘<samp>.600gf</samp>’ or ‘<samp>.3000pxl</samp>’, where the ‘<samp>600</samp>’ is the horizontal dots-per-inch resolution at which the font was produced, and the ‘<samp>pk</samp>’ or ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ or ‘<samp>pxl</samp>’ indicates the font format. Outline fonts in PostScript Type 1 format have suffixes such as ‘<samp>.pfa</samp>’ or ‘<samp>.pfb</samp>’. </p> <span id="index-PXL-files_002c-explained"></span> <span id="index-PK-files_002c-explained"></span> <span id="index-GF-files_002c-explained"></span> <p>Fonts in pk (packed) format are in the tightly packed raster format that is pretty much the standard today. They take up less space than fonts in the gf (generic font) format that Metafont generates, and far less space than fonts in pxl format. Fonts in pxl format take up gross amounts of disk space and permit only 128 characters. They are obsolete. </p> <span id="index-PL-files_002c-explained"></span> <p>Font files with the ‘<samp>.pl</samp>’ (property list) suffix are the plain text (human-readable) analog of the binary ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’ files. The TFtoPL and PLtoTF programs convert between the two formats (see <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a> and <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a>). </p> <p>Font files with the ‘<samp>.mf</samp>’ suffix are in Metafont source format. These are the files used by Metafont to generate rastered fonts for specific typefaces at specific magnifications for the specific resolution and type of mapping used by your device. </p> <span id="index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth"></span> <span id="index-virtualfonts_002etxt"></span> <p>The suffix ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’ identifies “virtual font” files, for which ‘<samp>.vpl</samp>’ is the human-readable analog. See See <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>, and <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a>. For further discussion of virtual fonts, see <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/doc/virtual-fonts.knuth</samp>, <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/help/virtualfonts.txt</samp>, and <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>. </p> <span id="index-MacKay_002c-Pierre"></span> <span id="index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth"></span> <p>(This section is based on documentation in the original Unix TeX distribution by Pierre MacKay and Elizabeth Tachikawa.) </p> <hr> <span id="gftopk-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pktogf invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-file-formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font file formats</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">11.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</h3> <span id="index-gftopk"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK"></span> <span id="index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to"></span> <span id="index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK"></span> <p>GFtoPK converts a generic font (GF) file output by, for example, Metafont (see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>) to a packed font (PK) file. PK files are considerably smaller than the corresponding gf files, so they are generally the bitmap font format of choice. Some DVI-processing programs, notably Dvips, only support PK files and not GF files. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">gftopk [<var>option</var>]… <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf] [<var>pkfile</var>] </pre></div> <p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>The suffix ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is not an extension; no ‘<samp>.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance, <samp>cmr10.600gf</samp>. </p> <p>If <var>pkfile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename of ‘<samp><var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>pk</samp>’, e.g., ‘<samp>gftopk /wherever/cmr10.600gf</samp>’ creates <samp>./cmr10.600pk</samp>. </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>--verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>--help</samp>’, and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <hr> <span id="pktogf-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pktype invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">gftopk invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">11.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</h3> <span id="index-pktogf"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF"></span> <span id="index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to"></span> <span id="index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF"></span> <p>PKtoGF converts a packed font (PK) file to a generic font (GF) file. Since PK format is much more compact than GF format, the most likely reason to do this is to run GFtype (see <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a>) on the result, so you can see the bitmap images. Also, a few old utility programs do not support PK format. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">pktogf [<var>option</var>]… <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk] [<var>gffile</var>] </pre></div> <p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>The suffix ‘<samp>pk</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is not an extension; no ‘<samp>.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance, <samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>. </p> <p>If <var>gffile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename of ‘<samp><var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>gf</samp>’, e.g., ‘<samp>pktogf /wherever/cmr10.600pk</samp>’ creates <samp>./cmr10.600gf</samp>. </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>--verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>--help</samp>’, and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <hr> <span id="pktype-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">gftype invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">pktogf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts"></span><h3 class="section">11.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</h3> <span id="index-pktype-PK-validation"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text"></span> <span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></span> <span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></span> <span id="index-type-programs_002c-PK"></span> <span id="index-validation_002c-of-PK-files"></span> <p>PKtype translates a packed font (PK) bitmap file (as output by GFtoPK, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves as a PK-validating program, i.e., if PKtype can read a file, it’s correct. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">pktype <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk] </pre></div> <p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>The suffix ‘<samp>pk</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is not an extension; no ‘<samp>.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance, <samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>. </p> <p>The translation is written to standard output. </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) translation of the letter ‘K’ in ‘<samp>cmr10</samp>’, as rendered at 600dpi with the mode ‘<samp>ljfour</samp>’ from <a href="modes.mf">modes.mf</a> (available from <samp>ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</samp>). </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">955: Flag byte = 184 Character = 75 Packet length = 174 Dynamic packing variable = 11 TFM width = 815562 dx = 4259840 Height = 57 Width = 57 X-offset = -3 Y-offset = 56 [2]23(16)17(8)9(25)11(13)7(27)7(16)7(28)4(18)7(28)2(20)7(27)… … (14)9(24)12(5)[2]23(13)21 </pre></div> <p>Explanation: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>955</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-byte-position"></span> <p>The byte position in the file where this character starts. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>Flag byte</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>Dynamic packing variable</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-flag-byte"></span> <span id="index-dynamic-packing-variable"></span> <p>Related to the packing for this character; see the source code. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>Character</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output"></span> <p>The character code, in decimal. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>Packet length</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-packet-length"></span> <p>The total length of this character definition, in bytes. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>TFM width</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-TFM-width-of-characters"></span> <span id="index-device_002dindependent-width"></span> <span id="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent"></span> <p>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24 times the ratio of the true width to the font’s design size. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>dx</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-horizontal-escapement"></span> <span id="index-escapement_002c-horizontal"></span> <span id="index-scaled-pixels"></span> <span id="index-dx-horizontal-escapement"></span> <p>The device-dependent width, in <em>scaled pixels</em>, i.e., units of horizontal pixels times 2^16. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>Height</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>Width</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-height_002c-in-pixels"></span> <span id="index-pixel-height"></span> <span id="index-pixel-width"></span> <span id="index-width_002c-in-pixels"></span> <p>The bitmap height and width, in pixels. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>X-offset</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>Y-offset</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-x-offset"></span> <span id="index-y-offset"></span> <span id="index-origin"></span> <span id="index-reference-pixel"></span> <span id="index-side-bearings"></span> <span id="index-left-side-bearing"></span> <span id="index-right-side-bearing"></span> <p>Horizontal and vertical offset from the upper left pixel to the reference (origin) pixel for this character, in pixels (right and down are positive). The <em>reference pixel</em> is the pixel that occupies the unit square in Metafont; the Metafont reference point is the lower left hand corner of this pixel. Put another way, the x-offset is the negative of the left side bearing; the right side bearing is the horizontal escapement minus the bitmap width plus the x-offset. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>[2]23(16)…</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps"></span> <span id="index-repeated-rows"></span> <p>Finally, run lengths of black pixels alternate with parenthesized run lengths of white pixels, and brackets indicate a repeated row. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="gftype-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">tftopl invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">pktype invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts"></span><h3 class="section">11.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</h3> <span id="index-gftype-GF-validation"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text"></span> <span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></span> <span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></span> <span id="index-type-programs_002c-GF"></span> <span id="index-validation_002c-of-GF-files"></span> <p>GFtype translates a generic font (GF) bitmap file (as output by Metafont, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves as a GF-validating program, i.e., if GFtype can read a file, it’s correct. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">gftype [<var>option</var>]… <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf] </pre></div> <p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>The suffix ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is not an extension; no ‘<samp>.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance, <samp>cmr10.600gf</samp>. </p> <p>The translation is written to standard output. </p> <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-images</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dimages"></span> <p>Show the characters’ bitmaps using asterisks and spaces. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>-mnemonics</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dmnemonics"></span> <p>Translate all commands in the GF file. </p></dd> </dl> <p>As an example of the output, here is the (abrdiged) translation of the letter ‘K’ in ‘<samp>cmr10</samp>’, as rendered at 600dpi with the mode ‘<samp>ljfour</samp>’ from <samp>modes.mf</samp> (available from <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>), with both ‘<samp>-mnemonics</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-images</samp>’ enabled. </p> <p>GFtype outputs the information about a character in two places: a main definition and a one-line summary at the end. We show both. Here is the main definition: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">2033: beginning of char 75: 3<=m<=60 0<=n<=56 (initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20 2043: newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20 2047: newrow 0 (n=54) paint 24(12)20 2051: newrow 0 (n=53) paint 24(12)20 2055: newrow 7 (n=52) paint 10(21)13 2059: newrow 8 (n=51) paint 8(23)9 … 2249: newrow 8 (n=5) paint 8(23)11 2253: newrow 7 (n=4) paint 10(22)12 2257: newrow 0 (n=3) paint 24(11)22 2261: newrow 0 (n=2) paint 24(11)22 2265: newrow 0 (n=1) paint 24(11)22 2269: newrow 0 (n=0) paint 24(11)22 2273: eoc </pre><pre class="example">.<--This pixel's lower left corner is at (3,57) in METAFONT coordinates ************************ ******************** ************************ ******************** ************************ ******************** ************************ ******************** ********** ************* ******** ********* … ******** *********** ********** ************ ************************ ********************** ************************ ********************** ************************ ********************** ************************ ********************** .<--This pixel's upper left corner is at (3,0) in METAFONT coordinates </pre></div> <p>Explanation: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>2033</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>2043</samp>’</dt> <dt>‘<samp>…</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-byte-position-1"></span> <p>The byte position in the file where each GF command starts. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>beginning of char 75</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output"></span> <p>The character code, in decimal. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>3<=m<=60 0<=n<=56</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-left-side-bearing-1"></span> <span id="index-right-side-bearing-1"></span> <span id="index-side-bearings-1"></span> <p>The character’s bitmap lies between 3 and 60 (inclusive) horizontally, and between 0 and 56 (inclusive) vertically. (<em>m</em> is a column position and <em>n</em> is a row position.) Thus, 3 is the left side bearing. The right side bearing is the horizontal escapement (given below) minus the maximum <em>m</em>. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1"></span> <p>The first row of pixels: 0 white pixels, 24 black pixels, 12 white pixels, etc. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-newrow-GF-command"></span> <p>The second row of pixels, with zero leading white pixels on the row. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>eoc</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-eoc-GF-command"></span> <p>The end of the main character definition. </p> </dd> </dl> <p>Here is the GF postamble information that GFtype outputs at the end: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">Character 75: dx 4259840 (65), width 815562 (64.57289), loc 2033 </pre></div> <p>Explanation: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>dx</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-horizontal-escapement-1"></span> <span id="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-1"></span> <span id="index-vertical-escapement"></span> <span id="index-escapement_002c-vertical"></span> <span id="index-scaled-pixels-1"></span> <span id="index-dx-horizontal-escapement-1"></span> <span id="index-dy-vertical-escapement"></span> <p>The device-dependent width, in <em>scaled pixels</em>, i.e., units of horizontal pixels times 2^16. The ‘<samp>(65)</samp>’ is simply the same number rounded. If the vertical escapement is nonzero, it would appear here as a ‘<samp>dy</samp>’ value. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>width</samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-TFM-width-of-characters-1"></span> <span id="index-device_002dindependent-width-1"></span> <span id="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-1"></span> <p>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24 times the ratio of the true width to the font’s design size. The ‘<samp>64.57289</samp>’ is the same number converted to pixels. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>loc</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>The byte position in the file where this character starts. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="tftopl-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pltotf invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">gftype invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">11.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</h3> <span id="index-tftopl"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list"></span> <span id="index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files"></span> <span id="index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to"></span> <span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></span> <span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></span> <p>TFtoPL translates a TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) file (as output by Metafont, for example) to <em>property list format</em> (a list of parenthesized items describing the font) that humans can edit or read. This program is mostly used by people debugging TeX implementations, writing font utilities, etc. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">tftopl [<var>option</var>]… <var>tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var>plfile</var>[.pl]] </pre></div> <p>The font <var>tfmname</var> (extended with ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’ if necessary) is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. </p> <p>If <var>plfile</var> (which is extended with ‘<samp>.pl</samp>’ if necessary) is not specified, the property list file is written to standard output. The property list file can be converted back to TFM format by the companion program TFtoPL (see the next section). </p> <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-charcode-format=<var>type</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype"></span> <p>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either ‘<samp>octal</samp>’ or ‘<samp>ascii</samp>’. Default is ‘<samp>ascii</samp>’ for letters and digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font’s coding scheme starts with ‘<samp>TeX math sy</samp>’ or ‘<samp>TeX math ex</samp>’, all character codes are output in octal. </p> <p>In ‘<samp>ascii</samp>’ format, character codes that correspond to graphic characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a ‘<samp>C</samp>’ followed by the single character: ‘<samp>C K</samp>’, for example. In octal format, character codes are output as the letter ‘<samp>O</samp>’ followed by octal digits, as in ‘<samp>O 113</samp>’ for ‘<samp>K</samp>’. </p> <p>‘<samp>octal</samp>’ format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts, where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely confusing. </p></dd> </dl> <span id="index-property-list-format"></span> <p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) property list translation of <samp>cmr10.tfm</samp>: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">(FAMILY CMR) (FACE O 352) (CODINGSCHEME TEX TEXT) (DESIGNSIZE R 10.0) (COMMENT DESIGNSIZE IS IN POINTS) (COMMENT OTHER SIZES ARE MULTIPLES OF DESIGNSIZE) (CHECKSUM O 11374260171) (FONTDIMEN (SLANT R 0.0) (SPACE R 0.333334) (STRETCH R 0.166667) (SHRINK R 0.111112) (XHEIGHT R 0.430555) (QUAD R 1.000003) (EXTRASPACE R 0.111112) ) (LIGTABLE … (LABEL C f) (LIG C i O 14) (LIG C f O 13) (LIG C l O 15) (KRN O 47 R 0.077779) (KRN O 77 R 0.077779) (KRN O 41 R 0.077779) (KRN O 51 R 0.077779) (KRN O 135 R 0.077779) (STOP) … ) … (CHARACTER C f (CHARWD R 0.305557) (CHARHT R 0.694445) (CHARIC R 0.077779) (COMMENT (LIG C i O 14) (LIG C f O 13) (LIG C l O 15) (KRN O 47 R 0.077779) (KRN O 77 R 0.077779) … ) ) … </pre></div> <p>As you can see, the general format is a list of parenthesized <em>properties</em>, nested where necessary. </p> <ul> <li> <span id="index-FAMILY-property"></span> <span id="index-FACE-property"></span> <span id="index-headerbyte-information"></span> The first few items (<code>FAMILY</code>, <code>FACE</code>, and so on) are the so-called <em>headerbyte</em> information from Metafont, giving general information about the font. </li><li> <span id="index-FAMILY-property-1"></span> <span id="index-_005cfontdimen"></span> The <code>FONTDIMEN</code> property defines the TeX <code>\fontdimen</code> values. </li><li> <span id="index-LIGTABLE-property"></span> <span id="index-LABEL-property"></span> <span id="index-LIG-property"></span> <span id="index-KRN-property"></span> <span id="index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></span> <span id="index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></span> <span id="index-design_002dsize-units"></span> The <code>LIGTABLE</code> property defines the ligature and kerning table. <code>LIG</code> properties define ligatures: in the example above, an ‘<samp>f</samp>’ (in the ‘<samp>LABEL</samp>’) followed by an ‘<samp>i</samp>’ is a ligature, i.e., a typesetting program like TeX replaces those two consecutive characters by the character at position octal ’014 in the current font—presumably the ‘fi’ ligature. <code>KRN</code> properties define kerns: if an ‘<samp>f</samp>’ is followed by character octal ’047 (an apostrophe), TeX inserts a small amount of space between them: 0.077779 times the design size the font was loaded at (about three-quarters of a printer’s point by default in this case, or .001 inches). </li><li> <span id="index-CHARACTER-property"></span> <span id="index-CHARWD-property"></span> <span id="index-CHARHT-property"></span> <span id="index-CHARDP-property"></span> <span id="index-CHARIC-property"></span> The <code>CHARACTER</code> property defines the dimensions of a character: its width, height, depth, and italic correction, also in design-size units, as explained in the previous item. For our example ‘f’, the depth is zero, so that property is omitted. TFtoPL also inserts any kerns and ligatures for this character as a comment. </li></ul> <hr> <span id="pltotf-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">vftovp invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tftopl invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">11.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</h3> <span id="index-pltotf"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM"></span> <span id="index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></span> <span id="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></span> <p>PLtoTF translates a property list file (as output by TFtoPL, for example) to TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) format. It’s much easier for both programs and humans to create the (plain text) property list files and let PLtoTF take care of creating the binary TFM equivalent than to output TFM files directly. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">pltotf [<var>option</var>]… <var>plfile</var>[.pl] [<var>tfmfile</var>[.tfm]] </pre></div> <p>If <var>tfmfile</var> (extended with ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’ if necessary) is not specified, the TFM file is written to the basename of ‘<samp><var>plfile</var>.tfm</samp>’, e.g., ‘<samp>pltotf /wherever/cmr10.pl</samp>’ creates <samp>./cmr10.tfm</samp>. (Since TFM files are binary, writing to standard output by default is undesirable.) </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>-help</samp>’, and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <p>For an example of property list format, see the previous section. </p> <hr> <span id="vftovp-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">vptovf invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">pltotf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists"></span><h3 class="section">11.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</h3> <span id="index-vftovp"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL"></span> <span id="index-validation_002c-of-VF-files"></span> <span id="index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual"></span> <span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></span> <span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></span> <p>VFtoVP translates a virtual font metric (VF, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) file and its accompanying TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) file (as output by VPtoVF, for example) to <em>virtual property list format</em> (a list of parenthesized items describing the virtual font) that humans can edit or read. This program is mostly used by people debugging virtual font utilities. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">vftovp [<var>option</var>]… <var>vfname</var>[.vf] [<var>tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var>vplfile</var>[.vpl]]] </pre></div> <p>The fonts <var>vfname</var> and <var>tfmname</var> (extended with ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’ and ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’ if necessary) are searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. If <var>tfmname</var> is not specified, <var>vfname</var> (without a trailing ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’) is used. </p> <p>If <var>vplfile</var> (extended with ‘<samp>.vpl</samp>’ if necessary) is not specified, the property list file is written to standard output. The property list file can be converted back to VF and TFM format by the companion program VFtoVP (see the next section). </p> <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard ‘<samp>-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>): </p><dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>-charcode-format=<var>type</var></samp>’</dt> <dd><span id="index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype-1"></span> <p>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either ‘<samp>octal</samp>’ or ‘<samp>ascii</samp>’. Default is ‘<samp>ascii</samp>’ for letters and digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font’s coding scheme starts with ‘<samp>TeX math sy</samp>’ or ‘<samp>TeX math ex</samp>’, all character codes are output in octal. </p> <p>In ‘<samp>ascii</samp>’ format, character codes that correspond to graphic characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a ‘<samp>C</samp>’ followed by the single character: ‘<samp>C K</samp>’, for example. In octal format, character codes are output as the letter ‘<samp>O</samp>’ followed by octal digits, as in ‘<samp>O 113</samp>’ for ‘<samp>K</samp>’. </p> <p>‘<samp>octal</samp>’ format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts, where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely confusing. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="vptovf-invocation"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font utilities available elsewhere</a>, Previous: <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">vftovp invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font"></span><h3 class="section">11.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</h3> <span id="index-vptovf"></span> <span id="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF"></span> <span id="index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></span> <span id="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-1"></span> <p>VPtoVF translates a virtual property list file (as output by VFtoVP, for example) to virtual font (VF, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) and TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) files. It’s much easier for both programs and humans to create the (plain text) property list files and let VPtoVF take care of creating the binary VF and TFM equivalents than to output them directly. Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">vptovf [<var>option</var>]… <var>vplfile</var>[.vpl] [<var>vffile</var>[.vf] [<var>tfmfile</var>[.tfm]]] </pre></div> <p>If <var>vffile</var> (extended with ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’ if necessary) is not specified, the VF output is written to the basename of ‘<samp><var>vplfile</var>.vf</samp>’; similarly for <var>tfmfile</var>. For example, ‘<samp>vptovf /wherever/ptmr.vpl</samp>’ creates <samp>./ptmr.vf</samp> and <samp>./ptmr.tfm</samp>. </p> <p>The only options are ‘<samp>-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp>-help</samp>’, and ‘<samp>-version</samp>’ (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>). </p> <hr> <span id="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">vptovf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</h3> <span id="index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c"></span> <p>The Web2c complement of font utilities merely implements a few basic conversions. Many other more sophisticated font utilities exist; most are in <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities</samp> (for CTAN info, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Here are some of the most commonly-requested items: </p> <ul> <li> <span id="index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion"></span> <span id="index-afm2tfm"></span> <span id="index-afmtopl"></span> AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Invoking-afm2tfm">Invoking afm2tfm</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>, and <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/afmtopl</samp>. </li><li> <span id="index-X-bitmap-fonts"></span> <span id="index-BDF-and-GF-conversion"></span> BDF (the X bitmap format) conversion: <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz</a>. </li><li> <span id="index-metatype1"></span> <span id="index-Latin-Modern"></span> Creating fonts using MetaPost: MetaType1. <a href="ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1">ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1</a>. This is used to create the excellent Latin Modern font family (<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/lm</samp>), which extends Computer Modern to a vast repertoire of scripts. </li><li> <span id="index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts"></span> <span id="index-xbfe_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></span> <span id="index-xfed_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></span> <span id="index-xfedor_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></span> <span id="index-gftopxl"></span> <span id="index-chtopx"></span> <span id="index-pxtoch"></span> Editing of bitmap fonts: Xbfe from the GNU font utilities mentioned below; the X BDF-editing programs available from <a href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z</a> and <a href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z</a>; and finally, if your fonts have only 128 characters, you can use the old <code>gftopxl</code>, <code>pxtoch</code>, and <code>chtopx</code> programs from <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web</a>. </li><li> <span id="index-fontforge"></span> <span id="index-pfaedit"></span> Editing of outline fonts: FontForge, <a href="fontforge.sourceforge.net">fontforge.sourceforge.net</a>. This is a very elaborate program with support for many outline formats (Type 1, OpenType, TrueType, …), and many advanced font editing features. </li><li> <span id="index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript"></span> <span id="index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps"></span> <span id="index-gsftopk"></span> <span id="index-ps2pk"></span> PK bitmaps from PostScript outline fonts: gsftopk from the ‘<samp>xdvi</samp>’ distribution. Alternatively, <code>ps2pk</code>, from <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/ps2pk</samp>. </li><li> <span id="index-Type-1-conversion"></span> <span id="index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion"></span> <span id="index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion"></span> PostScript Type 1 font format conversion (i.e., between PFA and PFB formats): <a href="https://www.lcdf.org/type">https://www.lcdf.org/type</a>. </li><li> <span id="index-autotrace"></span> <span id="index-potrace"></span> Tracing bitmaps to fitted outlines: Autotrace (<a href="http://autotrace.sourceforge.net">http://autotrace.sourceforge.net</a>), Potrace (<a href="http://potrace.sourceforge.net">http://potrace.sourceforge.net</a>). For Metafont fonts, either of the two programs <code>mftrace</code> (<a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace">http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace</a>) or <code>textrace</code> (<a href="http://textrace.sourceforge.net">http://textrace.sourceforge.net</a>) make the job easier. </li><li> <span id="index-virtual-font-creation"></span> <span id="index-fontinst_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts"></span> Virtual font creation: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/fontinst">https://ctan.org/pkg/fontinst</a>. </li></ul> <hr> <span id="Legalisms"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#References" accesskey="n" rel="next">References</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font utilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Legalisms-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Legalisms</h2> <span id="index-legalisms"></span> <span id="index-copyright-notices"></span> <span id="index-permissions_002c-legal"></span> <p>In general, each file has its own copyright notice stating the copying permissions for that file. Following is a summary. </p> <p>The Stanford TeX programs and Web2c system itself are in the public domain (<a href="https://tug.org/texlive/copying.html">https://tug.org/texlive/copying.html</a>). The sources may be copied verbatim, or used as the starting point of new software under different names; however, per the wishes of the authors, they should be modified only through a <samp>.ch</samp> file, but this is in the nature of a development request rather than a legal requirement. </p> <p>MLTeX, pdfTeX, LuaTeX, XeTeX, and all the other derived engines have used various license terms for their additions to the base code, often the GPL (see <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/#GPL">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/#GPL</a> or (for example) the file <samp>web2c/pdftexdir/COPYINGv2</samp>. They also mostly make use of additional libraries with their own (compatible) terms. Please see each program’s sources. </p> <p>The Kpathsea library is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Introduction">Introduction</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Therefore, the <em>binaries</em> resulting from a standard Web2c compilation are also covered by the LGPL; so if you (re)distribute the binaries, you must also (offer to) distribute the complete source that went into those binaries. See <a href="https://gnu.org/licenses/#LGPL">https://gnu.org/licenses/#LGPL</a> or the file <samp>kpathsea/COPYING.LESSERv2</samp>. </p> <hr> <span id="References"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Legalisms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Legalisms</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="References-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix B References</h2> <span id="index-references"></span> <span id="index-bibliography"></span> <ol> <li> Kpathsea: See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. </li><li> Dvips and Afm2tfm: See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>. </li><li> The TeX Users Group: <a href="https://tug.org">https://tug.org</a>. For an introduction to the TeX system, see <a href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a>. </li><li> TUGboat, the principal journal for the TeX world: <a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat">https://tug.org/TUGboat</a>. </li><li> TeX and computer typesetting in general:<br> <a href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook1.bib">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook1.bib</a>. </li><li> For a bibliography of formal articles and technical reports on the TeX project, see the books <cite>TeX: The Program</cite> or <cite>Metafont: The Program</cite> cited below. </li><li> [Bil87] Neenie Billawala. Write-white printing engines and tuning fonts with Metafont. <cite>TUGboat</cite>, 8(1):29–32, April 1987. <a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb08-1/tb17billawala.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb08-1/tb17billawala.pdf</a>. </li><li> [Hob89] John D. Hobby. A Metafont-like system with PS output. <cite>TUGboat</cite>, 10(4):505–512, December 1989. <a href="https://tug.org/metapost">https://tug.org/metapost</a>. </li><li> [Hob92] John D. Hobby. A User’s Manual for MetaPost. Technical Report CSTR-162, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1992. </li><li> [Hob93] John D. Hobby. Drawing Graphs with MetaPost. Technical Report CSTR-164, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1993. </li><li> [HS91] Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele Jr. <cite>C—A Reference Manual</cite>. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA, third edition, 1991. An authoritative reference to the C programming language, and a good companion to Kernighan and Ritchie. </li><li> [KL93] Donald E. Knuth and Silvio Levy. <cite>The CWEB System of Structured Documentation, Version 3.0</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1993. <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cweb">https://ctan.org/pkg/cweb</a>. </li><li> [Knu84] Donald E. Knuth. A torture test for TeX. Report No. STAN-CS-84-1027, Stanford University, Department of Computer Science, 1984. </li><li> [Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. A Torture Test for METAFONT. Report No. STAN-CS-86-1095, Stanford University, Department of Computer Science, 1986. </li><li> [Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, volume A of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. </li><li> [Knu86c] Donald E. Knuth. <cite>TeX: The Program</cite>, volume B of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. </li><li> [Knu86d] Donald E. Knuth. <cite>The METAFONTbook</cite>, volume C of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. </li><li> [Knu86e] Donald E. Knuth. <cite>METAFONT: The Program</cite>, volume D of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. </li><li> [Knu86f] Donald E. Knuth. <cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>, volume E of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. </li><li> [Knu89] Donald E. Knuth. The errors of TeX. <cite>Software—Practice and Experience</cite>, 19(7):607–681, July 1989. This is an updated version of Knuth:1988:ET. </li><li> [Knu90] Donald Knuth. Virtual Fonts: More Fun for Grand Wizards. <cite>TUGboat</cite>, 11(1):13–23, April 1990. <a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb11-1/tb27knut.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb11-1/tb27knut.pdf</a>. </li><li> [Knu92] Donald E. Knuth. <cite>Literate Programming</cite>. CSLI Lecture Notes Number 27. Stanford University Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford, CA, USA, 1992. </li><li> [Lam94] Leslie Lamport. <cite>LaTeX: A Document Preparation System: User’s Guide and Reference Manual</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, second edition, 1994. Reprinted with corrections, 1996. </li><li> [Lia83] Franklin Mark Liang. Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-pu-ter. Technical Report STAN-CS-83-977, Stanford University, August 1983. <a href="https://tug.org/docs/liang/liang-thesis.pdf">https://tug.org/docs/liang/liang-thesis.pdf</a>. </li><li> [Mac91] Pierre A. MacKay. Looking at the pixels: Quality control for 300 dpi laser printer fonts, especially Metafonts. In Robert A. Morris and Jacques Andre, editors, <cite>Raster Imaging and Digital Typography II—Papers from the second RIDT meeting, held in Boston, Oct. 14–16, 1991</cite>, pages 205–215, New York, 1991. Cambridge University Press. </li></ol> <hr> <span id="Index"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2> <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>"</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>%</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>.</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>2</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>8</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>\</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>^</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>~</b></a> <br> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a> </td></tr></table> <table class="index-cp" border="0"> <tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">"</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0022-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames"><code>"</code> character, ignored in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">#</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0023define-options">‘<samp>#define</samp>’ options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-expansion-in-filenames"><code>$ <span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">%</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0025_0026-magic-number"><code>%& <span class="roman">magic number</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d-starting-a-filename"><code>- <span class="roman">starting a filename</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d-starts-option-names"><code>- <span class="roman">starts option names</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002d-starts-option-names"><code>-- <span class="roman">starts option names</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-option"><code>--disable-dump-share configure <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin"><code>--disable-mf-nowin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002depsfwin"><code>--enable-epsfwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win"><code>--enable-hp2627win</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-option"><code>--enable-ipc configure <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin"><code>--enable-mftalkwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dnext"><code>--enable-next</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dregiswin"><code>--enable-regiswin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin"><code>--enable-suntoolswin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin"><code>--enable-tektronixwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin"><code>--enable-unitermwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-common-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">common option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dverbose-common-option"><code>--verbose <span class="roman">common option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-common-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">common option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003dcmd"><code>--with-editor=<var>cmd</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003dkit"><code>--with-mf-x-toolkit=<var>kit</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002dx"><code>--with-x</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d8bit"><code>-8bit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dbase_003dbase"><code>-base=<var>base</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dbase_003ddumpname"><code>-base=<var>dumpname</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dchange_003dchfile"><code>-change=<var>chfile</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype"><code>-charcode-format=<var>type</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype-1"><code>-charcode-format=<var>type</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dcnf_002dline"><code>-cnf-line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dD-compiler-options"><code>-D <span class="roman">compiler options</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ddisable_002dwrite18"><code>-disable-write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ddpi_003dreal"><code>-dpi=<var>real</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002denable_002dwrite18"><code>-enable-write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002denc"><code>-enc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror"><code>-file-line-error</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle"><code>-file-line-error-style</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dfmt_003ddumpname"><code>-fmt=<var>dumpname</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dfmt_003dfmt"><code>-fmt=<var>fmt</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dgeometry_002c-supported-with-Xt"><code>-geometry<span class="roman">, supported with Xt</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dhalt_002don_002derror"><code>-halt-on-error</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dimages"><code>-images</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dini"><code>-ini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dini-1"><code>-ini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dinteraction_003dstring"><code>-interaction=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dipc"><code>-ipc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dipc_002dstart"><code>-ipc-start</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002djobname_003dstring"><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003dnumber"><code>-kpathsea-debug=<var>number</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dlength_003dnumber"><code>-length=<var>number</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dloose"><code>-loose</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dlowercase"><code>-lowercase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger"><code>-magnification=<var>integer</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger-1"><code>-magnification=<var>integer</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn"><code>-max-pages=<var>n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn-1"><code>-max-pages=<var>n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmem_003ddumpname"><code>-mem=<var>dumpname</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003dn"><code>-min-crossrefs=<var>n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmixedcase"><code>-mixedcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>-mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"><code>-mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmltex"><code>-mltex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dmnemonics"><code>-mnemonics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror"><code>-no-file-line-error</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>-no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"><code>-no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"><code>-no-parse-first-line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dshell_002descape"><code>-no-shell-escape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002dcomment_003dstring"><code>-output-comment=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002ddirectory"><code>-output-directory</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002ddirectory-1"><code>-output-directory</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002dlevel_003dn"><code>-output-level=<var>n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003dpoints"><code>-overflow-label-offset=<var>points</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec"><code>-page-start=<var>page-spec</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec-1"><code>-page-start=<var>page-spec</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"><code>-parse-first-line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dprogname_003dstring"><code>-progname=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dprogname_003dstring-1"><code>-progname=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002drecorder"><code>-recorder</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dshell_002descape"><code>-shell-escape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dshell_002drestricted"><code>-shell-restricted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dshow_002dopcodes"><code>-show-opcodes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dstrict"><code>-strict</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dstyle_003dmftfile"><code>-style=<var>mftfile</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dT"><code>-T</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dterse"><code>-terse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dtex_003dtexprogram"><code>-tex=<var>texprogram</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dtranslate_002dfile_003dtcxfile"><code>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dtroff"><code>-troff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dunderline"><code>-underline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002duppercase"><code>-uppercase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dx"><code>-x</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e_002c-used-for-output"><code>.<span class="roman">, used for output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e2602gf"><code>.2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-cross_002dreference-files"><code>.aux <span class="roman">cross-reference files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebase"><code>.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebbl-bibliography-files"><code>.bbl <span class="roman">bibliography files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebib-bibliography-databases"><code>.bib <span class="roman">bibliography databases</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eblg-BibTeX-log-file"><code>.blg <span class="roman">BibTeX log file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt"><code>.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emf"><code>.mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emp"><code>.mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emps-files-and-PDF"><code>.mps</code> files and PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ennn-PostScript-figures"><code>.<var>nnn</var> <span class="roman">PostScript figures</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ennngf-generic-fonts"><code>.<var>nnn</var>gf <span class="roman">generic fonts</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etcx-character-translation-files"><code>.tcx <span class="roman">character translation files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etcx-character-translation-files-1"><code>.tcx <span class="roman">character translation files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex"><code>.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etfm-output"><code>.tfm <span class="roman">output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etfm-output-1"><code>.tfm <span class="roman">output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eXdefaults"><code>.Xdefaults</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eXresources"><code>.Xresources</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">2</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-2602gf"><code>2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">8</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8-bit-clean">8 bit clean</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying"><code>8 bit clean output, specifying</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8_002dbit-characters">8-bit characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccharsubdef-and-MLTeX"><code>\charsubdef <span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccountn"><code>\count<var>n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccountn-1"><code>\count<var>n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfont-and-dynamic-generation"><code>\font <span class="roman">and dynamic generation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen"><code>\fontdimen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite18"><code>\immediate\write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput-braced-_0028grouped_0029-filename"><code>\input</code> braced (grouped) filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">\input braced filename</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput-filename-caveats"><code>\input</code> filename caveats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput-filenames"><code>\input <span class="roman">filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput-quoted-filename"><code>\input</code> quoted filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename">\input quoted filename</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput_002c-and-pipes"><code>\input<span class="roman">, and pipes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmag"><code>\mag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmag-1"><code>\mag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenin_002c-and-pipes"><code>\openin<span class="roman">, and pipes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenout-and-security"><code>\openout <span class="roman">and security</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenout_002c-and-pipes"><code>\openout<span class="roman">, and pipes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coutput-routine_002c-and-_005cwrite"><code>\output <span class="roman">routine, and <code>\write</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfshellescape"><code>\pdfshellescape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstring_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"><code>\string<span class="roman">, and <code>\input filenames</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctracingcharsubdef-and-MLTeX"><code>\tracingcharsubdef <span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctracinglostchars-and-MLTeX"><code>\tracinglostchars <span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18-shell-escape-extension"><code>\write18 <span class="roman">shell escape extension</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e_005e-notation_002c-avoiding"><code>^^ <span class="roman">notation, avoiding</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e-expansion-in-filenames"><code>~ <span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abbrv_002ebst"><code>abbrv.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accented-character">accented character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with">accents, hyphenating words with</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acknowledgements">acknowledgements</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acm_002ebst"><code>acm.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Ada_002c-WEB-for">Ada, WEB for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-Make-targets">additional Make targets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion">AFM to TFM conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-afm2tfm"><code>afm2tfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-afmtopl"><code>afmtopl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Aleph">Aleph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aliases-for-fonts">aliases for fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alpha_002ebst"><code>alpha.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system">American Mathematical Society, typesetting system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSTeX">AMSTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-apalike_002ebst"><code>apalike.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-architecture-dependencies">architecture dependencies</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-limit_002c-fixed">array limit, fixed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-sizes">array sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-assembly-language-routines">assembly language routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-autotrace"><code>autotrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Awk_002c-WEB-for">Awk, WEB for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-file_002c-determining">base file, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-files">base files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions">base files, need mode definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-files_002c-plain-only">base files, plain only</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-files_002c-sharing">base files, sharing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bases-Make-target"><code>bases <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basic-BibTeX-style-files">basic BibTeX style files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basic-fonts-and-macros">basic fonts and macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-batch-languages">batch languages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BDF-and-GF-conversion">BDF and GF conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer_002c-package"><code>beamer<span class="roman">, package</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginfig"><code>beginfig</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl">Berry, Karl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"><code>BIBINPUTS<span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliographies_002c-creating">bibliographies, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography">bibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#References">References</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced">bibliography items, cross-referenced</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibtex"><code>bibtex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX">BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-collection">BibTeX collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-style-files">BibTeX style files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BigEndian-machines">BigEndian machines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-binaries_002c-linking">binaries, linking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files">blank lines, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes_002c-memory-for">boxes, memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-braced-filename-for-_005cinput">braced filename for <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">\input braced filename</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for">breakpoints, memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter">Breitenlohner, Peter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bst-files"><code>BSTINPUTS<span class="roman">, search path for bst files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-btex-for-MetaPost-labels"><code>btex <span class="roman">for MetaPost labels</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-btxdoc_002ebib"><code>btxdoc.bib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-btxdoc_002etex"><code>btxdoc.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-btxhak_002etex"><code>btxhak.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-byte-position">byte position</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-byte-position-1">byte position</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-byte-swapping">byte swapping</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target"><code>c-sources <span class="roman">Makefile target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caveats-for-_005cinput-filenames">caveats for <code>\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-MFT">change files, and MFT</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle">change files, and Tangle</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Weave">change files, and Weave</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-error-messages-style">changing error messages style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output">character codes, in GFtype output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output">character codes, in PKtype output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-proofs-of-fonts">character proofs of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHARACTER-property"><code>CHARACTER <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-translation-files">character translation files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHARDP-property"><code>CHARDP <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHARHT-property"><code>CHARHT <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHARIC-property"><code>CHARIC <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHARWD-property"><code>CHARWD <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chtopx"><code>chtopx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-name-for-Metafont">class name for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm_002ebase"><code>cm.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmbase_002emf"><code>cmbase.mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmbase_002emft"><code>cmbase.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmmf_002ebase-not-recommended"><code>cmmf.base <span class="roman">not recommended</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP">color, in DVItoMP</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files">comments, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-MFT-control">comments, MFT control</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-common-options">common options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commonalities">commonalities</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compilation">compilation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options">compile-time options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options-1">compile-time options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff">Computer Modern fonts, and Troff</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-macros">Computer Modern macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-Typefaces_002c-production-of"><cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>, production of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration">configuration</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-file-reading">configuration file reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-file-values">configuration file values</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime">configuration, compile-time</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-options"><code>configure --with/--enable <span class="roman">options</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CONTENTS_002etex"><code>CONTENTS.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conventions-for-options_002c">conventions for options,</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text">conversion, DVI to plain text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK">conversion, GF to PK</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text">conversion, GF to plain text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF">conversion, PK to GF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text">conversion, PK to plain text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM">conversion, property list to TFM</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF">conversion, property list to VF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list">conversion, TFM to property list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL">conversion, VF to VPL</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-notices">copyright notices</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input">Cork encoding and ISO input</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-memory-dumps">creating memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items">cross-referenced bibliography items</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting">cross-references, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output">current directory, used for output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Curtis_002c-Pavel">Curtis, Pavel</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cweb">Cweb</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CWEB">CWEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps">date and time, in memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-DVI-utilities">debugging DVI utilities</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying">debugging flags, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">decimal character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dependencies_002c-hardware">dependencies, hardware</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design_002dsize-units">design-size units</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont">device definitions, for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width">device-independent width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-1">device-independent width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-structure">directory structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DISPLAY"><code>DISPLAY</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs">dot files, written by TeX programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames">double quote character, ignored in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels">downloading of fonts for MetaPost labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DrawingServant"><code>DrawingServant</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump-file">dump file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dumping-memory">dumping memory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying">DVI comment, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX">DVI files, converting to MPX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-explained">DVI files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVI-format-definition">DVI format definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing">DVI opcodes, showing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvicopy"><code>dvicopy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitomp"><code>dvitomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-DVI-validation"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">DVI validation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype_002eweb"><code>dvitype.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dx-horizontal-escapement">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dx-horizontal-escapement-1">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dy-vertical-escapement">dy <span class="roman">vertical escapement</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic-array-allocation">dynamic array allocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-smode">dynamic Metafont mode definitions with <code>smode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic-packing-variable">dynamic packing variable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e-response-at-error-prompt"><code>e <span class="roman">response at error prompt</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dcircumflex">e-circumflex</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002emft"><code>e.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EC-fonts">EC fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EC-fonts-1">EC fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts">editing of bitmap fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editor-invoked-at-error">editor invoked at error</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames">eight-bit characters in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty_002etcx"><code>empty.tcx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endian-dependencies">endian dependencies</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eoc-GF-command"><code>eoc <span class="roman">GF command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain">Eplain</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epsf"><code>epsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epTeX">epTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at">errors, editor invoked at</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal">escapement, horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-1">escapement, horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-escapement_002c-vertical">escapement, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-for-MetaPost-labels"><code>etex <span class="roman">for MetaPost labels</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-is-pdfTeX"><code>etex <span class="roman">is pdfTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eupTeX">eupTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin">executables, shared initial and virgin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape">exit status, of shell escape</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expanded-plain-format">expanded plain format</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expand_005fdepth"><code>expand_depth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion-limit_002c-recursive">expansion limit, recursive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">expansion, and <code>\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extensions-to-TeX">extensions to TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extra_005fmem_005fbot"><code>extra_mem_bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FACE-property"><code>FACE <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FAMILY-property"><code>FAMILY <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FAMILY-property-1"><code>FAMILY <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Ferguson_002c-Michael">Ferguson, Michael</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-formats-for-fonts">file formats for fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-recorder">file recorder</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files">filename conventions, in input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filenames-starting-with-_002d">filenames starting with ‘<samp>-</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file">first line of the main input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic">fixed-point arithmetic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FIXPT"><code>FIXPT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flag-byte">flag byte</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic">floating-point arithmetic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-values">floating-point values</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmt-file_002c-determining">fmt file, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmt-files">fmt files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmt-files_002c-sharing">fmt files, sharing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmts-Make-target"><code>fmts <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-aliases">font aliases</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-character-code_002c-translating">font character code, translating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-design">font design</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels">font downloading for MetaPost labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-file-formats">font file formats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-proofs">font proofs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-utilities">font utilities</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c">font utilities, non-Web2c</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontforge"><code>fontforge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontinst_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts"><code>fontinst<span class="roman">, for creating virtual fonts</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-basic">fonts, basic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-files">format files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formats-for-TeX">formats for TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formats-Make-target"><code>formats <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fraction-routines">fraction routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system">Free Software Foundation documentation system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-freedom-of-Web2c">freedom of Web2c</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu"><code>ftp.math.utah.edu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-generating-source-specials">generating source specials</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometric-designs">geometric designs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometric-font-scaling">geometric font scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-for-Metafont">geometry for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getopt_005flong_005fonly"><code>getopt_long_only</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-explained">GF files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont">GF files, output by Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GF-format-definition">GF format definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GF-output">GF output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to">GF, converting PK to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK">GF, converting to PK</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gftodvi"><code>gftodvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gftopk"><code>gftopk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gftopxl"><code>gftopxl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gftype-GF-validation"><code>gftype <span class="roman">GF validation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gftype_002eweb"><code>gftype.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-ratio-representations">glue ratio representations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue_002c-memory-for">glue, memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glyph-substitutions">glyph substitutions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gray-font">gray font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002ddelimited-filename-for-_005cinput">group-delimited filename for <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">\input braced filename</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat">Gruff, Billy Goat</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gsftopk"><code>gsftopk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e">Harbison, Samuel P.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hardware-and-memory-dumps">hardware and memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-headerbyte-information"><code>headerbyte <span class="roman">information</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-height_002c-in-pixels">height, in pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-help_002c-online">help, online</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Herberts_002c-Mathias">Herberts, Mathias</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">hex character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history">history</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Hobby_002c-John">Hobby, John</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement">horizontal escapement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-1">horizontal escapement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hp2627"><code>hp2627</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-TeX">human languages, supported in TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to">human-readable text, converting DVI to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to">human-readable text, converting GF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to">human-readable text, converting PK to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to">human-readable text, converting TFM to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to">human-readable text, converting VF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertext">hypertext</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation-and-languages">hyphenation and languages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating">hyphenation patterns, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ice-cream">ice cream</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier-case">identifier case</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier-collisions">identifier collisions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier-length">identifier length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifiers-with-underlines">identifiers with underlines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ieeetr_002ebst"><code>ieeetr.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-il1_002dt1_002etcx"><code>il1-t1.tcx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-il2_002dt1_002etcx"><code>il2-t1.tcx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Info-format">Info format</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initial-form_002c-enabling">initial form, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initial-Metafont">initial Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initial-MetaPost">initial MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initial-programs">initial programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initial-TeX">initial TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initializations_002c-lengthy">initializations, lengthy</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-filenames">input filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-install_002dbases-Make-target"><code>install-bases <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-install_002dfmts-Make-target"><code>install-fmts <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-install_002dformats-Make-target"><code>install-formats <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-install_002dmems-Make-target"><code>install-mems <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_002d8bit_002e">interaction between TCX files and ‘<samp>-8bit</samp>’.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interaction-mode">interaction mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-international-characters">international characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-introduction">introduction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IPC">IPC</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG-1"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-name">job name</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files">kerning table, in TFM files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating">keyboard character code, translating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KRN-property"><code>KRN <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label-font">label font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LABEL-property"><code>LABEL <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-language-support-in-TeX">language support in TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for">languages, hyphenation rules for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-Modern">Latin Modern</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-side-bearing">left side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-1">left side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalisms">legalisms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-libsigsegv-library"><code>libsigsegv <span class="roman">library</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-licensing-terms">licensing terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LIG-property"><code>LIG <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files">ligature table, in TFM files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LIGTABLE-property"><code>LIGTABLE <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linking-binaries">linking binaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-links-to-binaries">links to binaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-literate-programming">literate programming</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LittleEndian-machines">LittleEndian machines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-location-of-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live">location of <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> in TeX Live</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-BibTeX">log file, BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lua">Lua</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-machine-dependencies">machine dependencies</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-1">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MacKay_002c-Pierre">MacKay, Pierre</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-packages_002c-major-TeX">macro packages, major TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros_002c-basic">macros, basic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps">macros, predefining in memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magnification">magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magnification-1">magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-main_005fmemory"><code>main_memory</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Make-targets_002c-additional">Make targets, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Martin_002c-Rick">Martin, Rick</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Mathematical-Reviews">Mathematical Reviews</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathematical-typesetting">mathematical typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mem-file_002c-determining">mem file, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mem-files_002c-sharing">mem files, sharing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining">memory dump to use, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-dumps">memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-dumps-and-hardware">memory dumps and hardware</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time">memory dumps, contain date and time</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-dumps_002c-creating">memory dumps, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mems-Make-target"><code>mems <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-meta-characters-in-filenames">meta characters in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont">Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-geometry">Metafont geometry</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-graphics">Metafont graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-input-files">Metafont input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-invocation">Metafont invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-meets-PostScript">Metafont meets PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices">Metafont online support, new devices</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting">Metafont source, prettyprinting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost">Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-initial">Metafont, initial</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX">Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost">MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility">MetaPost and plain Metafont compatibility</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-input-files">MetaPost input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-invocation">MetaPost invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting">MetaPost source, prettyprinting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-initial">MetaPost, initial</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-TeX_002c-and-Metafont">MetaPost, TeX, and Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-metatype1"><code>metatype1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mf"><code>mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mf_002ebase"><code>mf.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFEDIT"><code>MFEDIT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfplain"><code>mfplain</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfput"><code>mfput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mft"><code>mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mftalk"><code>mftalk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFTERM"><code>MFTERM</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mftmac_002etex"><code>mftmac.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-micro_002dtypography">micro-typography</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexmf_002c-disabling"><code>mktexmf<span class="roman">, disabling</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktextfM_002c-disabling"><code>mktextfM<span class="roman">, disabling</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mltex"><code>mltex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MLTeX_002c-enabling">MLTeX, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont">mode needed to run Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont">modes file needed for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes_002emf-recommended-modes-file"><code>modes.mf <span class="roman">recommended modes file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mode_005fdef"><code>mode_def</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mode_005fsetup"><code>mode_setup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modifying-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live">modifying <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> in TeX Live</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Morgan_002c-Tim">Morgan, Tim</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Morris_002c-Bob">Morris, Bob</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPEDIT"><code>MPEDIT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpgraph_002epdf"><code>mpgraph.pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpman_002epdf"><code>mpman.pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpost"><code>mpost</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpost_002c-reason-for-name-change"><code>mpost<span class="roman">, reason for name change</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpout"><code>mpout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mproof_002etex"><code>mproof.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mptrap-Make-target"><code>mptrap <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mptrap-test">mptrap test</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mptrap_002ereadme"><code>mptrap.readme</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files">MPX files, converting from DVI files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Multi_002dlingual-TeX">Multi-lingual TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-spaces_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">multiple spaces, and <code>\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-N-tilde">N tilde</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont">new graphics support for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newrow-GF-command"><code>newrow <span class="roman">GF command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next"><code>next</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on">non-Unix system, compiling on</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont">non-windows-capable Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NO_005fX11WIN"><code>NO_X11WIN</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames">NUL, not allowed in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">octal character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-offset-for-overflow-labels">offset for overflow labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Omega">Omega</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-online-Metafont-graphics">online Metafont graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI">opcodes, showing DVI</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-support">OpenType support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-optical-font-scaling">optical font scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-option-conventions">option conventions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-origin">origin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying">output directory, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying-1">output directory, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-file-location">output file location</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs">output files, written by TeX programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output_005fcomment-for-DVI-files"><code>output_comment <span class="roman">for DVI files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overflow-label-offset">overflow label offset</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overflow_002c-of-runtime-stack">overflow, of runtime stack</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packet-length">packet length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-starting">page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-1">page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parsing-the-first-line">parsing the first line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB">Pascal, creating from WEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-patgen"><code>patgen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching">path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching-debugging">path searching debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF">PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF_002c-and-_002emps-files">PDF, and <code>.mps</code> files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-permissions_002c-legal">permissions, legal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion">PFA and PFB conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pfaedit"><code>pfaedit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PiCTeX_002c-increasing-memory-for">PiCTeX, increasing memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing">pipes, reading and writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pixel-height">pixel height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pixel-width">pixel width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript">PK bitmaps from PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-explained">PK files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont">PK files, not output by Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PK-format-definition">PK format definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to">PK, converting GF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF">PK, converting to GF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pktogf"><code>pktogf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pktype-PK-validation"><code>pktype <span class="roman">PK validation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pktype_002eweb"><code>pktype.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PL-files_002c-explained">PL files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost">plain Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to">plain text, converting DVI to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to">plain text, converting GF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to">plain text, converting PK to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to">plain text, converting TFM to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to">plain text, converting VF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain_002ebase"><code>plain.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain_002ebst"><code>plain.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain_002efmt"><code>plain.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain_002emft"><code>plain.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pltotf"><code>pltotf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pool-file_002c-writing">pool file, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Poole_002c-Simon">Poole, Simon</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pooltype"><code>pooltype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portable-filenames">portable filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff">PostScript fonts, and Troff</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-meets-Metafont">PostScript meets Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-output">PostScript output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps">PostScript to PK bitmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion">PostScript Type 1 font conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling">PostScript, and font scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-potrace"><code>potrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps">predefined macros and memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source">prettyprinting Metafont source</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs">prettyprinting WEB programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-primitives_002c-new">primitives, new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printable-characters_002c-specifying">printable characters, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont">printer characteristics, for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-production-use">production use</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump">program name, determines memory dump</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special">program names, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special-1">program names, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special-2">program names, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prologues"><code>prologues</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prologues_002c-and-EPSF-output"><code>prologues<span class="roman">, and EPSF output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proof-mode"><code>proof <span class="roman">mode</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts">proof sheets, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-property-list-format">property list format</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to">property list, converting TFM to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual">property list, converting VF to virtual</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ps2pk"><code>ps2pk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-psfonts_002emap_002c-read-by-MetaPost"><code>psfonts.map<span class="roman">, read by MetaPost</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pTeX">pTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PXL-files_002c-explained">PXL files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pxtoch"><code>pxtoch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-filename-for-_005cinput">quoted filename for <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename">\input quoted filename</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Raichle_002c-Bernd">Raichle, Bernd</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reading_002c-additional">reading, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in">readonly directory, running TeX in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in-1">readonly directory, running TeX in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reallocation-of-arrays">reallocation of arrays</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-recursive-expansion-limit">recursive expansion limit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefined-character-substitutions">redefined character substitutions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference-pixel">reference pixel</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references">references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#References">References</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-regis"><code>regis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Regis-graphics-support">Regis graphics support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-regression-testing">regression testing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-repeated-rows">repeated rows</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-representation-of-strings">representation of strings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-escapes">restricted shell escapes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-side-bearing">right side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-1">right side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas">Rokicki, Tomas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps">run length encoded bitmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1">run length encoded bitmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-runtime-options">runtime options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-runtime-stack-overflow">runtime stack overflow</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-pixels">scaled pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-1">scaled pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-of-fonts">scaling of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-output-files">security, and output files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes">security, and shell escapes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-write">security, and <code>write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-_005copenout">security, and <code>\openout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-segmentation-fault">segmentation fault</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes">shapes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharing-memory-dumps">sharing memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-commands-in-TeX">shell commands in TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_005fescape-enabling-in-TeX"><code>shell_escape <span class="roman">enabling in TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands"><code>shell_escape_commands</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siam_002ebst"><code>siam.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-side-bearings">side bearings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-side-bearings-1">side bearings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SIGSEGV"><code>SIGSEGV</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slant-font">slant font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides_002c-producing">slides, producing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SliTeX">SliTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes">small Metafont memory and modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-smode-and-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition"><code>smode <span class="roman">and dynamic Metafont mode definition</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sockets">sockets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002dterminated-filenames">space-terminated filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spiderweb">Spiderweb</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Stallman_002c-Richard">Stallman, Richard</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-page">starting page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-page-1">starting page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e">Steele Jr., Guy L.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stopping-at-the-first-error">stopping at the first error</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strategy_002c-overall">strategy, overall</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-numbers_002c-displaying">string numbers, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-pool_002c-writing">string pool, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-representation">string representation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-style-design_002c-for-BibTeX">style design, for BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-style-files">style files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs">substitutions of font glyphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sun"><code>sun</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sun_002dgfx_002ec"><code>sun-gfx.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Suntools">Suntools</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SunView">SunView</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit">swap space, as array limit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-swapping-bytes">swapping bytes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-syntax-of-TCX-files">syntax of TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-C-library-function"><code>system <span class="roman">C library function</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-command">system command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-fonts_002c-using">system fonts, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input">T1 encoding and ISO input</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabs_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">tabs, and <code>\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth">Tachikawa, Elizabeth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tangle"><code>tangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-targets_002c-additional-Make">targets, additional Make</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TCX-character-translation-files"><code>TCX <span class="roman">character translation files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-technical-illustrations_002c-creating">technical illustrations, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tek"><code>tek</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Tektronix">Tektronix</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Tektronix-4014">Tektronix 4014</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TERM"><code>TERM</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminator-for-filenames">terminator for filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terse-output">terse output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex"><code>tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-bibliographies-for">TeX, bibliographies for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-creating-from-Metafont">TeX, creating from Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-creating-from-WEB">TeX, creating from WEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-description-of">TeX, description of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-extensions-to">TeX, extensions to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-format-packages-for">TeX, format packages for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-initial">TeX, initial</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-input-files-found">TeX, input files found</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-invocation">TeX, invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost">TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-Web2c-implementation-of">TeX, Web2c implementation of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002efmt"><code>tex.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXBIB_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"><code>TEXBIB<span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXEDIT"><code>TEXEDIT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texfonts_002emap"><code>texfonts.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Texinfo">Texinfo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-1"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-for-editors"><code>texmf.cnf <span class="roman">for editors</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-for-shell-escapes"><code>texmf.cnf <span class="roman">for shell escapes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmfmp_002ec"><code>texmfmp.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-for-reading"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT<span class="roman">, used for reading</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-if-_002e-unwritable"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT<span class="roman">, used if ‘<samp>.</samp>’ unwritable</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_005fcasefold_005fsearch"><code>texmf_casefold_search</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texput"><code>texput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to">TFM files, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-explained">TFM files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont">TFM files, output by Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost">TFM files, output by MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters">TFM width of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-1">TFM width of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tftopl"><code>tftopl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three-programs">three programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps">time and date, in memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-font">title font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tokenization_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">tokenization, and <code>\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-toolkits_002c-X">toolkits, X</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-torture-tests">torture tests</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-translation-file-for-TeX_002c-specifying">translation file for TeX, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-translation-from-WEB-to-C">translation from WEB to C</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trap-Make-target"><code>trap <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trap-test">trap test</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trapman_002etex"><code>trapman.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Trickey_002c-Howard">Trickey, Howard</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trip-Make-target"><code>trip <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trip-test">trip test</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tripman_002etex"><code>tripman.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-triptrap-Make-target"><code>triptrap <span class="roman">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost">Troff, and MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-troff_002c-supported-in-MetaPost"><code>troff<span class="roman">, supported in MetaPost</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Troff_002c-WEB-for">Troff, WEB for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Trojan-horses-and-TeX-programs">Trojan horses and TeX programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-support">TrueType support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat-bibliography">TUGboat bibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Type-1-conversion">Type 1 conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-design_002c-personal">type design, personal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-DVI">type programs, DVI</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-GF">type programs, GF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-PK">type programs, PK</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-pool">type programs, pool</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-families">typeface families</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typesetting">typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input">Unicode input</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uniterm"><code>uniterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unsrt_002ebst"><code>unsrt.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-upTeX">upTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-input">UTF-8 input</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-input_002c-native">UTF-8 input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files">validation, of DVI files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-GF-files">validation, of GF files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-PK-files">validation, of PK files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files">validation, of TFM files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-VF-files">validation, of VF files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbose-BibTeX-output_002c-suppressing">verbose BibTeX output, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbosity_002c-enabling">verbosity, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-version-number_002c-finding">version number, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-escapement">vertical escapement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to">VF files, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vftovp"><code>vftovp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-virgin-programs">virgin programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-virtual-font-creation">virtual font creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding">virtual fonts, expanding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth"><code>virtual-fonts.knuth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-virtualfonts_002etxt"><code>virtualfonts.txt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vptovf"><code>vptovf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weave"><code>weave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB">WEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-web-environments_002c-and-security">web environments, and security</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying">WEB pool files, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling">WEB programs, compiling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting">WEB programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB2C_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files"><code>WEB2C<span class="roman">, search path for TCX files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Weber_002c-Olaf">Weber, Olaf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-webmac_002etex"><code>webmac.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-webman_002etex"><code>webman.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files">whitespace, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames">whitespace-terminated filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent">width, device-independent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-1">width, device-independent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width_002c-in-pixels">width, in pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word-processor_002c-not">word processor, not</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-memory-dumps">writing memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-X-bitmap-fonts">X bitmap fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-X-class-name-for-Metafont">X class name for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x-offset">x offset</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-X-resources">X resources</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont">X toolkits and Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xampl_002ebib"><code>xampl.bib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xbfe_002c-bitmap-font-editor"><code>xbfe<span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xfed_002c-bitmap-font-editor"><code>xfed<span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xfedor_002c-bitmap-font-editor"><code>xfedor<span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Xlib"><code>Xlib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Xlib-support">Xlib support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Xt"><code>Xt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Xt-support">Xt support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xterm"><code>xterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-y-offset">y offset</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> </table> <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>"</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>%</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>.</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>2</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>8</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>\</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>^</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>~</b></a> <br> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a> </td></tr></table> <hr> </body> </html>
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