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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 3. Configuration</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Mutt E-Mail Client" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="The Mutt E-Mail Client" /><link rel="prev" href="gettingstarted.html" title="Chapter 2. Getting Started" /><link rel="next" href="advancedusage.html" title="Chapter 4. Advanced Usage" /><style xmlns="" type="text/css"> body { margin-left:2%; margin-right:2%; font-family:serif; } .toc, .list-of-tables, .list-of-examples { font-family:sans-serif; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-family:sans-serif; } p { text-align:justify; } div.table p.title, div.example p.title { font-size:smaller; font-family:sans-serif; } .email, .email a { font-family:monospace; } div.table-contents table, div.informaltable table { border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #c0c0c0; } div.table-contents table td, div.informaltable td, div.table-contents table th, div.informaltable table th { padding:5px; text-align:left; } div.table-contents table th, div.informaltable table th { font-family:sans-serif; background:#d0d0d0; font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top; } div.cmdsynopsis { border-left:1px solid #707070; padding-left:5px; } li div.cmdsynopsis { border-left:none; padding-left:0px; } pre.screen, div.note { background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid #c0c0c0; padding:5px; margin-left:2%; margin-right:2%; } div.example p.title { margin-left:2%; } div.note h3 { font-size:small; font-style:italic; font-variant: small-caps; } div.note h3:after { content: ":" } div.note { margin-bottom: 5px; } .command { font-family: monospace; font-weight: normal; } .command strong { font-weight: normal; } tr { vertical-align: top; } .comment { color:#707070; } </style></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 3. Configuration</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="gettingstarted.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="advancedusage.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="configuration"></a>Chapter 3. Configuration</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#configuration-files">1. Location of Initialization Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#quickconfig">2. Starter Muttrc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#muttrc-syntax">3. Syntax of Initialization Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#addrgroup">4. Address Groups</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#alias">5. Defining/Using Aliases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#bind">6. Changing the Default Key Bindings</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#stty">6.1. Terminal Keybindings</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#cd">7. Changing the current working directory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#charset-hook">8. Defining Aliases for Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#folder-hook">9. Setting Variables Based Upon Mailbox</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#macro">10. Keyboard Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#color">11. Using Color and Mono Video Attributes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#msg-hdr-display">12. Message Header Display</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#hdr-folding">12.1. Header Display</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#ignore">12.2. Selecting Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#hdr-order">12.3. Ordering Displayed Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#alternates">13. Alternative Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#lists">14. Mailing Lists</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#mbox-hook">15. Using Multiple Spool Mailboxes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#mailboxes">16. Monitoring Incoming Mail</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#my-hdr">17. User-Defined Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#save-hook">18. Specify Default Save Mailbox</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#fcc-hook">19. Specify Default Fcc: Mailbox When Composing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#fcc-save-hook">20. Specify Default Save Filename and Default Fcc: Mailbox at Once</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#send-hook">21. Change Settings Based Upon Message Recipients</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#message-hook">22. Change Settings Before Formatting a Message</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#crypt-hook">23. Choosing the Cryptographic Key of the Recipient</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#index-format-hook">24. Dynamically Changing $index_format using Patterns</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#push">25. Adding Key Sequences to the Keyboard Buffer</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#exec">26. Executing Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#score-command">27. Message Scoring</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#spam">28. Spam Detection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#set">29. Setting and Querying Variables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#var-types">29.1. Variable Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#set-commands">29.2. Commands</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#set-myvar">29.3. User-Defined Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#set-conversions">29.4. Type Conversions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#source">30. Reading Initialization Commands From Another File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#unhook">31. Removing Hooks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#formatstrings">32. Format Strings</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#formatstrings-basics">32.1. Basic usage</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#formatstrings-conditionals">32.2. Conditionals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#formatstrings-filters">32.3. Filters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#formatstrings-padding">32.4. Padding</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="configuration.html#formatstrings-size">32.5. Bytes size display</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configuration.html#mailto-allow">33. Control allowed header fields in a mailto: URL</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="configuration-files"></a>1. Location of Initialization Files</h2></div></div></div><p> While the default configuration (or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">preferences</span>”</span>) make Mutt usable right out of the box, it is often desirable to tailor Mutt to suit your own tastes. When Mutt is first invoked, it will attempt to read the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">system</span>”</span> configuration file (defaults set by your local system administrator), unless the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">-n</span>”</span> <a class="link" href="reference.html#commandline" title="1. Command-Line Options">command line</a> option is specified. This file is typically <code class="literal">/usr/local/share/mutt/Muttrc</code> or <code class="literal">/etc/Muttrc</code>. Mutt will next look for a file named <code class="literal">.muttrc</code> in your home directory. If this file does not exist and your home directory has a subdirectory named <code class="literal">.mutt</code>, Mutt tries to load a file named <code class="literal">.mutt/muttrc</code>. If still not found, Mutt will try <code class="literal">$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/mutt/muttrc</code>. </p><p> <code class="literal">.muttrc</code> is the file where you will usually place your <a class="link" href="reference.html#commands" title="2. Configuration Commands">commands</a> to configure Mutt. </p><p> In addition, Mutt supports version specific configuration files that are parsed instead of the default files as explained above. For instance, if your system has a <code class="literal">Muttrc-0.88</code> file in the system configuration directory, and you are running version 0.88 of Mutt, this file will be sourced instead of the <code class="literal">Muttrc</code> file. The same is true of the user configuration file, if you have a file <code class="literal">.muttrc-0.88.6</code> in your home directory, when you run Mutt version 0.88.6, it will source this file instead of the default <code class="literal">.muttrc</code> file. The version number is the same which is visible using the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">-v</span>”</span> <a class="link" href="reference.html#commandline" title="1. Command-Line Options">command line</a> switch or using the <code class="literal">show-version</code> key (default: V) from the index menu. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="quickconfig"></a>2. Starter Muttrc</h2></div></div></div><p> Mutt is highly configurable because it's <span class="emphasis"><em>meant</em></span> to be customized to your needs and preferences. However, this configurability can make it difficult when just getting started. A few sample muttrc files come with mutt, under <code class="literal">doc/mutt/samples/</code>. Among them, <a class="ulink" href="https://gitlab.com/muttmua/mutt/tree/master/contrib/sample.muttrc-starter" target="_top">sample.muttrc-starter</a> is a basic example config with a few suggested settings and pointers to useful programs. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="muttrc-syntax"></a>3. Syntax of Initialization Files</h2></div></div></div><p> An initialization file consists of a series of <a class="link" href="reference.html#commands" title="2. Configuration Commands">commands</a>. Each line of the file may contain one or more commands. When multiple commands are used, they must be separated by a semicolon (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">;</span>”</span>). </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-rc-multiple-cmds"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.1. Multiple configuration commands per line</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set realname='Mutt user' ; ignore x- </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> The hash mark, or pound sign (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">#</span>”</span>), is used as a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">comment</span>”</span> character. You can use it to annotate your initialization file. All text after the comment character to the end of the line is ignored. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-ec-comment"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.2. Commenting configuration files</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> my_hdr X-Disclaimer: Why are you listening to me? <span class="comment"># This is a comment</span> </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> Single quotes (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">'</span>”</span>) and double quotes (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">"</span>”</span>) can be used to quote strings which contain spaces or other special characters. The difference between the two types of quotes is similar to that of many popular shell programs, namely that a single quote is used to specify a literal string (one that is not interpreted for shell variables or quoting with a backslash [see next paragraph]), while double quotes indicate a string for which should be evaluated. For example, backticks are evaluated inside of double quotes, but <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> for single quotes. </p><p> <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\</span>”</span> quotes the next character, just as in shells such as bash and zsh. For example, if want to put quotes <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">"</span>”</span> inside of a string, you can use <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\</span>”</span> to force the next character to be a literal instead of interpreted character. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-rc-quote"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.3. Escaping quotes in configuration files</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set realname="Michael \"MuttDude\" Elkins" </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\\</span>”</span> means to insert a literal <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\</span>”</span> into the line. <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\n</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\r</span>”</span> have their usual C meanings of linefeed and carriage-return, respectively. </p><p> A <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\</span>”</span> at the end of a line can be used to split commands over multiple lines as it <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">escapes</span>”</span> the line end, provided that the split points don't appear in the middle of command names. Lines are first concatenated before interpretation so that a multi-line can be commented by commenting out the first line only. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-rc-split"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.4. Splitting long configuration commands over several lines</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set status_format="some very \ long value split \ over several lines" </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> It is also possible to substitute the output of a Unix command in an initialization file. This is accomplished by enclosing the command in backticks (``). In <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#ex-rc-backtick" title="Example 3.5. Using external command's output in configuration files">Example 3.5, “Using external command's output in configuration files”</a>, the output of the Unix command <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">uname -a</span>”</span> will be substituted before the line is parsed. Since initialization files are line oriented, only the first line of output from the Unix command will be substituted. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-rc-backtick"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.5. Using external command's output in configuration files</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> my_hdr X-Operating-System: `uname -a` </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> To avoid the output of backticks being parsed, place them inside double quotes. In <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#ex-backtick-dblquotes" title="Example 3.6. Preventing the output of backticks from being parsed">Example 3.6, “Preventing the output of backticks from being parsed”</a>, the output of the gpg decryption is assigned directly to $imap_pass, so that special characters in the password (e.g.<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">'</span>”</span>, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">#</span>”</span>, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">$</span>”</span>) are not parsed and interpreted specially by mutt. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-backtick-dblquotes"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.6. Preventing the output of backticks from being parsed</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set imap_pass="`gpg --batch -q --decrypt ~/.mutt/account.gpg`" </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> Both environment variables and Mutt variables can be accessed by prepending <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">$</span>”</span> to the name of the variable. For example, </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-rc-env"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.7. Using environment variables in configuration files</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set record=+sent_on_$HOSTNAME </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> will cause Mutt to save outgoing messages to a folder named <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">sent_on_kremvax</span>”</span> if the environment variable <code class="literal">$HOSTNAME</code> is set to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">kremvax.</span>”</span> (See <a class="link" href="reference.html#record" title="3.274. record">$record</a> for details.) </p><p> Mutt expands the variable when it is assigned, not when it is used. If the value of a variable on the right-hand side of an assignment changes after the assignment, the variable on the left-hand side will not be affected. </p><p> If <a class="link" href="reference.html#muttlisp-inline-eval" title="3.197. muttlisp_inline_eval">$muttlisp_inline_eval</a> is set, an unquoted parenthesis-enclosed expression will be evaluated as MuttLisp. See the <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#muttlisp" title="20. Using MuttLisp (EXPERIMENTAL)">Using MuttLisp</a> section for more details. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-rc-muttlisp"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.8. Using MuttLisp expressions</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set signature = \ (if (equal $my_name "Kevin McCarthy") ~/kevin.sig ~/other.sig) </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> The commands understood by Mutt are explained in the next paragraphs. For a complete list, see the <a class="link" href="reference.html#commands" title="2. Configuration Commands">command reference</a>. </p><p> All configuration files are expected to be in the current locale as specified by the <a class="link" href="reference.html#charset" title="3.40. charset">$charset</a> variable which doesn't have a default value since it's determined by Mutt at startup. If a configuration file is not encoded in the same character set the <a class="link" href="reference.html#config-charset" title="3.45. config_charset">$config_charset</a> variable should be used: all lines starting with the next are recoded from <a class="link" href="reference.html#config-charset" title="3.45. config_charset">$config_charset</a> to <a class="link" href="reference.html#charset" title="3.40. charset">$charset</a>. </p><p> This mechanism should be avoided if possible as it has the following implications: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>These variables should be set early in a configuration file with <a class="link" href="reference.html#charset" title="3.40. charset">$charset</a> preceding <a class="link" href="reference.html#config-charset" title="3.45. config_charset">$config_charset</a> so Mutt knows what character set to convert to.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If <a class="link" href="reference.html#config-charset" title="3.45. config_charset">$config_charset</a> is set, it should be set in each configuration file because the value is global and <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> per configuration file.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Because Mutt first recodes a line before it attempts to parse it, a conversion introducing question marks or other characters as part of errors (unconvertable characters, transliteration) may introduce syntax errors or silently change the meaning of certain tokens (e.g. inserting question marks into regular expressions).</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="addrgroup"></a>4. Address Groups</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">group</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] { <code class="option">-rx</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em> ... | <code class="option">-addr</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em> ... }<br /><code class="command">ungroup</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <code class="option">-rx</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em> ... | <code class="option">-addr</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> Mutt supports grouping addresses logically into named groups. An address or address pattern can appear in several groups at the same time. These groups can be used in <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#patterns" title="3. Patterns: Searching, Limiting and Tagging">patterns</a> (for searching, limiting and tagging) and in hooks by using group patterns. This can be useful to classify mail and take certain actions depending on in what groups the message is. For example, the mutt user's mailing list would fit into the categories <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">mailing list</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">mutt-related</span>”</span>. Using <a class="link" href="configuration.html#send-hook" title="21. Change Settings Based Upon Message Recipients"><code class="literal">send-hook</code></a>, the sender can be set to a dedicated one for writing mailing list messages, and the signature could be set to a mutt-related one for writing to a mutt list — for other lists, the list sender setting still applies but a different signature can be selected. Or, given a group only containing recipients known to accept encrypted mail, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">auto-encryption</span>”</span> can be achieved easily. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>group</strong></span> command is used to directly add either addresses or regular expressions to the specified group or groups. The different categories of arguments to the <span class="command"><strong>group</strong></span> command can be in any order. The flags <code class="literal">-rx</code> and <code class="literal">-addr</code> specify what the following strings (that cannot begin with a hyphen) should be interpreted as: either a regular expression or an email address, respectively. </p><p> These address groups can also be created implicitly by the <a class="link" href="configuration.html#alias" title="5. Defining/Using Aliases"><span class="command"><strong>alias</strong></span></a>, <a class="link" href="configuration.html#lists" title="14. Mailing Lists"><span class="command"><strong>lists</strong></span></a>, <a class="link" href="configuration.html#lists" title="14. Mailing Lists"><span class="command"><strong>subscribe</strong></span></a> and <a class="link" href="configuration.html#alternates" title="13. Alternative Addresses"><span class="command"><strong>alternates</strong></span></a> commands by specifying the optional <code class="literal">-group</code> option. For example, </p><pre class="screen"> alternates -group me address1 address2 alternates -group me -group work address3 </pre><p> would create a group named <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">me</span>”</span> which contains all your addresses and a group named <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">work</span>”</span> which contains only your work address <span class="emphasis"><em>address3</em></span>. Besides many other possibilities, this could be used to automatically mark your own messages in a mailing list folder as read or use a special signature for work-related messages. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>ungroup</strong></span> command is used to remove addresses or regular expressions from the specified group or groups. The syntax is similar to the <span class="command"><strong>group</strong></span> command, however the special character <code class="literal">*</code> can be used to empty a group of all of its contents. As soon as a group gets empty because all addresses and regular expressions have been removed, it'll internally be removed, too (i.e. there cannot be an empty group). When removing regular expressions from a group, the pattern must be specified exactly as given to the <span class="command"><strong>group</strong></span> command or <code class="literal">-group</code> argument. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="alias"></a>5. Defining/Using Aliases</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">alias</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>address</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>address</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">unalias</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> It's usually very cumbersome to remember or type out the address of someone you are communicating with. Mutt allows you to create <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">aliases</span>”</span> which map a short string to a full address. </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> If you want to create an alias for more than one address, you <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> separate the addresses with a comma (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">,</span>”</span>). </p></div><p> The optional <code class="literal">-group</code> argument to <span class="command"><strong>alias</strong></span> causes the aliased address(es) to be added to the named <span class="emphasis"><em>group</em></span>. </p><p> To add an alias: </p><pre class="screen"> alias muttdude me@cs.hmc.edu (Michael Elkins) alias theguys manny, moe, jack </pre><p> To remove an alias or aliases (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span> means all aliases): </p><pre class="screen"> unalias muttdude unalias * </pre><p> Unlike other mailers, Mutt doesn't require aliases to be defined in a special file. The <span class="command"><strong>alias</strong></span> command can appear anywhere in a configuration file, as long as this file is <a class="link" href="configuration.html#source" title="30. Reading Initialization Commands From Another File"><span class="command"><strong>source</strong></span>d</a>. Consequently, you can have multiple alias files, or you can have all aliases defined in your <code class="literal">.muttrc</code>. </p><p> On the other hand, the <a class="link" href="gettingstarted.html#create-alias"><code class="literal"><create-alias></code></a> function can use only one file, the one pointed to by the <a class="link" href="reference.html#alias-file" title="3.5. alias_file">$alias_file</a> variable (which is <code class="literal">~/.muttrc</code> by default). This file is not special either, in the sense that Mutt will happily append aliases to any file, but in order for the new aliases to take effect you need to explicitly <a class="link" href="configuration.html#source" title="30. Reading Initialization Commands From Another File"><span class="command"><strong>source</strong></span></a> this file too. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-alias-external"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.9. Configuring external alias files</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> source /usr/local/share/Mutt.aliases source ~/.mail_aliases set alias_file=~/.mail_aliases </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> To use aliases, you merely use the alias at any place in Mutt where Mutt prompts for addresses, such as the <span class="emphasis"><em>To:</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Cc:</em></span> prompt. You can also enter aliases in your editor at the appropriate headers if you have the <a class="link" href="reference.html#edit-headers" title="3.82. edit_headers">$edit_headers</a> variable set. </p><p> In addition, at the various address prompts, you can use the tab character to expand a partial alias to the full alias. If there are multiple matches, Mutt will bring up a menu with the matching aliases. In order to be presented with the full list of aliases, you must hit tab without a partial alias, such as at the beginning of the prompt or after a comma denoting multiple addresses. </p><p> In the alias menu, you can select as many aliases as you want with the <code class="literal">select-entry</code> key (default: <Return>), and use the <span class="emphasis"><em>exit</em></span> key (default: q) to return to the address prompt. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="bind"></a>6. Changing the Default Key Bindings</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">bind</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>map</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>function</code></em> </p></div><p> This command allows you to change the default key bindings (operation invoked when pressing a key). </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>map</em></span> specifies in which menu the binding belongs. Multiple maps may be specified by separating them with commas (no additional whitespace is allowed). The currently defined maps are: </p><a id="maps"></a><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">generic</span></dt><dd><p> This is not a real menu, but is used as a fallback for all of the other menus except for the pager and editor modes. If a key is not defined in another menu, Mutt will look for a binding to use in this menu. This allows you to bind a key to a certain function in multiple menus instead of having multiple <span class="command"><strong>bind</strong></span> statements to accomplish the same task. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">alias</span></dt><dd><p> The alias menu is the list of your personal aliases as defined in your <code class="literal">.muttrc</code>. It is the mapping from a short alias name to the full email address(es) of the recipient(s). </p></dd><dt><span class="term">attach</span></dt><dd><p> The attachment menu is used to access the attachments on received messages. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">browser</span></dt><dd><p> The browser is used for both browsing the local directory structure, and for listing all of your incoming mailboxes. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">editor</span></dt><dd><p> The editor is used to allow the user to enter a single line of text, such as the <span class="emphasis"><em>To</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Subject</em></span> prompts in the <code class="literal">compose</code> menu. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">index</span></dt><dd><p> The index is the list of messages contained in a mailbox. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">compose</span></dt><dd><p> The compose menu is the screen used when sending a new message. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">pager</span></dt><dd><p> The pager is the mode used to display message/attachment data, and help listings. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">pgp</span></dt><dd><p> The pgp menu is used to select the OpenPGP keys used to encrypt outgoing messages. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">smime</span></dt><dd><p> The smime menu is used to select the OpenSSL certificates used to encrypt outgoing messages. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">postpone</span></dt><dd><p> The postpone menu is similar to the index menu, except is used when recalling a message the user was composing, but saved until later. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">query</span></dt><dd><p> The query menu is the browser for results returned by <a class="link" href="reference.html#query-command" title="3.266. query_command">$query_command</a>. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">mix</span></dt><dd><p> The mixmaster screen is used to select remailer options for outgoing messages (if Mutt is compiled with Mixmaster support). </p></dd></dl></div><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> is the key (or key sequence) you wish to bind. To specify a control character, use the sequence <span class="emphasis"><em>\Cx</em></span>, where <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> is the letter of the control character (for example, to specify control-A use <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\Ca</span>”</span>). Note that the case of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> as well as <span class="emphasis"><em>\C</em></span> is ignored, so that <span class="emphasis"><em>\CA</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>\Ca</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>\cA</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>\ca</em></span> are all equivalent. An alternative form is to specify the key as a three digit octal number prefixed with a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\</span>”</span> (for example <span class="emphasis"><em>\177</em></span> is equivalent to <span class="emphasis"><em>\c?</em></span>). In addition, <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> may be a symbolic name as shown in <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#tab-key-names" title="Table 3.1. Symbolic key names">Table 3.1, “Symbolic key names”</a>. </p><div class="table"><a id="tab-key-names"></a><p class="title"><strong>Table 3.1. Symbolic key names</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Symbolic key names" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Symbolic name</th><th>Meaning</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>\t</td><td>tab</td></tr><tr><td><tab></td><td>tab</td></tr><tr><td><backtab></td><td>backtab / shift-tab</td></tr><tr><td>\r</td><td>carriage return</td></tr><tr><td>\n</td><td>newline</td></tr><tr><td>\e</td><td>escape</td></tr><tr><td><esc></td><td>escape</td></tr><tr><td><up></td><td>up arrow</td></tr><tr><td><down></td><td>down arrow</td></tr><tr><td><left></td><td>left arrow</td></tr><tr><td><right></td><td>right arrow</td></tr><tr><td><pageup></td><td>Page Up</td></tr><tr><td><pagedown></td><td>Page Down</td></tr><tr><td><backspace></td><td>Backspace</td></tr><tr><td><delete></td><td>Delete</td></tr><tr><td><insert></td><td>Insert</td></tr><tr><td><enter></td><td>Enter</td></tr><tr><td><return></td><td>Return</td></tr><tr><td><home></td><td>Home</td></tr><tr><td><end></td><td>End</td></tr><tr><td><space></td><td>Space bar</td></tr><tr><td><f1></td><td>function key 1</td></tr><tr><td><f10></td><td>function key 10</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> The <code class="literal"><what-key></code> function can be used to explore keycode and symbolic names for other keys on your keyboard. Executing this function will display information about each key pressed, until terminated by <code class="literal">^G</code>. </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> does not need to be enclosed in quotes unless it contains a space (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"> </span>”</span>) or semi-colon (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">;</span>”</span>). </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> specifies which action to take when <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> is pressed. For a complete list of functions, see the <a class="link" href="reference.html#functions" title="4. Functions">reference</a>. Note that the <span class="command"><strong>bind</strong></span> expects <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> to be specified without angle brackets. </p><p> The special function <code class="literal"><noop></code> unbinds the specified key sequence. </p><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="stty"></a>6.1. Terminal Keybindings</h3></div></div></div><p> Some key bindings are controlled by the terminal, and so by default can't be bound inside Mutt. These may include <code class="literal">^C</code>, <code class="literal">^\</code>, <code class="literal">^Q</code>, <code class="literal">^S</code>, <code class="literal">^Z</code>, and on BSD/Mac <code class="literal">^Y</code>. These terminal settings can be viewed and changed using the <code class="literal">stty</code> program. </p><p> <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">stty -a</code></span>”</span> will list the bound characters (not all of them affect Mutt), and what actions they take when pressed. For example, you may see <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">intr = ^C</code></span>”</span> in its output. This means typing <code class="literal">^C</code> will send an interrupt signal. <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">quit = ^\</code></span>”</span> means typing <code class="literal">^\</code> (commonly also <code class="literal">^4</code>) will send a quit signal. </p><p> To unbind a key from an action, you invoke <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">stty action undef</span>”</span>. For example, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">stty quit undef</code></span>”</span> will unbind <code class="literal">^\</code> (and <code class="literal">^4</code>) from sending the quit signal. Once unbound (e.g, by placing that line in your .bashrc, or in a Mutt wrapper script/function) you can use the key sequence in your Mutt bindings. </p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="cd"></a>7. Changing the current working directory</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">cd</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> </p></div><p> The <code class="literal">cd</code> command changes Mutt's current working directory. This affects commands and functions like <code class="literal">source</code>, <code class="literal">change-folder</code>, and <code class="literal">save-entry</code> that use relative paths. Using <code class="literal">cd</code> without directory changes to your home directory. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="charset-hook"></a>8. Defining Aliases for Character Sets</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">charset-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>alias</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>charset</code></em> <br /><code class="command">iconv-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>charset</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>local-charset</code></em> </p></div><p> The <span class="command"><strong>charset-hook</strong></span> command defines an alias for a character set. This is useful to properly display messages which are tagged with a character set name not known to Mutt. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>iconv-hook</strong></span> command defines a system-specific name for a character set. This is helpful when your systems character conversion library insists on using strange, system-specific names for character sets. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="folder-hook"></a>9. Setting Variables Based Upon Mailbox</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">folder-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]regexp</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> </p></div><p> It is often desirable to change settings based on which mailbox you are reading. The <span class="command"><strong>folder-hook</strong></span> command provides a method by which you can execute any configuration command. <span class="emphasis"><em>regexp</em></span> is a regular expression specifying in which mailboxes to execute <span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> before loading. If a mailbox matches multiple <span class="command"><strong>folder-hook</strong></span>s, they are executed in the order given in the <code class="literal">.muttrc</code>. </p><p> The regexp parameter has <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#shortcuts" title="10. Mailbox Shortcuts">mailbox shortcut</a> expansion performed on the first character. See <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#mailbox-hook" title="6.2. Mailbox Matching in Hooks">Mailbox Matching in Hooks</a> for more details. </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> If you use the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">!</span>”</span> shortcut for <a class="link" href="reference.html#spoolfile" title="3.361. spoolfile">$spoolfile</a> at the beginning of the pattern, you must place it inside of double or single quotes in order to distinguish it from the logical <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> operator for the expression. </p></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> Settings are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> restored when you leave the mailbox. For example, a command action to perform is to change the sorting method based upon the mailbox being read: </p><pre class="screen"> folder-hook mutt "set sort=threads"</pre><p> However, the sorting method is not restored to its previous value when reading a different mailbox. To specify a <span class="emphasis"><em>default</em></span> command, use the pattern <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">.</span>”</span> before other <span class="command"><strong>folder-hook</strong></span>s adjusting a value on a per-folder basis because <span class="command"><strong>folder-hook</strong></span>s are evaluated in the order given in the configuration file. </p></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> The keyboard buffer will not be processed until after all hooks are run; multiple <a class="link" href="configuration.html#push" title="25. Adding Key Sequences to the Keyboard Buffer">push</a> or <a class="link" href="configuration.html#exec" title="26. Executing Functions">exec</a> commands will end up being processed in reverse order. </p></div><p> The following example will set the <a class="link" href="reference.html#sort" title="3.354. sort">sort</a> variable to <code class="literal">date-sent</code> for all folders but to <code class="literal">threads</code> for all folders containing <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">mutt</span>”</span> in their name. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-folder-sorting"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.10. Setting sort method based on mailbox name</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> folder-hook . "set sort=date-sent" folder-hook mutt "set sort=threads" </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="macro"></a>10. Keyboard Macros</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">macro</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>menu</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>sequence</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>description</code></em> ]</p></div><p> Macros are useful when you would like a single key to perform a series of actions. When you press <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> in menu <span class="emphasis"><em>menu</em></span>, Mutt will behave as if you had typed <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. So if you have a common sequence of commands you type, you can create a macro to execute those commands with a single key or fewer keys. </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>menu</em></span> is the <a class="link" href="configuration.html#maps">map</a> which the macro will be bound in. Multiple maps may be specified by separating multiple menu arguments by commas. Whitespace may not be used in between the menu arguments and the commas separating them. </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> are expanded by the same rules as the <a class="link" href="configuration.html#bind" title="6. Changing the Default Key Bindings">key bindings</a> with some additions. The first is that control characters in <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> can also be specified as <span class="emphasis"><em>^x</em></span>. In order to get a caret (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">^</span>”</span>) you need to use <span class="emphasis"><em>^^</em></span>. Secondly, to specify a certain key such as <span class="emphasis"><em>up</em></span> or to invoke a function directly, you can use the format <span class="emphasis"><em><key name></em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em><function name></em></span>. For a listing of key names see the section on <a class="link" href="configuration.html#bind" title="6. Changing the Default Key Bindings">key bindings</a>. Functions are listed in the <a class="link" href="reference.html#functions" title="4. Functions">reference</a>. </p><p> The advantage with using function names directly is that the macros will work regardless of the current key bindings, so they are not dependent on the user having particular key definitions. This makes them more robust and portable, and also facilitates defining of macros in files used by more than one user (e.g., the system Muttrc). </p><p> Optionally you can specify a descriptive text after <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>, which is shown in the help screens if they contain a description. </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> Macro definitions (if any) listed in the help screen(s), are silently truncated at the screen width, and are not wrapped. </p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="color"></a>11. Using Color and Mono Video Attributes</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">color</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>foreground</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>background</code></em> <br /><code class="command">color</code> { <code class="option">header</code> | <code class="option">body</code> } [ <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>foreground</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>background</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> <br /><code class="command">color</code> <code class="option">index</code> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>foreground</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>background</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> <br /><code class="command">color</code> <code class="option">compose</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>composeobject</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>foreground</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>background</code></em> <br /><code class="command">uncolor</code> { <code class="option">index</code> | <code class="option">header</code> | <code class="option">body</code> } { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> If your terminal supports color, you can spice up Mutt by creating your own color scheme. To define the color of an object (type of information), you must specify both a foreground color <span class="emphasis"><em>and</em></span> a background color (it is not possible to only specify one or the other). </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>header</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>body</em></span> match <span class="emphasis"><em><a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#regexp" title="2. Regular Expressions">regexp</a></em></span> in the header/body of a message, <span class="emphasis"><em>index</em></span> matches <span class="emphasis"><em><a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#patterns" title="3. Patterns: Searching, Limiting and Tagging">pattern</a></em></span> in the message index. Note that IMAP server-side searches (=b, =B, =h) are not supported for color index patterns. </p><p> When <a class="link" href="reference.html#header-color-partial" title="3.114. header_color_partial">$header_color_partial</a> is unset (the default), a <span class="emphasis"><em>header</em></span> matched by <span class="emphasis"><em>regexp</em></span> will have color applied to the entire header. When set, color is applied only to the exact text matched by <span class="emphasis"><em>regexp</em></span>. </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>object</em></span> can be one of: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>attachment</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>bold (highlighting bold patterns in the body of messages)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>error (error messages printed by Mutt)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>hdrdefault (default color of the message header in the pager)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>indicator (arrow or bar used to indicate the current item in a menu)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>markers (the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">+</span>”</span> markers at the beginning of wrapped lines in the pager)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>message (informational messages)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>normal</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>prompt</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>quoted (text matching <a class="link" href="reference.html#quote-regexp" title="3.269. quote_regexp">$quote_regexp</a> in the body of a message)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>quoted1, quoted2, ..., quoted<span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span> (higher levels of quoting)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>search (highlighting of words in the pager)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>signature</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>status (mode lines used to display info about the mailbox or message)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>tilde (the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">~</span>”</span> used to pad blank lines in the pager)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>tree (thread tree drawn in the message index and attachment menu)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>underline (highlighting underlined patterns in the body of messages)</p></li></ul></div><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>composeobject</em></span> can be one of: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>header</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>security_encrypt</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>security_sign</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>security_both</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>security_none</p></li></ul></div><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>attribute</em></span> can be one of the following: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>none</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>bold</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>underline</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>reverse</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>standout</p></li></ul></div><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>foreground</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>background</em></span> can be one of the following: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>white</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>black</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>green</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>magenta</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>blue</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>cyan</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>yellow</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>red</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>default</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>color<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span></p></li></ul></div><p> The color name can optionally be prefixed with the keyword <code class="literal">bright</code> or <code class="literal">light</code> to make the color boldfaced or light (e.g., <code class="literal">brightred</code>). The precise behavior depends on the terminal and its configuration. In particular, the boldfaced/light difference and such background colors may be available only for terminals configured with at least 16 colors, as specified by the <code class="literal">$TERM</code> environment variable. </p><p> If your terminal supports it, the special keyword <span class="emphasis"><em>default</em></span> can be used as a transparent color. The value <span class="emphasis"><em>brightdefault</em></span> is also valid. If Mutt is linked against the <span class="emphasis"><em>S-Lang</em></span> library, you also need to set the <code class="literal">$COLORFGBG</code> environment variable to the default colors of your terminal for this to work; for example (for Bourne-like shells): </p><pre class="screen"> set COLORFGBG="green;black" export COLORFGBG </pre><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> The <span class="emphasis"><em>S-Lang</em></span> library requires you to use the <span class="emphasis"><em>lightgray</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>brown</em></span> keywords instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>white</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>yellow</em></span> when setting this variable. </p></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> The <span class="command"><strong>uncolor</strong></span> command can be applied to the index, header and body objects only. It removes entries from the list. You <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> specify the same pattern specified in the <span class="command"><strong>color</strong></span> command for it to be removed. The pattern <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span> is a special token which means to clear the color list of all entries. </p></div><p> Mutt also recognizes the keywords <span class="emphasis"><em>color0</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>color1</em></span>, ..., <span class="emphasis"><em>color</em></span><span class="emphasis"><em>N-1</em></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span> being the number of colors supported by your terminal). This is useful when you remap the colors for your display (for example by changing the color associated with <span class="emphasis"><em>color2</em></span> for your xterm), since color names may then lose their normal meaning. </p><a id="mono"></a><p> If your terminal does not support color, it is still possible change the video attributes through the use of the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">mono</span>”</span> command. Usage: </p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">mono</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> <br /><code class="command">mono</code> { <code class="option">header</code> | <code class="option">body</code> } <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> <br /><code class="command">mono</code> <code class="option">index</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> <br /><code class="command">mono</code> <code class="option">compose</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>composeobject</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>attribute</code></em> <br /><code class="command">unmono</code> { <code class="option">index</code> | <code class="option">header</code> | <code class="option">body</code> } { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> For <span class="emphasis"><em>object</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>composeobject</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>attribute</em></span>, see the <span class="command"><strong>color</strong></span> command. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="msg-hdr-display"></a>12. Message Header Display</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="hdr-folding"></a>12.1. Header Display</h3></div></div></div><p> When displaying a message in the pager, Mutt folds long header lines at <a class="link" href="reference.html#wrap" title="3.409. wrap">$wrap</a> columns. Though there're precise rules about where to break and how, Mutt always folds headers using a tab for readability. (Note that the sending side is not affected by this, Mutt tries to implement standards compliant folding.) </p><p> Despite not being a real header, Mutt will also display an mbox "From_" line in the pager along with other headers. This line can be manipulated with <span class="command"><strong>ignore/unignore</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>hdr_order/unhdr_order</strong></span> commands. </p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="ignore"></a>12.2. Selecting Headers</h3></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">ignore</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">unignore</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> Messages often have many header fields added by automatic processing systems, or which may not seem useful to display on the screen. This command allows you to specify header fields which you don't normally want to see in the pager. </p><p> You do not need to specify the full header field name. For example, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">ignore content-</span>”</span> will ignore all header fields that begin with the pattern <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">content-</span>”</span>. <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">ignore *</span>”</span> will ignore all headers. </p><p> To remove a previously added token from the list, use the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unignore</span>”</span> command. The <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unignore</span>”</span> command will make Mutt display headers with the given pattern. For example, if you do <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">ignore x-</span>”</span> it is possible to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unignore x-mailer</span>”</span>. </p><p> <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unignore *</span>”</span> will remove all tokens from the ignore list. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-header-weeding"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.11. Header weeding</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> <span class="comment"># Sven's draconian header weeding</span> ignore * unignore from date subject to cc unignore organization organisation x-mailer: x-newsreader: x-mailing-list: unignore posted-to: </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> The above example will show "From:" headers as well as mbox "From_" lines. To hide the latter, instead use "<code class="literal">unignore from: date subject to cc</code>" on the second line. </p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="hdr-order"></a>12.3. Ordering Displayed Headers</h3></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">hdr_order</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>header</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>header</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">unhdr_order</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>header</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> With the <span class="command"><strong>hdr_order</strong></span> command you can specify an order in which Mutt will attempt to present these headers to you when viewing messages. </p><p> <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><span class="command"><strong>unhdr_order</strong></span> *</span>”</span> will clear all previous headers from the order list, thus removing the header order effects set by the system-wide startup file. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-hdr-order"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.12. Configuring header display order</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> hdr_order From Date: From: To: Cc: Subject: </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="alternates"></a>13. Alternative Addresses</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">alternates</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">unalternates</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> With various functions, Mutt will treat messages differently, depending on whether you sent them or whether you received them from someone else. For instance, when replying to a message that you sent to a different party, Mutt will automatically suggest to send the response to the original message's recipients — responding to yourself won't make much sense in many cases. (See <a class="link" href="reference.html#reply-to" title="3.280. reply_to">$reply_to</a>.) </p><p> Many users receive e-mail under a number of different addresses. To fully use Mutt's features here, the program must be able to recognize what e-mail addresses you receive mail under. That's the purpose of the <span class="command"><strong>alternates</strong></span> command: It takes a list of regular expressions, each of which can identify an address under which you receive e-mail. </p><p> As addresses are matched using regular expressions and not exact strict comparisons, you should make sure you specify your addresses as precise as possible to avoid mismatches. For example, if you specify: </p><pre class="screen"> alternates user@example </pre><p> Mutt will consider <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">some-user@example</code></span>”</span> as being your address, too which may not be desired. As a solution, in such cases addresses should be specified as: </p><pre class="screen"> alternates '^user@example$' </pre><p> The <code class="literal">-group</code> flag causes all of the subsequent regular expressions to be added to the named group. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>unalternates</strong></span> command can be used to write exceptions to <span class="command"><strong>alternates</strong></span> patterns. If an address matches something in an <span class="command"><strong>alternates</strong></span> command, but you nonetheless do not think it is from you, you can list a more precise pattern under an <span class="command"><strong>unalternates</strong></span> command. </p><p> To remove a regular expression from the <span class="command"><strong>alternates</strong></span> list, use the <span class="command"><strong>unalternates</strong></span> command with exactly the same <span class="emphasis"><em>regexp</em></span>. Likewise, if the <span class="emphasis"><em>regexp</em></span> for an <span class="command"><strong>alternates</strong></span> command matches an entry on the <span class="command"><strong>unalternates</strong></span> list, that <span class="command"><strong>unalternates</strong></span> entry will be removed. If the <span class="emphasis"><em>regexp</em></span> for <span class="command"><strong>unalternates</strong></span> is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>all entries</em></span> on <span class="command"><strong>alternates</strong></span> will be removed. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="lists"></a>14. Mailing Lists</h2></div></div></div><a id="subscribe"></a><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">lists</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">unlists</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> ... }<br /><code class="command">subscribe</code> [ <code class="option">-group</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...] <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">unsubscribe</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> Mutt has a few nice features for <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#using-lists" title="11. Handling Mailing Lists">handling mailing lists</a>. In order to take advantage of them, you must specify which addresses belong to mailing lists, and which mailing lists you are subscribed to. Mutt also has limited support for auto-detecting mailing lists: it supports parsing <code class="literal">mailto:</code> links in the common <code class="literal">List-Post:</code> header which has the same effect as specifying the list address via the <span class="command"><strong>lists</strong></span> command (except the group feature). Once you have done this, the <a class="link" href="gettingstarted.html#list-reply"><code class="literal"><list-reply></code></a> function will work for all known lists. Additionally, when you send a message to a known list and <a class="link" href="reference.html#followup-to" title="3.97. followup_to">$followup_to</a> is set, Mutt will add a Mail-Followup-To header. For unsubscribed lists, this will include your personal address, ensuring you receive a copy of replies. For subscribed mailing lists, the header will not, telling other users' mail user agents not to send copies of replies to your personal address. </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> The Mail-Followup-To header is a non-standard extension which is not supported by all mail user agents. Adding it is not bullet-proof against receiving personal CCs of list messages. Also note that the generation of the Mail-Followup-To header is controlled by the <a class="link" href="reference.html#followup-to" title="3.97. followup_to">$followup_to</a> configuration variable since it's common practice on some mailing lists to send Cc upon replies (which is more a group- than a list-reply). </p></div><p> More precisely, Mutt maintains lists of patterns for the addresses of known and subscribed mailing lists. Every subscribed mailing list is known. To mark a mailing list as known, use the <span class="command"><strong>list</strong></span> command. To mark it as subscribed, use <span class="command"><strong>subscribe</strong></span>. </p><p> You can use regular expressions with both commands. To mark all messages sent to a specific bug report's address on Debian's bug tracking system as list mail, for instance, you could say </p><pre class="screen"> subscribe [0-9]+.*@bugs.debian.org</pre><p> as it's often sufficient to just give a portion of the list's e-mail address. </p><p> Specify as much of the address as you need to remove ambiguity. For example, if you've subscribed to the Mutt mailing list, you will receive mail addressed to <code class="literal">mutt-users@mutt.org</code>. So, to tell Mutt that this is a mailing list, you could add <code class="literal">lists mutt-users@</code> to your initialization file. To tell Mutt that you are subscribed to it, add <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>subscribe</strong></span> mutt-users</code> to your initialization file instead. If you also happen to get mail from someone whose address is <code class="literal">mutt-users@example.com</code>, you could use <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>lists</strong></span> ^mutt-users@mutt\\.org$</code> or <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>subscribe</strong></span> ^mutt-users@mutt\\.org$</code> to match only mail from the actual list. </p><p> The <code class="literal">-group</code> flag adds all of the subsequent regular expressions to the named <a class="link" href="configuration.html#addrgroup" title="4. Address Groups">address group</a> in addition to adding to the specified address list. </p><p> The <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unlists</span>”</span> command is used to remove a token from the list of known and subscribed mailing-lists. Use <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unlists *</span>”</span> to remove all tokens. </p><p> To remove a mailing list from the list of subscribed mailing lists, but keep it on the list of known mailing lists, use <span class="command"><strong>unsubscribe</strong></span>. </p><p> All of the mailing list configuration options described so far govern mutt's knowledge of your list subscriptions and how it presents list information to you. If you have a message from a mailing list, you can also use the <a class="link" href="reference.html#tab-list-bindings" title="Table 9.16. Default List Menu Bindings">list menu</a> (bound to "ESC L" by default) to interact with the message's list's list server. This makes it easy to subscribe, unsubscribe, and so on. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="mbox-hook"></a>15. Using Multiple Spool Mailboxes</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">mbox-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]regexp</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>mailbox</code></em> </p></div><p> This command is used to move read messages from a specified mailbox to a different mailbox automatically when you quit or change folders. <span class="emphasis"><em>regexp</em></span> is a regular expression specifying the mailbox to treat as a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">spool</span>”</span> mailbox and <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> specifies where mail should be saved when read. </p><p> The regexp parameter has <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#shortcuts" title="10. Mailbox Shortcuts">mailbox shortcut</a> expansion performed on the first character. See <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#mailbox-hook" title="6.2. Mailbox Matching in Hooks">Mailbox Matching in Hooks</a> for more details. </p><p> Note that execution of mbox-hooks is dependent on the <a class="link" href="reference.html#move" title="3.196. move">$move</a> configuration variable. If set to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">no</span>”</span> (the default), mbox-hooks will not be executed. </p><p> Unlike some of the other <span class="emphasis"><em>hook</em></span> commands, only the <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span> matching regexp is used (it is not possible to save read mail in more than a single mailbox). </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="mailboxes"></a>16. Monitoring Incoming Mail</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">mailboxes</code> [ [ <code class="option">-notify</code> | <code class="option">-nonotify</code> ] [ <code class="option">-poll</code> | <code class="option">-nopoll</code> ] [ <code class="option">-label</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>label</code></em> | <code class="option">-nolabel</code> ] <em class="replaceable"><code>mailbox</code></em> ] [...]<br /><code class="command">unmailboxes</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>mailbox</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> This command specifies folders which can receive mail and which will be checked for new messages periodically. </p><p> Use <code class="literal">-nonotify</code> to disable notifying when new mail arrives. The <code class="literal">-notify</code> argument can be used to reenable notifying for an existing mailbox. If unspecified: a new mailbox will notify by default, while an existing mailbox will be unchanged. </p><p> To disable polling, specify <code class="literal">-nopoll</code> before the mailbox name. The <code class="literal">-poll</code> argument can be used to reenable polling for an existing mailbox. If unspecified: a new mailbox will poll by default, while an existing mailbox will be unchanged. </p><p> The <code class="literal">-label</code> argument can be used to specify an alternative label to print in the sidebar or mailbox browser instead of the mailbox path. A label may be removed via the <code class="literal">-nolabel</code> argument. If unspecified, an existing mailbox label will be unchanged. </p><p> <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> can either be a local file or directory (Mbox/Mmdf or Maildir/Mh). If Mutt was built with POP and/or IMAP support, <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> can also be a POP/IMAP folder URL. The URL syntax is described in <a class="xref" href="optionalfeatures.html#url-syntax" title="1.2. URL Syntax">Section 1.2, “URL Syntax”</a>, POP and IMAP are described in <a class="xref" href="optionalfeatures.html#pop" title="3. POP3 Support">Section 3, “POP3 Support”</a> and <a class="xref" href="optionalfeatures.html#imap" title="4. IMAP Support">Section 4, “IMAP Support”</a> respectively. </p><p> Mutt provides a number of advanced features for handling (possibly many) folders and new mail within them, please refer to <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#new-mail" title="13. New Mail Detection">Section 13, “New Mail Detection”</a> for details (including in what situations and how often Mutt checks for new mail). Additionally, <a class="link" href="reference.html#new-mail-command" title="3.200. new_mail_command">$new_mail_command</a> can be used to run a command when new mail is detected. </p><p> The <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unmailboxes</span>”</span> command is used to remove a token from the list of folders which receive mail. Use <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unmailboxes *</span>”</span> to remove all tokens. </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> The folders in the <span class="command"><strong>mailboxes</strong></span> command are resolved when the command is executed, so if these names contain <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#shortcuts" title="10. Mailbox Shortcuts">shortcut characters</a> (such as <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">=</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">!</span>”</span>), any variable definition that affects these characters (like <a class="link" href="reference.html#folder" title="3.95. folder">$folder</a> and <a class="link" href="reference.html#spoolfile" title="3.361. spoolfile">$spoolfile</a>) should be set before the <span class="command"><strong>mailboxes</strong></span> command. If none of these shortcuts are used, a local path should be absolute as otherwise Mutt tries to find it relative to the directory from where Mutt was started which may not always be desired. </p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="my-hdr"></a>17. User-Defined Headers</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">my_hdr</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> <br /><code class="command">unmy_hdr</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>field</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> The <span class="command"><strong>my_hdr</strong></span> command allows you to create your own header fields which will be added to every message you send and appear in the editor if <a class="link" href="reference.html#edit-headers" title="3.82. edit_headers">$edit_headers</a> is set. </p><p> For example, if you would like to add an <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Organization:</span>”</span> header field to all of your outgoing messages, you can put the command something like shown in <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#ex-my-hdr" title="Example 3.13. Defining custom headers">Example 3.13, “Defining custom headers”</a> in your <code class="literal">.muttrc</code>. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-my-hdr"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.13. Defining custom headers</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> my_hdr Organization: A Really Big Company, Anytown, USA </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> Space characters are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed between the keyword and the colon (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">:</span>”</span>). The standard for electronic mail (RFC2822) says that space is illegal there, so Mutt enforces the rule. </p></div><p> If you would like to add a header field to a single message, you should either set the <a class="link" href="reference.html#edit-headers" title="3.82. edit_headers">$edit_headers</a> variable, or use the <code class="literal"><edit-headers></code> function (default: <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">E</span>”</span>) in the compose menu so that you can edit the header of your message along with the body. </p><p> To remove user defined header fields, use the <span class="command"><strong>unmy_hdr</strong></span> command. You may specify an asterisk (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span>) to remove all header fields, or the fields to remove. For example, to remove all <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">To</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Cc</span>”</span> header fields, you could use: </p><pre class="screen"> unmy_hdr to cc </pre></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="save-hook"></a>18. Specify Default Save Mailbox</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">save-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>mailbox</code></em> </p></div><p> This command is used to override the default mailbox used when saving messages. <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> will be used as the default if the message matches <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span>, see <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#pattern-hook" title="6.1. Message Matching in Hooks">Message Matching in Hooks</a> for information on the exact format. </p><p> To provide more flexibility and good defaults, Mutt applies the expandos of <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a> to <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> after it was expanded. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-save-hook-exando"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.14. Using %-expandos in <span class="command">save-hook</span></strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> <span class="comment"># default: save all to ~/Mail/<author name></span> save-hook . ~/Mail/%F <span class="comment"># save from me@turing.cs.hmc.edu and me@cs.hmc.edu to $folder/elkins</span> save-hook me@(turing\\.)?cs\\.hmc\\.edu$ +elkins <span class="comment"># save from aol.com to $folder/spam</span> save-hook aol\\.com$ +spam </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> Also see the <a class="link" href="configuration.html#fcc-save-hook" title="20. Specify Default Save Filename and Default Fcc: Mailbox at Once"><span class="command"><strong>fcc-save-hook</strong></span></a> command. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="fcc-hook"></a>19. Specify Default Fcc: Mailbox When Composing</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">fcc-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>mailbox</code></em> </p></div><p> This command is used to save outgoing mail in a mailbox other than <a class="link" href="reference.html#record" title="3.274. record">$record</a>. Mutt searches the initial list of message recipients for the first matching <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> and uses <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> as the default Fcc: mailbox. If no match is found the message will be saved to <a class="link" href="reference.html#record" title="3.274. record">$record</a> mailbox. </p><p> To provide more flexibility and good defaults, Mutt applies the expandos of <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a> to <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> after it was expanded. </p><p> See <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#pattern-hook" title="6.1. Message Matching in Hooks">Message Matching in Hooks</a> for information on the exact format of <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span>. </p><pre class="screen">fcc-hook [@.]aol\\.com$ +spammers</pre><p> ...will save a copy of all messages going to the aol.com domain to the `+spammers' mailbox by default. Also see the <a class="link" href="configuration.html#fcc-save-hook" title="20. Specify Default Save Filename and Default Fcc: Mailbox at Once"><span class="command"><strong>fcc-save-hook</strong></span></a> command. </p><p> Multiple mailboxes may be specified by separating them with <a class="link" href="reference.html#fcc-delimiter" title="3.93. fcc_delimiter">$fcc_delimiter</a>, if set: </p><pre class="screen"> set fcc_delimiter = ',' fcc-hook 'foo@example\.com$' '+one,+two' </pre></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="fcc-save-hook"></a>20. Specify Default Save Filename and Default Fcc: Mailbox at Once</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">fcc-save-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>mailbox</code></em> </p></div><p> This command is a shortcut, almost equivalent to doing both a <a class="link" href="configuration.html#fcc-hook" title="19. Specify Default Fcc: Mailbox When Composing"><span class="command"><strong>fcc-hook</strong></span></a> and a <a class="link" href="configuration.html#save-hook" title="18. Specify Default Save Mailbox"><span class="command"><strong>save-hook</strong></span></a> with its arguments, including %-expansion on <span class="emphasis"><em>mailbox</em></span> according to <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a>. </p><p> Note, however that the fcc-save-hook is not designed to take advantage of multiple mailboxes, as fcc-hook is. For correct behavior, you should use separate fcc and save hooks in that case. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="send-hook"></a>21. Change Settings Based Upon Message Recipients</h2></div></div></div><a id="reply-hook"></a><a id="send2-hook"></a><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">reply-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> <br /><code class="command">send-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> <br /><code class="command">send2-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> </p></div><p> These commands can be used to execute arbitrary configuration commands based upon recipients of the message. <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> is used to match the message, see <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#pattern-hook" title="6.1. Message Matching in Hooks">Message Matching in Hooks</a> for details. <span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> is executed when <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> matches. </p><p> <span class="command"><strong>reply-hook</strong></span> is matched against the message you are <span class="emphasis"><em>replying to</em></span>, instead of the message you are <span class="emphasis"><em>sending</em></span>. <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span> is matched against all messages, both <span class="emphasis"><em>new</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>replies</em></span>. </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> <span class="command"><strong>reply-hook</strong></span>s are matched <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> the <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>regardless</em></span> of the order specified in the user's configuration file. However, you can inhibit <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span> in the reply case by using the pattern <code class="literal">'! ~Q'</code> (<span class="emphasis"><em>not replied</em></span>, see <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#pattern-hook" title="6.1. Message Matching in Hooks">Message Matching in Hooks</a>) in the <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span> to tell when <span class="command"><strong>reply-hook</strong></span> have been executed. </p></div><p> <span class="command"><strong>send2-hook</strong></span> is matched every time a message is changed, either by editing it, or by using the compose menu to change its recipients or subject. <span class="command"><strong>send2-hook</strong></span> is executed after <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span>, and can, e.g., be used to set parameters such as the <a class="link" href="reference.html#sendmail" title="3.300. sendmail">$sendmail</a> variable depending on the message's sender address. </p><p> For each type of <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>reply-hook</strong></span>, when multiple matches occur, commands are executed in the order they are specified in the <code class="literal">.muttrc</code> (for that type of hook). </p><p> Example: <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span> mutt "<span class="command"><strong>set</strong></span> mime_forward signature=''"</code> </p><p> Another typical use for this command is to change the values of the <a class="link" href="reference.html#attribution" title="3.19. attribution">$attribution</a>, <a class="link" href="reference.html#attribution-locale" title="3.20. attribution_locale">$attribution_locale</a>, and <a class="link" href="reference.html#signature" title="3.318. signature">$signature</a> variables in order to change the language of the attributions and signatures based upon the recipients. </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span>'s are only executed once after getting the initial list of recipients. They are not executed when resuming a postponed draft. Adding a recipient after replying or editing the message will not cause any <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span> to be executed, similarly if <a class="link" href="reference.html#autoedit" title="3.27. autoedit">$autoedit</a> is set (as then the initial list of recipients is empty). Also note that <a class="link" href="configuration.html#my-hdr" title="17. User-Defined Headers"><span class="command"><strong>my_hdr</strong></span></a> commands which modify recipient headers, or the message's subject, don't have any effect on the current message when executed from a <span class="command"><strong>send-hook</strong></span>. </p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="message-hook"></a>22. Change Settings Before Formatting a Message</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">message-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> </p></div><p> This command can be used to execute arbitrary configuration commands before viewing or formatting a message based upon information about the message. <span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> is executed if the <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> matches the message to be displayed. When multiple matches occur, commands are executed in the order they are specified in the <code class="literal">.muttrc</code>. </p><p> See <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#pattern-hook" title="6.1. Message Matching in Hooks">Message Matching in Hooks</a> for information on the exact format of <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span>. </p><p> Example: </p><pre class="screen"> message-hook ~A 'set pager=builtin' message-hook '~f freshmeat-news' 'set pager="less \"+/^ subject: .*\""' </pre></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="crypt-hook"></a>23. Choosing the Cryptographic Key of the Recipient</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">crypt-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>keyid</code></em> </p></div><p> When encrypting messages with PGP/GnuPG or OpenSSL, you may want to associate a certain key with a given e-mail address automatically, either because the recipient's public key can't be deduced from the destination address, or because, for some reasons, you need to override the key Mutt would normally use. The <span class="command"><strong>crypt-hook</strong></span> command provides a method by which you can specify the ID of the public key to be used when encrypting messages to a certain recipient. You may use multiple crypt-hooks with the same regexp; multiple matching crypt-hooks result in the use of multiple keyids for a recipient. During key selection, Mutt will confirm whether each crypt-hook is to be used (unless the <a class="link" href="reference.html#crypt-confirmhook" title="3.58. crypt_confirmhook">$crypt_confirmhook</a> option is unset). If all crypt-hooks for a recipient are declined, Mutt will use the original recipient address for key selection instead. </p><p> The meaning of <span class="emphasis"><em>keyid</em></span> is to be taken broadly in this context: You can either put a numerical key ID or fingerprint here, an e-mail address, or even just a real name. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="index-format-hook"></a>24. Dynamically Changing $index_format using Patterns</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">index-format-hook</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>[!]pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>format-string</code></em> </p></div><p> This command is used to inject format strings dynamically into <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a> based on pattern matching against the current message. </p><p> The <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a> expando <span class="emphasis"><em>%@name@</em></span> specifies a placeholder for the injection. Index-format-hooks with the same <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> are matched using <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#patterns" title="3. Patterns: Searching, Limiting and Tagging"><span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span></a> against the current message. Matching is done in the order specified in the .muttrc, with the first match being used. The hook's <span class="emphasis"><em>format-string</em></span> is then substituted and evaluated. </p><p> Because the first match is used, best practice is to put a catch-all <span class="emphasis"><em>~A</em></span> pattern as the last hook. Here is an example showing how to implement dynamic date formatting: </p><pre class="screen"> set index_format="%4C %-6@date@ %-15.15F %Z (%4c) %s" index-format-hook date "~d<1d" "%[%H:%M]" index-format-hook date "~d<1m" "%[%a %d]" index-format-hook date "~d<1y" "%[%b %d]" index-format-hook date "~A" "%[%m/%y]" </pre><p> Another example, showing a way to prepend to the subject. Note that without a catch-all ~A pattern, no match results in the expando being replaced with an empty string. </p><pre class="screen"> set index_format="%4C %@subj_flags@%s" index-format-hook subj_flags "~f boss@example.com" "** BOSS ** " index-format-hook subj_flags "~f spouse@example.com" ":-) " </pre></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="push"></a>25. Adding Key Sequences to the Keyboard Buffer</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">push</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> </p></div><p> This command adds the named string to the beginning of the keyboard buffer. The string may contain control characters, key names and function names like the sequence string in the <a class="link" href="configuration.html#macro" title="10. Keyboard Macros">macro</a> command. You may use it to automatically run a sequence of commands at startup, or when entering certain folders. For example, <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#ex-folder-hook-push" title="Example 3.15. Embedding push in folder-hook">Example 3.15, “Embedding <span class="command">push</span> in <span class="command">folder-hook</span>”</a> shows how to automatically collapse all threads when entering a folder. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-folder-hook-push"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.15. Embedding <span class="command">push</span> in <span class="command">folder-hook</span></strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> folder-hook . 'push <collapse-all>' </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> For using functions like shown in the example, it's important to use angle brackets (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">></span>”</span>) to make Mutt recognize the input as a function name. Otherwise it will simulate individual just keystrokes, i.e. <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">push collapse-all</code></span>”</span> would be interpreted as if you had typed <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">c</span>”</span>, followed by <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">o</span>”</span>, followed by <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">l</span>”</span>, ..., which is not desired and may lead to very unexpected behavior. </p><p> Keystrokes can be used, too, but are less portable because of potentially changed key bindings. With default bindings, this is equivalent to the above example: </p><pre class="screen"> folder-hook . 'push \eV' </pre><p> because it simulates that Esc+V was pressed (which is the default binding of <code class="literal"><collapse-all></code>). </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="exec"></a>26. Executing Functions</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">exec</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>function</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>function</code></em> ...]</p></div><p> This command can be used to execute any function. Functions are listed in the <a class="link" href="reference.html#functions" title="4. Functions">function reference</a>. <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><span class="command"><strong>exec</strong></span> <code class="literal">function</code></span>”</span> is equivalent to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">push <function></code></span>”</span>. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="score-command"></a>27. Message Scoring</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">score</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> <br /><code class="command">unscore</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> The <span class="command"><strong>score</strong></span> commands adds <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> to a message's score if <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> matches it. <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> is a string in the format described in the <a class="link" href="advancedusage.html#patterns" title="3. Patterns: Searching, Limiting and Tagging">patterns</a> section (note: For efficiency reasons, patterns which scan information not available in the index, such as <code class="literal">~b</code>, <code class="literal">~B</code>, <code class="literal">~h</code>, <code class="literal">~M</code>, or <code class="literal">~X</code> may not be used). <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> is a positive or negative integer. A message's final score is the sum total of all matching <span class="command"><strong>score</strong></span> entries. However, you may optionally prefix <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> with an equal sign (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">=</span>”</span>) to cause evaluation to stop at a particular entry if there is a match. Negative final scores are rounded up to 0. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>unscore</strong></span> command removes score entries from the list. You <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> specify the same pattern specified in the <span class="command"><strong>score</strong></span> command for it to be removed. The pattern <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span> is a special token which means to clear the list of all score entries. </p><p> Scoring occurs as the messages are read in, before the mailbox is sorted. Because of this, patterns which depend on threading, such as <span class="emphasis"><em>~=</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>~$</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>~()</em></span>, will not work by default. A workaround is to push the scoring command in a folder hook. This will cause the mailbox to be rescored after it is opened and input starts being processed: </p><pre class="screen"> folder-hook . 'push "<enter-command>score ~= 10<enter>"' </pre></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="spam"></a>28. Spam Detection</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">spam</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em> <br /><code class="command">nospam</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> }</p></div><p> Mutt has generalized support for external spam-scoring filters. By defining your spam patterns with the <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> and <code class="literal">nospam</code> commands, you can <span class="emphasis"><em>limit</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>search</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>sort</em></span> your mail based on its spam attributes, as determined by the external filter. You also can display the spam attributes in your index display using the <code class="literal">%H</code> selector in the <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a> variable. (Tip: try <code class="literal">%?H?[%H] ?</code> to display spam tags only when they are defined for a given message.) </p><p> Note: the value displayed by <code class="literal">%H</code> and searched by <code class="literal">~H</code> is stored in the <a class="link" href="optionalfeatures.html#caching" title="8. Local Caching">header cache</a>. Mutt isn't smart enough to invalidate a header cache entry based on changing <code class="literal">spam</code> rules, so if you aren't seeing correct <code class="literal">%H</code> values, try temporarily turning off the header cache. If that fixes the problem, then once your spam rules are set to your liking, remove your stale header cache files and turn the header cache back on. </p><p> Your first step is to define your external filter's spam patterns using the <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> command. <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> should be a regular expression that matches a header in a mail message. If any message in the mailbox matches this regular expression, it will receive a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">spam tag</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">spam attribute</span>”</span> (unless it also matches a <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> pattern — see below.) The appearance of this attribute is entirely up to you, and is governed by the <span class="emphasis"><em>format</em></span> parameter. <span class="emphasis"><em>format</em></span> can be any static text, but it also can include back-references from the <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> expression. (A regular expression <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">back-reference</span>”</span> refers to a sub-expression contained within parentheses.) <code class="literal">%1</code> is replaced with the first back-reference in the regex, <code class="literal">%2</code> with the second, etc. </p><p> To match spam tags, mutt needs the corresponding header information which is always the case for local and POP folders but not for IMAP in the default configuration. Depending on the spam header to be analyzed, <a class="link" href="reference.html#imap-headers" title="3.138. imap_headers">$imap_headers</a> may need to be adjusted. </p><p> If you're using multiple spam filters, a message can have more than one spam-related header. You can define <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> patterns for each filter you use. If a message matches two or more of these patterns, and the <a class="link" href="reference.html#spam-separator" title="3.360. spam_separator">$spam_separator</a> variable is set to a string, then the message's spam tag will consist of all the <span class="emphasis"><em>format</em></span> strings joined together, with the value of <a class="link" href="reference.html#spam-separator" title="3.360. spam_separator">$spam_separator</a> separating them. </p><p> For example, suppose one uses DCC, SpamAssassin, and PureMessage, then the configuration might look like in <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#ex-spam" title="Example 3.16. Configuring spam detection">Example 3.16, “Configuring spam detection”</a>. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-spam"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.16. Configuring spam detection</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> spam "X-DCC-.*-Metrics:.*(....)=many" "90+/DCC-%1" spam "X-Spam-Status: Yes" "90+/SA" spam "X-PerlMX-Spam: .*Probability=([0-9]+)%" "%1/PM" set spam_separator=", " </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> If then a message is received that DCC registered with <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">many</span>”</span> hits under the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Fuz2</span>”</span> checksum, and that PureMessage registered with a 97% probability of being spam, that message's spam tag would read <code class="literal">90+/DCC-Fuz2, 97/PM</code>. (The four characters before <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">=many</span>”</span> in a DCC report indicate the checksum used — in this case, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Fuz2</span>”</span>.) </p><p> If the <a class="link" href="reference.html#spam-separator" title="3.360. spam_separator">$spam_separator</a> variable is unset, then each spam pattern match supersedes the previous one. Instead of getting joined <span class="emphasis"><em>format</em></span> strings, you'll get only the last one to match. </p><p> The spam tag is what will be displayed in the index when you use <code class="literal">%H</code> in the <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a> variable. It's also the string that the <code class="literal">~H</code> pattern-matching expression matches against for <code class="literal"><search></code> and <code class="literal"><limit></code> functions. And it's what sorting by spam attribute will use as a sort key. </p><p> That's a pretty complicated example, and most people's actual environments will have only one spam filter. The simpler your configuration, the more effective Mutt can be, especially when it comes to sorting. </p><p> Generally, when you sort by spam tag, Mutt will sort <span class="emphasis"><em>lexically</em></span> — that is, by ordering strings alphanumerically. However, if a spam tag begins with a number, Mutt will sort numerically first, and lexically only when two numbers are equal in value. (This is like UNIX's <code class="literal">sort -n</code>.) A message with no spam attributes at all — that is, one that didn't match <span class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> of your <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> patterns — is sorted at lowest priority. Numbers are sorted next, beginning with 0 and ranging upward. Finally, non-numeric strings are sorted, with <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">a</span>”</span> taking lower priority than <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">z</span>”</span>. Clearly, in general, sorting by spam tags is most effective when you can coerce your filter to give you a raw number. But in case you can't, Mutt can still do something useful. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> command can be used to write exceptions to <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> patterns. If a header pattern matches something in a <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> command, but you nonetheless do not want it to receive a spam tag, you can list a more precise pattern under a <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> command. </p><p> If the <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> given to <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> is exactly the same as the <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> on an existing <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> list entry, the effect will be to remove the entry from the spam list, instead of adding an exception. Likewise, if the <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> for a <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> command matches an entry on the <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> list, that nospam entry will be removed. If the <span class="emphasis"><em>pattern</em></span> for <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>all entries on both lists</em></span> will be removed. This might be the default action if you use <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> in conjunction with a <span class="command"><strong>folder-hook</strong></span>. </p><p> You can have as many <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>nospam</strong></span> commands as you like. You can even do your own primitive <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> detection within Mutt — for example, if you consider all mail from <code class="literal">MAILER-DAEMON</code> to be spam, you can use a <span class="command"><strong>spam</strong></span> command like this: </p><pre class="screen"> spam "^From: .*MAILER-DAEMON" "999" </pre></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="set"></a>29. Setting and Querying Variables</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="var-types"></a>29.1. Variable Types</h3></div></div></div><p> Mutt supports these types of configuration variables: </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">boolean</span></dt><dd><p> A boolean expression, either <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">yes</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">no</span>”</span>. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">number</span></dt><dd><p> A signed integer number in the range -32768 to 32767. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">number (long)</span></dt><dd><p> A signed integer number in the range -2147483648 to 2147483647. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">string</span></dt><dd><p> Arbitrary text. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">path</span></dt><dd><p> A specialized string for representing paths including support for mailbox shortcuts (see <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#shortcuts" title="10. Mailbox Shortcuts">Section 10, “Mailbox Shortcuts”</a>) as well as tilde (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">~</span>”</span>) for a user's home directory and more. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">quadoption</span></dt><dd><p> Like a boolean but triggers a prompt when set to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">ask-yes</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">ask-no</span>”</span> with <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">yes</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">no</span>”</span> preselected respectively. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">sort order</span></dt><dd><p> A specialized string allowing only particular words as values depending on the variable. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">regular expression</span></dt><dd><p> A regular expression, see <a class="xref" href="advancedusage.html#regexp" title="2. Regular Expressions">Section 2, “Regular Expressions”</a> for an introduction. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">folder magic</span></dt><dd><p> Specifies the type of folder to use: <span class="emphasis"><em>mbox</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>mmdf</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>mh</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>maildir</em></span>. Currently only used to determine the type for newly created folders. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">e-mail address</span></dt><dd><p> An e-mail address either with or without realname. The older <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">user@example.org (Joe User)</code></span>”</span> form is supported but strongly deprecated. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">user-defined</span></dt><dd><p> Arbitrary text, see <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#set-myvar" title="29.3. User-Defined Variables">Section 29.3, “User-Defined Variables”</a> for details. </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="set-commands"></a>29.2. Commands</h3></div></div></div><p> The following commands are available to manipulate and query variables: </p><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">set</code> { [ <code class="option">no</code> | <code class="option">inv</code> ] <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>variable=value</code></em> } [...]<br /><code class="command">toggle</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">unset</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> ...]<br /><code class="command">reset</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> ...]</p></div><p> This command is used to set (and unset) <a class="link" href="reference.html#variables" title="3. Configuration Variables">configuration variables</a>. There are four basic types of variables: boolean, number, string and quadoption. <span class="emphasis"><em>boolean</em></span> variables can be <span class="emphasis"><em>set</em></span> (true) or <span class="emphasis"><em>unset</em></span> (false). <span class="emphasis"><em>number</em></span> variables can be assigned a positive integer value. <span class="emphasis"><em>string</em></span> variables consist of any number of printable characters and must be enclosed in quotes if they contain spaces or tabs. You may also use the escape sequences <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\n</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">\t</span>”</span> for newline and tab, respectively. <span class="emphasis"><em>quadoption</em></span> variables are used to control whether or not to be prompted for certain actions, or to specify a default action. A value of <span class="emphasis"><em>yes</em></span> will cause the action to be carried out automatically as if you had answered yes to the question. Similarly, a value of <span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span> will cause the action to be carried out as if you had answered <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">no.</span>”</span> A value of <span class="emphasis"><em>ask-yes</em></span> will cause a prompt with a default answer of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">yes</span>”</span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>ask-no</em></span> will provide a default answer of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">no.</span>”</span> </p><p> Prefixing a variable with <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">no</span>”</span> will unset it. Example: <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>set</strong></span> noaskbcc</code>. </p><p> For <span class="emphasis"><em>boolean</em></span> variables, you may optionally prefix the variable name with <code class="literal">inv</code> to toggle the value (on or off). This is useful when writing macros. Example: <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>set</strong></span> invsmart_wrap</code>. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>toggle</strong></span> command automatically prepends the <code class="literal">inv</code> prefix to all specified variables. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>unset</strong></span> command automatically prepends the <code class="literal">no</code> prefix to all specified variables. </p><p> Using the <code class="literal"><enter-command></code> function in the <span class="emphasis"><em>index</em></span> menu, you can query the value of a variable by prefixing the name of the variable with a question mark: </p><pre class="screen"> set ?allow_8bit </pre><p> The question mark is actually only required for boolean and quadoption variables. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>reset</strong></span> command resets all given variables to the compile time defaults (hopefully mentioned in this manual). If you use the command <span class="command"><strong>set</strong></span> and prefix the variable with <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">&</span>”</span> this has the same behavior as the <span class="command"><strong>reset</strong></span> command. </p><p> With the <span class="command"><strong>reset</strong></span> command there exists the special variable <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">all</span>”</span>, which allows you to reset all variables to their system defaults. </p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="set-myvar"></a>29.3. User-Defined Variables</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="set-myvar-intro"></a>29.3.1. Introduction</h4></div></div></div><p> Along with the variables listed in the <a class="link" href="reference.html#variables" title="3. Configuration Variables">Configuration variables</a> section, Mutt supports user-defined variables with names starting with <code class="literal">my_</code> as in, for example, <code class="literal">my_cfgdir</code>. </p><p> The <span class="command"><strong>set</strong></span> command either creates a custom <code class="literal">my_</code> variable or changes its value if it does exist already. The <span class="command"><strong>unset</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>reset</strong></span> commands remove the variable entirely. </p><p> Since user-defined variables are expanded in the same way that environment variables are (except for the <a class="link" href="gettingstarted.html#shell-escape">shell-escape</a> command and backtick expansion), this feature can be used to make configuration files more readable. </p></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="set-myvar-examples"></a>29.3.2. Examples</h4></div></div></div><p> The following example defines and uses the variable <code class="literal">my_cfgdir</code> to abbreviate the calls of the <a class="link" href="configuration.html#source" title="30. Reading Initialization Commands From Another File"><span class="command"><strong>source</strong></span></a> command: </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-myvar1"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.17. Using user-defined variables for config file readability</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set my_cfgdir = $HOME/mutt/config source $my_cfgdir/hooks source $my_cfgdir/macros <span class="comment"># more source commands...</span> </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> A custom variable can also be used in macros to backup the current value of another variable. In the following example, the value of the <a class="link" href="reference.html#delete" title="3.74. delete">$delete</a> is changed temporarily while its original value is saved as <code class="literal">my_delete</code>. After the macro has executed all commands, the original value of <a class="link" href="reference.html#delete" title="3.74. delete">$delete</a> is restored. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-myvar2"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.18. Using user-defined variables for backing up other config option values</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> macro pager ,x '\ <enter-command>set my_delete=$delete<enter>\ <enter-command>set delete=yes<enter>\ ...\ <enter-command>set delete=$my_delete<enter>' </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> Since Mutt expands such values already when parsing the configuration file(s), the value of <code class="literal">$my_delete</code> in the last example would be the value of <a class="link" href="reference.html#delete" title="3.74. delete">$delete</a> exactly as it was at that point during parsing the configuration file. If another statement would change the value for <a class="link" href="reference.html#delete" title="3.74. delete">$delete</a> later in the same or another file, it would have no effect on <code class="literal">$my_delete</code>. However, the expansion can be deferred to runtime, as shown in the next example, when escaping the dollar sign. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-myvar3"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.19. Deferring user-defined variable expansion to runtime</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> macro pager <PageDown> "\ <enter-command> set my_old_pager_stop=\$pager_stop pager_stop<Enter>\ <next-page>\ <enter-command> set pager_stop=\$my_old_pager_stop<Enter>\ <enter-command> unset my_old_pager_stop<Enter>" </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> Note that there is a space between <code class="literal"><enter-command></code> and the <span class="command"><strong>set</strong></span> configuration command, preventing Mutt from recording the <span class="command"><strong>macro</strong></span>'s commands into its history. </p></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="set-conversions"></a>29.4. Type Conversions</h3></div></div></div><p> Variables are always assigned string values which Mutt parses into its internal representation according to the type of the variable, for example an integer number for numeric types. For all queries (including $-expansion) the value is converted from its internal type back into string. As a result, any variable can be assigned any value given that its content is valid for the target. This also counts for custom variables which are of type string. In case of parsing errors, Mutt will print error messages. <a class="xref" href="configuration.html#ex-myvar4" title="Example 3.20. Type conversions using variables">Example 3.20, “Type conversions using variables”</a> demonstrates type conversions. </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-myvar4"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.20. Type conversions using variables</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set my_lines = "5" <span class="comment"># value is string "5"</span> set pager_index_lines = $my_lines <span class="comment"># value is integer 5</span> set my_sort = "date-received" <span class="comment"># value is string "date-received"</span> set sort = "last-$my_sort" <span class="comment"># value is sort last-date-received</span> set my_inc = $read_inc <span class="comment"># value is string "10" (default of $read_inc)</span> set my_foo = $my_inc <span class="comment"># value is string "10"</span> </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> These assignments are all valid. If, however, the value of <code class="literal">$my_lines</code> would have been <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">five</span>”</span> (or something else that cannot be parsed into a number), the assignment to <code class="literal">$pager_index_lines</code> would have produced an error message. </p><p> Type conversion applies to all configuration commands which take arguments. But please note that every expanded value of a variable is considered just a single token. A working example is: </p><pre class="screen"> set my_pattern = "~A" set my_number = "10" <span class="comment"># same as: score ~A +10</span> score $my_pattern +$my_number</pre><p> What does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work is: </p><pre class="screen"> set my_mx = "+mailbox1 +mailbox2" mailboxes $my_mx +mailbox3</pre><p> because the value of <code class="literal">$my_mx</code> is interpreted as a single mailbox named <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">+mailbox1 +mailbox2</span>”</span> and not two distinct mailboxes. </p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="source"></a>30. Reading Initialization Commands From Another File</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">source</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> </p></div><p> This command allows the inclusion of initialization commands from other files. For example, I place all of my aliases in <code class="literal">~/.mail_aliases</code> so that I can make my <code class="literal">~/.muttrc</code> readable and keep my aliases private. </p><p> If the filename begins with a tilde (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">~</span>”</span>), it will be expanded to the path of your home directory. </p><p> If the filename ends with a vertical bar (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">|</span>”</span>), then <span class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span> is considered to be an executable program from which to read input (e.g. <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>source</strong></span> ~/bin/myscript|</code>). </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="unhook"></a>31. Removing Hooks</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">unhook</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>hook-type</code></em> }</p></div><p> This command permits you to flush hooks you have previously defined. You can either remove all hooks by giving the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span> character as an argument, or you can remove all hooks of a specific type by saying something like <code class="literal"><span class="command"><strong>unhook</strong></span> send-hook</code>. </p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="formatstrings"></a>32. Format Strings</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="formatstrings-basics"></a>32.1. Basic usage</h3></div></div></div><p> Format strings are a general concept you'll find in several locations through the Mutt configuration, especially in the <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a>, <a class="link" href="reference.html#pager-format" title="3.203. pager_format">$pager_format</a>, <a class="link" href="reference.html#status-format" title="3.380. status_format">$status_format</a>, and other related variables. These can be very straightforward, and it's quite possible you already know how to use them. </p><p> The most basic format string element is a percent symbol followed by another character. For example, <code class="literal">%s</code> represents a message's Subject: header in the <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a> variable. The <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">expandos</span>”</span> available are documented with each format variable, but there are general modifiers available with all formatting expandos, too. Those are our concern here. </p><p> Some of the modifiers are borrowed right out of C (though you might know them from Perl, Python, shell, or another language). These are the <code class="literal">[-]m.n</code> modifiers, as in <code class="literal">%-12.12s</code>. As with such programming languages, these modifiers allow you to specify the minimum and maximum size of the resulting string, as well as its justification. If the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">-</span>”</span> sign follows the percent, the string will be left-justified instead of right-justified. If there's a number immediately following that, it's the minimum amount of space the formatted string will occupy — if it's naturally smaller than that, it will be padded out with spaces. If a decimal point and another number follow, that's the maximum space allowable — the string will not be permitted to exceed that width, no matter its natural size. Each of these three elements is optional, so that all these are legal format strings: <code class="literal">%-12s</code>, <code class="literal">%4c</code>, <code class="literal">%.15F</code> and <code class="literal">%-12.15L</code>. </p><p> Mutt adds some other modifiers to format strings. If you use an equals symbol (<code class="literal">=</code>) as a numeric prefix (like the minus above), it will force the string to be centered within its minimum space range. For example, <code class="literal">%=14y</code> will reserve 14 characters for the %y expansion — that's the X-Label: header, in <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a>. If the expansion results in a string less than 14 characters, it will be centered in a 14-character space. If the X-Label for a message were <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">test</span>”</span>, that expansion would look like <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"> test </span>”</span>. </p><p> There are two very little-known modifiers that affect the way that an expando is replaced. If there is an underline (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">_</span>”</span>) character between any format modifiers (as above) and the expando letter, it will expands in all lower case. And if you use a colon (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">:</span>”</span>), it will replace all decimal points with underlines. </p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="formatstrings-conditionals"></a>32.2. Conditionals</h3></div></div></div><p> Depending on the format string variable, some of its sequences can be used to optionally print a string if their value is nonzero. For example, you may only want to see the number of flagged messages if such messages exist, since zero is not particularly meaningful. To optionally print a string based upon one of the above sequences, the following construct is used: </p><pre class="screen"> %?<sequence_char>?<optional_string>?</pre><p> where <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence_char</em></span> is an expando, and <span class="emphasis"><em>optional_string</em></span> is the string you would like printed if <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence_char</em></span> is nonzero. <span class="emphasis"><em>optional_string</em></span> may contain other sequences as well as normal text, but you may not nest optional strings. </p><p> Here is an example illustrating how to optionally print the number of new messages in a mailbox in <a class="link" href="reference.html#status-format" title="3.380. status_format">$status_format</a>: </p><pre class="screen"> %?n?%n new messages.?</pre><p> You can also switch between two strings using the following construct: </p><pre class="screen"> %?<sequence_char>?<if_string>&<else_string>?</pre><p> If the value of <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence_char</em></span> is non-zero, <span class="emphasis"><em>if_string</em></span> will be expanded, otherwise <span class="emphasis"><em>else_string</em></span> will be expanded. </p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="formatstrings-filters"></a>32.3. Filters</h3></div></div></div><p> Any format string ending in a vertical bar (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">|</span>”</span>) will be expanded and piped through the first word in the string, using spaces as separator. The string returned will be used for display. If the returned string ends in %, it will be passed through the formatter a second time. This allows the filter to generate a replacement format string including % expandos. </p><p> All % expandos in a format string are expanded before the script is called so that: </p><div class="example"><a id="ex-fmtpipe"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 3.21. Using external filters in format strings</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen"> set status_format="script.sh '%r %f (%L)'|" </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p> will make Mutt expand <code class="literal">%r</code>, <code class="literal">%f</code> and <code class="literal">%L</code> before calling the script. The example also shows that arguments can be quoted: the script will receive the expanded string between the single quotes as the only argument. </p><p> A practical example is the <code class="literal">mutt_xtitle</code> script installed in the <code class="literal">samples</code> subdirectory of the Mutt documentation: it can be used as filter for <a class="link" href="reference.html#status-format" title="3.380. status_format">$status_format</a> to set the current terminal's title, if supported. </p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="formatstrings-padding"></a>32.4. Padding</h3></div></div></div><p> In most format strings, Mutt supports different types of padding using special %-expandos: </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%|X</code></span></dt><dd><p> When this occurs, Mutt will fill the rest of the line with the character <code class="literal">X</code>. For example, filling the rest of the line with dashes is done by setting: </p><pre class="screen"> set status_format = "%v on %h: %B: %?n?%n&no? new messages %|-"</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"> <code class="literal">%>X</code> </span></dt><dd><p> Since the previous expando stops at the end of line, there must be a way to fill the gap between two items via the <code class="literal">%>X</code> expando: it puts as many characters <code class="literal">X</code> in between two items so that the rest of the line will be right-justified. For example, to not put the version string and hostname the above example on the left but on the right and fill the gap with spaces, one might use (note the space after <code class="literal">%></code>): </p><pre class="screen"> set status_format = "%B: %?n?%n&no? new messages %> (%v on %h)"</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%*X</code> </span></dt><dd><p> Normal right-justification will print everything to the left of the <code class="literal">%></code>, displaying padding and whatever lies to the right only if there's room. By contrast, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">soft-fill</span>”</span> gives priority to the right-hand side, guaranteeing space to display it and showing padding only if there's still room. If necessary, soft-fill will eat text leftwards to make room for rightward text. For example, to right-justify the subject making sure as much as possible of it fits on screen, one might use (note two spaces after <code class="literal">%* </code>: the second ensures there's a space between the truncated right-hand side and the subject): </p><pre class="screen"> set index_format="%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15L (%?l?%4l&%4c?)%* %s"</pre></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="formatstrings-size"></a>32.5. Bytes size display</h3></div></div></div><p> Various format strings contain expandos that display the size of messages in bytes. This includes <code class="literal">%s</code> in <a class="link" href="reference.html#attach-format" title="3.15. attach_format">$attach_format</a>, <code class="literal">%l</code> in <a class="link" href="reference.html#compose-format" title="3.44. compose_format">$compose_format</a>, <code class="literal">%s</code> in <a class="link" href="reference.html#folder-format" title="3.96. folder_format">$folder_format</a>, <code class="literal">%c</code> in <a class="link" href="reference.html#index-format" title="3.157. index_format">$index_format</a>, and %l and %L in <a class="link" href="reference.html#status-format" title="3.380. status_format">$status_format</a>. There are four configuration variables that can be used to customize how the numbers are displayed. </p><p> <a class="link" href="reference.html#size-show-bytes" title="3.320. size_show_bytes">$size_show_bytes</a> will display the number of bytes when the size is < 1 kilobyte. When unset, kilobytes will be displayed instead. </p><p> <a class="link" href="reference.html#size-show-mb" title="3.322. size_show_mb">$size_show_mb</a> will display the number of megabytes when the size is >= 1 megabyte. When unset, kilobytes will be displayed instead (which could be a large number). </p><p> <a class="link" href="reference.html#size-show-fractions" title="3.321. size_show_fractions">$size_show_fractions</a>, will display numbers with a single decimal place for values from 0 to 10 kilobytes, and 1 to 10 megabytes. </p><p> <a class="link" href="reference.html#size-units-on-left" title="3.323. size_units_on_left">$size_units_on_left</a> will display the unit (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">K</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">M</span>”</span>) to the left of the number, instead of the right if unset. </p><p> These variables also affect size display in a few other places, such as progress indicators and attachment delimiters in the pager. </p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="mailto-allow"></a>33. Control allowed header fields in a mailto: URL</h2></div></div></div><p>Usage:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">mailto_allow</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>header-field</code></em> ... }<br /><code class="command">unmailto_allow</code> { <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>header-field</code></em> ... }</p></div><p> As a security measure, Mutt will only add user-approved header fields from a <code class="literal">mailto:</code> URL. This is necessary since Mutt will handle certain header fields, such as <code class="literal">Attach:</code>, in a special way. The <code class="literal">mailto_allow</code> and <code class="literal">unmailto_allow</code> commands allow the user to modify the list of approved headers. </p><p> Mutt initializes the default list to contain the <code class="literal">Subject</code> and <code class="literal">Body</code> header fields, which are the only requirement specified by the <code class="literal">mailto:</code> specification in RFC2368, along with <code class="literal">Cc</code>, <code class="literal">In-Reply-To</code>, and <code class="literal">References</code>, to support mailing list URLs. </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="gettingstarted.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="advancedusage.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 2. 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