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  <section id="binary-packages-from-old-packaging-manual">
<h1><span class="section-number">2. </span>Binary packages (from old Packaging Manual)<a class="headerlink" href="#binary-packages-from-old-packaging-manual" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>See <em class="manpage">deb(5)</em> and <a class="reference internal" href="#s-pkg-controlarea"><span class="std std-ref">Package control information files</span></a>.</p>
<section id="creating-package-files-dpkg-deb">
<span id="s-pkg-bincreating"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.1. </span>Creating package files - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-deb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-package-files-dpkg-deb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>All manipulation of binary package files is done by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-deb</span></code>; it’s
the only program that has knowledge of the format. (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-deb</span></code> may be
invoked by calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code>, as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> will spot that the options
requested are appropriate to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-deb</span></code> and invoke that instead with
the same arguments.)</p>
<p>In order to create a binary package, you must make a directory tree
which contains all the files and directories you want to have in the
file system data part of the package. In Debian-format source packages,
this directory is usually either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debian/tmp</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debian/pkg</span></code>,
relative to the top of the package’s source tree.</p>
<p>They should have the locations (relative to the root of the directory
tree you’re constructing) ownerships and permissions which you want them
to have on the system when they are installed.</p>
<p>With current versions of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> the uid/username and gid/groupname
mappings for the users and groups being used should be the same on the
system where the package is built and the one where it is installed.</p>
<p>You need to add one special directory to the root of the miniature file
system tree you’re creating: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEBIAN</span></code>. It should contain the control
information files, notably the binary package control file (see
<a class="reference internal" href="#s-pkg-controlfile"><span class="std std-ref">The main control information file: control</span></a>).</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEBIAN</span></code> directory will not appear in the file system archive of
the package, and so won’t be installed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> when the package is
unpacked.</p>
<p>When you’ve prepared the package, you should invoke:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">dpkg</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">build</span> <span class="n">directory</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will build the package in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">directory.deb</span></code>. (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> knows that
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--build</span></code> is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-deb</span></code> option, so it invokes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-deb</span></code> with
the same arguments to build the package.)</p>
<p>See the <em class="manpage">dpkg-deb(8)</em> man page for details of how to examine the
contents of this newly-created file. You may find the output of following
commands enlightening:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">dpkg</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">deb</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">info</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deb</span>
<span class="n">dpkg</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">deb</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">contents</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deb</span>
<span class="n">dpkg</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">contents</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deb</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To view the copyright file for a package you could use this command:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">dpkg</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">fsys</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">tarfile</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deb</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tar</span> <span class="n">xOf</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">wildcards</span> \<span class="o">*/</span><span class="n">copyright</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">pager</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="package-control-information-files">
<span id="s-pkg-controlarea"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.2. </span>Package control information files<a class="headerlink" href="#package-control-information-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The control information portion of a binary package is a collection of
files with names known to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code>. It will treat the contents of these
files specially - some of them contain information used by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> when
installing or removing the package; others are scripts which the package
maintainer wants <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> to run.</p>
<p>It is possible to put other files in the package control information
file area, but this is not generally a good idea (though they will
largely be ignored).</p>
<p>Here is a brief list of the control information files supported by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> and a summary of what they’re used for.</p>
<dl>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control</span></code></dt><dd><p>This is the key description file used by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code>. It specifies the
package’s name and version, gives its description for the user,
states its relationships with other packages, and so forth. See
<a class="reference internal" href="ch-controlfields.html#s-sourcecontrolfiles"><span class="std std-ref">Source package control files – debian/control</span></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="ch-controlfields.html#s-binarycontrolfiles"><span class="std std-ref">Binary package control files – DEBIAN/control</span></a>.</p>
<p>It is usually generated automatically from information in the
source package by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-gencontrol</span></code> program, and with
assistance from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-shlibdeps</span></code>. See <a class="reference internal" href="ap-pkg-sourcepkg.html"><span class="doc">Source packages (from old Packaging Manual)</span></a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">postinst</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">preinst</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">postrm</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prerm</span></code></dt><dd><p>These are executable files (usually scripts) which <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> runs
during installation, upgrade and removal of packages. They allow the
package to deal with matters which are particular to that package or
require more complicated processing than that provided by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code>.
Details of when and how they are called are in
<a class="reference internal" href="ch-maintainerscripts.html"><span class="doc">Package maintainer scripts and installation procedure</span></a>.</p>
<p>It is very important to make these scripts idempotent. See
<a class="reference internal" href="ch-maintainerscripts.html#s-idempotency"><span class="std std-ref">Maintainer scripts idempotency</span></a>.</p>
<p>The maintainer scripts are not guaranteed to run with a controlling
terminal and may not be able to interact with the user. See
<a class="reference internal" href="ch-maintainerscripts.html#s-controllingterminal"><span class="std std-ref">Controlling terminal for maintainer scripts</span></a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">conffiles</span></code> This file contains a list of configuration files which</dt><dd><p>are to be handled automatically by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> (see
<a class="reference internal" href="ap-pkg-conffiles.html"><span class="doc">Configuration file handling (from old Packaging Manual)</span></a>). Note that not necessarily every
configuration file should be listed here.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlibs</span></code></dt><dd><p>This file contains a list of the shared libraries supplied by the
package, with dependency details for each. This is used by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-shlibdeps</span></code> when it determines what dependencies are required
in a package control file. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlibs</span></code> file format is described
on <a class="reference internal" href="ch-sharedlibs.html#s-shlibs"><span class="std std-ref">The shlibs File Format</span></a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="the-main-control-information-file-control">
<span id="s-pkg-controlfile"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.3. </span>The main control information file: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#the-main-control-information-file-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The most important control information file used by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg</span></code> when it
installs a package is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control</span></code>. It contains all the package’s “vital
statistics”.</p>
<p>The binary package control files of packages built from Debian sources
are made by a special tool, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-gencontrol</span></code>, which reads
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debian/control</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debian/changelog</span></code> to find the information it
needs. See <a class="reference internal" href="ap-pkg-sourcepkg.html"><span class="doc">Source packages (from old Packaging Manual)</span></a> for more details.</p>
<p>The fields in binary package control files are listed in
<a class="reference internal" href="ch-controlfields.html#s-binarycontrolfiles"><span class="std std-ref">Binary package control files – DEBIAN/control</span></a>.</p>
<p>A description of the syntax of control files and the purpose of the
fields is available in
<a class="reference internal" href="ch-controlfields.html"><span class="doc">Control files and their fields</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="time-stamps">
<span id="s-sb-4"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.4. </span>Time Stamps<a class="headerlink" href="#time-stamps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="ch-source.html#s-timestamps"><span class="std std-ref">Time Stamps</span></a>.</p>
</section>
</section>

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  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Binary packages (from old Packaging Manual)</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-package-files-dpkg-deb">2.1. Creating package files - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dpkg-deb</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#package-control-information-files">2.2. Package control information files</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-main-control-information-file-control">2.3. The main control information file: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#time-stamps">2.4. Time Stamps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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