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Code Editor : Manual

From: NN
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nn - efficient net news interface (No News is good news)

From: NN
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nn [ options ] [ newsgroup | +folder | file ]...
nn -g [ -r ]
nn -a0 [ newsgroup ]...

From: NN
Subject: DESCRIPTION

Net news is a world-wide information exchange service covering numerous topics
in science and every day life. Topics are organized in news\ groups, and these
groups are open for everybody to post articles on a subject related to the
topic of the group.

Nn is a `point-and-shoot' net news interface program, or a news reader for
short (not to be confused with the human news reader). When you use nn, you
can decide which of the many news groups you are interested in, and you can
unsubscribe to those which don't interest you. nn will let you read the new
(and old) articles in each of the groups you subscribe to using a menu based
article selection prior to reading the articles in the news group.

When a news group is entered, nn will locate all the presently unread
articles in the group, and extract their sender, subject, and other relevant
information. This information is then rearranged, sorted, and marked in
various ways to give it a pleasant format when it is presented on the screen.

This will be done very quickly, because nn uses the NOV database via the
NNTP XOVER command. The news server to use can be overridden by setting the
environment variable $NNTPSERVER to the name of the system (such as
news.newserver.com), or by setting the variable nntp-server (on the command
line only, since it is looked at before the init file), as
"nntp-server=news.some.domain"). If you use multiple servers, you probably
want to set the nn-directory and newsrc variables on the command line to an
alternate names as well, since some of the data files are server dependent. If
you are using a slow tcp link (such as ppp over a modem) and NNTP, see the
NOTES section at the end of this manual.

When the article menu appears on the screen, nn will be in a mode called
selection mode. In this mode, the articles which seems to be interesting can
be selected by single keystrokes (using the keys a-z and 0-9). When all the
interesting articles among the ones presently displayed have been selected,
the space bar is hit, which causes nn to enter reading mode.

In reading mode, each of the selected articles will be presented. You use
the space bar to go on to the next page of the current article, or to the next
article. Of course, there are all sorts of commands to scroll text up and
down, skip to the next article, responding to an article, decrypt an article,
and so on.

When all the selected articles in the current group have been read, the
last hit on the space bar will cause nn will continue to the next group with
unread articles, and enter selection mode on that group.

From: NN
Subject: FREQUENTLY USED OPTIONS

nn accepts a lot of command line options, but here only the frequently used
options are described. Options can also be set permanently by including
appropriate variable settings in the init file described later. All options
are described in the section on Command Line Options towards the end of this
manual.

The frequently used command line options are:

.TP  -a0 Catch up on unread articles and groups. See the section "Catch up"
     below.

.TP  -g Prompt for the name of a news group or folder to be entered (with
     completion).

.TP  -r Used with -g to repeatedly prompt for groups to enter.

.TP  -lN Print only the first N lines of the first page of each article before
     prompting to continue. This is useful on slow terminals and modem lines
     to be able to see the first few lines of longer articles.

.TP  -sWORD Collect only articles which contain the string WORD in their
     subject (case is ignored). This is normally combined with the -x and -m
     options to find all articles on a specific subject.

.TP  -s/regexp Collect only articles whose subject matches the regular
     expression regexp. This is normally combined with the -x and -m options to
     find all articles on a specific subject.

.TP  -nWORD or -n/regexp Same as -s except that it matches on the sender's
     name instead of the article's subject. This is normally combined with the
     -x and -m options to find all articles from a specific author. It cannot
     be mixed with the -s option!

.TP  -i Normally searches with -n and -s are case independent. Using this
     option, the case becomes significant.

.TP  -m Merge all articles into one `meta group' instead of showing them one
     group at a time. This is normally used together with the -x and -s
     options to get all the articles on a specific subject presented on a
     single menu (when you don't care about which group they belong to). When
     -m is used, no articles will be marked as read.

.TP  -x[N] Present (or scan) all (or the last N) unread as well as read
     articles. When this option is used, nn will never mark unread articles as
     read (i.e. .newsrc is not updated).

.TP  -X Read/scan unsubscribed groups also. Most useful when looking for a
     specific subject in all groups, e.g.
           nn -mxX -sSubject all

.TP  news.group or file or +folder If none of these arguments are given, all
     subscribed news groups will be used. Otherwise, only the specified news
     groups and/or files will be collected and presented. In specifying a news
     groups, the following `meta notation' can be used:
     If the news group ends with a `.' (or `.all'), all subgroups of the news
     group will be collected, e.g.
           comp.sources. If a news group starts with a `.' (or `all.'), all the
     matching subgroups will be collected, e.g.
           .sources.unix The argument `all' identifies all (subscribed) news
     groups.

From: NN
Subject: COMMAND INPUT

In general, nn commands consist of one or two key-strokes, and nn reacts
instantly to the commands you give it; you don't have to enter return after
each command (except where explicitly stated).

Some commands have more serious effects than others, and therefore nn requests
you to confirm the command. You confirm by hitting the the y key, and reject
by hitting the n key. Some `trivial' requests may also be confirmed simply by
hitting space. For example, to confirm the creation of a save file, just hit
space, but if one or more directories also have to be created, you must enter
y.

Many commands will require that you enter a line of text, e.g. a file name or
a shell command. If you enter space as the first character on a line, the line
will be filled with a default value (if one is defined). For example, the
default value for a file name is the last file name you have entered, and the
default shell command is your previous shell command. You can edit this
default value as well as a directly typed text, using the following editing
commands. The erase, kill, and interrupt keys are the keys defined by the
current tty settings. On systems without job control, the suspend key will be
control-Z while it is the current suspend character on system with job
control.

.TP  erase
     Delete the last character on the line.

.TP  delete-word (normally ^W)
     Delete the last word or component of the input.

.TP  kill
     Delete all characters on the line.

.TP  interrupt and control-G
     Cancel the command which needs the input.

.TP  suspend Suspend nn if supported by the system. Otherwise, spawn an
     interactive shell.

.TP  return
     Terminate the line, and continue with the command.

Related variables: erase-key, flow-control, flush-typeahead, help-key,
kill-key, word-key.

From: NN
Subject: BASIC COMMANDS

There are numerous commands in nn, and most of them can be invoked by a single
keystroke. The descriptions in this manual are based on the standard bindings
of the commands to the keys, but it is possible to customize these using the
map command described later. For each of the keystroke commands described in
this manual, the corresponding command name will also be shown in curly
braces, e.g. {command}.

The following commands work in both selection mode and in reading mode. The
notation ^X means `control X':

.TP  ? {help} Help. Gives a one page overview of the commands available in the
     current mode.

.TP  ^L {redraw} Redraw screen.

.TP  ^R {redraw} Redraw screen (Same as ^L).

.TP  ^P {message} Repeat the last message shown on the message line. The
     command can be repeated to successively show previous messages (the
     maximum number of saved messages is controlled via the message-history
     variable.)

.TP  ! {shell} Shell escape. The user is prompted for a command which is
     executed by your favorite shell (see the shell variable). Shell escapes
     are described in detail later on.

.TP  Q {quit} Quit nn. When you use this command, you neither lose unread
     articles in the current group nor the selections you might have made
     (unless the articles are expired in the meantime of course).

.TP  V {version} Print release and version information.

.TP  :command {command} Execute the command by name. This form can be used to
     invoke any of nn's commands, also those which cannot be bound to a key
     (such as :coredump), or those which are not bound to a key by default
     (such as post and unshar).

Related and basic variables: backup, backup-suffix, confirm-auto-quit, expert,
mail, message-history, new-group-action, newsrc, quick-count.

From: NN
Subject: SELECTION MODE

In selection mode, the screen is divided into four parts: the header line
showing the name of the news group and the number of articles, the menu lines
which show the collected articles - one article per line, the prompt line
where you enter commands, and the message line where nn prints various
messages to you.

Each menu line begins with an article id which is a unique letter (or digit if
your screen can show more than 26 menu lines). To select an articles for
reading, you simply enter the corresponding id, and the menu line will be
high-lighted to indicate that the article is selected. When you have selected
all the interesting articles on the present menu, you simply hit space.

If there are more articles collected for the current group than could be
presented on one screenful of text, you will be presented with the next
portion of articles to select from. When you have had the opportunity to
select among all the articles in the group, hitting space will enter reading
mode.

If no articles have been selected in the current group, hitting space will
enter selection mode on the next news group, or exit nn if the current group
was the last news group with unread articles. It is thus possible to go
through ALL unread articles (without reading any of them) just by hitting
space a few times.

The articles will be presented on the menu using one of the following layouts:

.TP  0: x Name......... Subject.............. +123

.TP  1: x Name......... 123 Subject..............

.TP  2: x 123 Subject...................................

.TP  3: x Subject...........................................

.TP  4: x Subject........................................

Here x is the letter or digit that must be entered to select the article, Name
is the real name of the sender (or the mail address if the real name cannot be
found), Subject is the contents of the "Subject:" line in the article, and 123
is the number of lines in the article.

Layout 0 and 1 are just two ways to present the same information, while layout
2 and 3 are intended for groups whose articles have very long subject lines,
e.g. comp.sources.

Layout 4 is a hybrid between layout 1 and 3. It will normally use layout 1,
but it will use layout 3 (with a little indentation) for menu lines where the
subject is longer than the space available with layout 1.

Layout 1 is the default layout, and an alternative menu line layout is
selected using the -L option or by setting the layout variable. Once nn is
started the layout can be changed at any time using the " key {layout}.

The Name is limited to 16 characters, and to make maximum use of this space,
nn will perform a series of simplifications on the name, e.g. changing first
names into initials, removing domain names from mail addresses (if the real
name is not found) etc. It does a good job, but some people on the net put
weird things into the From: field (or actually into their password file) which
result in nn producing quite cryptic, and sometimes funny "names".

One a usual 80 column terminal, the Subject is limited to about 60 characters
(75 in layout 3) and is thus only an approximation to the actual subject line
which may be much longer. To get as much out of this space, Re: prefixes (in
various forms) are recognized and replaced by a single `>' character (see the
re-layout variable).

Since articles are sorted according to the subject, two or more adjacent
articles may share the same subject (ignoring any `>'s). In this case, only
the first article will show the subject of the article; the rest will only
show the `>' character in the subject field (or a `-' if there is no `>' at
the beginning of the line). A typical menu will thus only show each subject
once, saving a lot of time in scanning the news articles.

If consolidated menus (see section below) are enabled, adjacent articles
sharing the same subject will be shown with a single line on the menu
corresponding to the first of the articles. The number of articles with the
same subject will be shown as a braketed number in front of the subject, e.g.
with layout 1:
      x Name......... 123 [4] Subject.............. For further information see
the section on consolidated menus below.

Related variables: collapse-subject, columns, confirm-entry,
confirm-entry-limit, entry-report-limit, fsort, kill, layout, limit, lines,
long-menu, re-layout, repeat, slow-mode, sort, sort-mode, split,
subject-match-limit, subject-match-offset, subject-match-parts,
subject-match-minimum.

From: NN
Subject: ARTICLE ATTRIBUTES

While nn is running and between invocations, nn associates an attribute with
each article on your system. These attributes are used to differentiate
between read and unread articles, selected articles, articles marked for later
treatment, etc. Depending on how nn is configured, these attributes can be
saved between invocations of nn, or some of them may only be used while nn is
running.

The attribute is shown on the menu using either a single character following
the article id or by high-lighting the menu line, depending on the attribute
and the capabilities of the terminal. You can also change the attributes to
your own taste (see the attributes variable).

The attribute of an article can be changed explicitly using the selection mode
commands described below, or it will change automatically for example when you
have read or saved a selected article. If a command may change any article
attributes, it will be noted in the description of the command. The following
descriptions of the attributes will only mention the most important commands
that may set (or preserve) the attribute.

The following attributes may be associated with an article:

.TP  read Menu attribute "." - indicates that the article has been read or
     saved. When you leave the group, these articles will be marked
     permanently read, and are not presented the next time you enter the
     group.

.TP  seen Menu attribute "," - indicates that the article is unread, but that
     it has been presented on a menu. Depending on how nn is configured, these
     articles will automatically be marked read when you leave the group, they
     may remain seen, or they may just be unread the next time you enter the
     group (see the auto-junk-seen, confirm-junk-seen, and retain-seen-status
     variables).
     Only the commands continue (space) and read-skip (X) will mark unread
     articles on the current (or all) menu pages as seen when they are used.
     Other commands that scroll through the menu pages or enter reading mode
     will let unread articles remain unread.

.TP  unread Menu attribute " " - indicates an unread article. These articles
     were unread when you entered the group, and they may remain unread when
     you leave the group, unless they have been marked seen by the command
     that you used to leave the group or enter reading mode.

.TP  selected Menu line high-lighted (or menu attribute "*") - indicates that
     you have selected the article. If you leave the group, the selected
     articles will remain selected the next time you enter the group. When you
     have read a selected article, the attribute will automatically change to
     read.

.TP  auto-selected These articles have the same appearance as selected
     articles on the menu, and the only difference is that these articles have
     been selected automatically via the auto-selection facility rather than
     manually by you. Very few commands differentiate between these attributes
     and if they do, it is explicitly stated in this manual. The main
     difference is that these articles are only marked as unread when you
     leave the group (supposing they will also be auto-selected the next the
     group is entered). This simplifies the house-keeping between invocations
     of nn.

.TP  leave Menu attribute "+" - indicates that the article is marked for later
     treatment by the leave-article (l) command. These articles may be
     selected (on demand) when you have read all selected articles in a group.
     However, if you do not select them then immediately, they are stored as
     the leave-next attribute described below.

.TP  leave-next Menu attribute "=" - indicates that the article is marked for
     later treatment by the leave-next (L) command. This is a permanent
     attribute, which will remain on the article until you either read the
     article, change the attribute, or it is expired. So assigning this
     attribute to an article will effectively keep it unread until you do
     something. If the variable select-leave-next is set, nn will ask whether
     these articles should be selected on entry to a group (but naturally,
     doing so will change the leave-next attribute to select).

.TP  cancelled Menu attribute "#" - indicates that the article has been
     cancelled. This is mainly useful when tidying a folder; it is set by the
     cancel (C) command, and can be cleared by any command that change
     attributes, e.g. you can select and deselect the article.

.TP  killed Menu attribute "!" - indicates that the article has been killed
     (e.g. by the K {kill-select} command). Killed articles are immediately
     removed from the menu, so you should not normally see articles with this
     attribute. If you do, report it as a bug!

The attributes are saved in two files: .newsrc (read articles) and .nn/select
(other attributes). Plain unread articles are saved by not occurring in either
of these files. Both files are described in more detail later on.

Related variables: attributes, auto-junk-seen, confirm-junk-seen,
retain-seen-status, select-leave-next.

From: NN
Subject: SELECTION MODE COMMANDS

The primary purpose of the selection mode is of course to select the articles
to be read, but numerous other commands may also be performed in this mode:
saving of articles in files, replying and following up on articles,
mailing/forwarding articles, shell escapes etc.

As described above, the selected articles are marked either by showing the
corresponding menu line in standout mode (reverse video), or if the terminal
does not have this capability by placing an asterisk (*) after the selection
letter or digit.

Most commands which are used to select articles will work as toggle commands.
If the article is not already selected, the selectedattribute on the
article(s), independent on the previous attribute. Otherwise, the article(s)
will be deselected and marked unread. Consequently, any article can be marked
unread simply be selecting and deselecting it.

During selection, the cursor will normally be placed on the article following
the last article whose attribute was changed (initially the first article).
The article pointed out by the cursor is called the current article, and the
following commands work relative to the current article and cursor position.

.TP  abc...z 01..9 {article N} The article with the given identification
     letter or digit is selected or deselected. The following article becomes
     the current article. If the variable auto-select-subject is set, all
     articles with the same subject as the given article are selected.

.TP  . {select} Select or deselect the current article and move the cursor to
     the next article.

.TP  , {line+1} Move the cursor to the next article. You can use the down
     arrow as well.

.TP  / {line-1} Move cursor to previous article. You can use the up arrow as
     well.

.TP  * {select-subject} Select or deselect all articles with same subject as
     current article. This will work across several menu pages if necessary.

.TP  -x {select-range} Select or deselect the range of articles between the
     current article and the article specified by x. For example you can
     select all articles from e to k by simply typing e-k.

The following commands may change the attributes on all articles on the
current menu page, or on all articles on all menu pages.

.TP  @ {select-invert}
     Reverse selections. All selected articles on the current page are
     deselected, and vice-versa. (Use the find command to select all
     articles.)

.TP  ~ {unselect-all} Deselect all auto-selected articles in the group (this
     works across all menu pages). If the command is executed twice, the
     selected articles will also be deselected.

.TP  + {select-auto} Perform auto-selections in the group (see the section on
     "auto kill/select" below).

.TP  = {find} Prompts for a regular expression, and selects all articles on
     the menu (all pages) which matches the regular expression. Depending on
     the variable select-on-sender matching is performed against the subject
     (default) or the sender of the articles. An empty answer (= return) will
     reuse the previous expression. Example: The command = . return will
     select all articles in the group.

.TP  J {junk-articles} This is a very versatile command which can be used to
     perform all sorts of attribute changes, either on individual articles,
     all articles on the current menu page, all articles with a specific
     attribute, or all available articles. To access all the functions of this
     command, the J key may have to be hit up to four times, to loop through
     different one-line menus. The full functionality of the junk-articles
     command is described in a separate section below.

.TP  L {leave-next} This is a specialized version of the generic J
     {junk-articles} command to set the leave-next attribute on a subset of
     the articles on the menu. It is also described further below.

The following commands move between the pages belonging to the same news group
when there are more articles than will fit on a single page. These commands
will not change any article attributes.

.TP  > {page+1} Goto next menu page.

.TP  < {page-1} Goto previous menu page, or to last menu page if on first menu
     page.

.TP  $ {page=$} Goto last menu page.

.TP  ^ {page=1} Goto first menu page.

The following commands are used to enter reading mode for the selected
articles, and to move between news groups (in selection mode). They may change
article attributes if noted below.

.TP  space {continue} Continue to next menu page, or if on last menu page,
     read the selected articles. If no articles have been selected, continue
     to the next news group. The unread articles on the current menu page will
     automatically be marked seen.

.TP  return {continue-no-mark} Identical to the continue command, except that
     the unread articles on the current menu page will remain unread. (The
     newline key has the same effect).

.TP  Z {read-return} Enter reading mode immediately with the currently
     selected articles. When all articles have been read, return to selection
     mode in the current group. It will mark selected articles read as they
     are read, but unread articles are not normally changed (can be controlled
     with the variable marked-by-read-return.)

.TP  X {read-skip} Mark all unmarked articles seen on all menu pages (or the
     pages defined by the marked-by-read-skip variable), and enter reading
     mode immediately with the currently selected articles. As the selected
     articles are read, they are marked read. When all selected articles have
     been read, nn will enter selection mode in the next news group. When no
     articles are selected, it goes directly to the next group. This can be
     used to skip all the articles in a large news group without having to go
     through all the menu pages.

If you don't want to read the current group now, but want to keep it for
later, you can use the following commands which will only mark seen and read
articles as read. Currently selected articles will still be selected the next
time you enter the group. None of these commands will change any attributes
themselves (by default).

.TP  N {next-group} Go forward to the next group in the presentation sequence.
     If the variable marked-by-next-group is set articles on the menu can
     optionally be marked seen

.TP  P {previous} Go back to the previous group. This command will enter
     selection mode on the last active group (two P commands in sequence will
     bring you to the current group). If there are still some unread articles
     in the group, only those articles will be shown. Otherwise, all the
     articles which were unread when nn was invoked will be shown marked with
     the read attribute (which can be changed as usual).

As described in the "Article Attributes" section, the read and seen articles
will normally be marked read when you leave the group, and these articles are
not shown the next time you enter the group.

In all releases prior to release 6.4, it was impossible to have individual
articles in a group marked unread when you left a group, and the default
behaviour of release 6.4 onwards will closely match the traditional behaviour.
This means that the seen and read articles are treated alike for most
practical purposes with the default variable settings.

If you don't like nn to silently mark the seen articles read, you can set the
variable confirm-junk-seen to get nn to prompt you for confirmation before
doing this, or you can unset the variable auto-junk-seen to simply keep the
seen articles for the next time you enter the group. You then have to use the
J {junk-articles} to mark articles read.

Using return {continue-no-mark} will also allow you to keep articles unread
rather than marking them seen when scrolling through the menu pages and
entering reading mode. If this is your preferred reading style, you can remap
space to this command.

Related variables: auto-junk-seen, auto-preview-mode, auto-select-subject,
case-fold-search, confirm-auto-quit, confirm-entry, confirm-junk-seen,
marked-by-next-group, marked-by-read-return, marked-by-read-skip,
retain-seen-status, select-on-sender.

From: NN
Subject: CONSOLIDATED MENUS

Normally, nn will use one menu line for each article, so if there are many
articles with identical subjects, each menu page will only contain a few
different subjects. To have each subject occur only once on the menu, nn can
operate with consolidated menus by setting the variable consolidated-menu.

When consolidated menus are used, nn operates with two kinds of subjects: open
and closed.

An open subject is a subject which is shown in the traditional way with one
menu line for each article with the given subject. In other words, when
consolidated menus are not used, all subjects are open (by default).

A closed subject is a multi-article subject which is presented by a single
menu line. This line will be the normal menu line for the first (oldest)
article with the subject, but with the subject field annotated with a
bracketed number showing the number of articles with that subject, e.g.
      a Kim F. Storm 12 [4] Future plans for nn
      b.Kim F. Storm 43 [3] More plans for nn
In this example, there are four unread articles with subject `a' of which the
first is posted by me and has 12 lines. The rest of the articles are hidden,
and will only be shown on request. The `.' marker on subject `b' shows that
all three articles within that subject have been read (or seen).

To select (or deselect) ALL the articles within a closed subject, simply
select the article shown on the menu; this will automatically select (or
deselect) the rest (see auto-select-closed). When all the unread articles
within a closed subject are selected, the menu line will be high-lighted.

If you want to view the individual articles in a subject (maybe to select
individual articles), you can open the subject with the commands:

.TP  (x Open subject x on menu.

.TP  (( Open current subject.

When you have completed viewing the opened subject, you can close it again
using the commands:

.TP  )x Close subject x on menu (x is any article with the subject).

.TP  )) Close current subject.

In the basic layout of the menu line for a closed subject as shown above, ALL
articles in the closed subject are supposed to be either:

.TP  unread The menu line is not high-lighted.

.TP  selected Menu line is fully high-lighted (if all UNREAD are selected).

.TP  read/seen There is a `.' (read attribute) following the article id.

If neither of these cases apply, i.e. there is a mixture of unread, selected,
and seen/read articles, the bracketed number will have one of the following
formats:

.TP  [U:T] There are U unread articles of T total (U<T).

.TP  [S/T] There are S selected articles of T total (S<U=T).

.TP  [S/U:T] There are S selected of U unread of T total (S<U<T).

If there are any selected articles (S>0), the information between the brackets
will be high-lighted (to show that something is selected, but not all the
unread articles).

Notice: Consolidated menus only work with the `subject' and `lexical' sorting
methods.

Variables related to consolidated menus are: auto-select-closed,
consolidated-menu, counter-delim-left, counter-delim-right, counter-padding,
save-closed-mode.

From: NN
Subject: THE JUNK-ARTICLES AND LEAVE-NEXT COMMANDS

The J {junk-articles} command is a very flexible command which can perform all
sorts of attribute changes, either on individual articles, all articles on the
current menu page, all articles with a specific attribute, or all available
articles.

To access all the functions of this command, the J key may have to be hit up
to four times, to loop through different one-line menus:

.TP  Mark Read This submenu allows you to mark articles read.

.TP  Unmark This submenu allows you to mark articles unread.

.TP  Select This submenu allows you to select articles based on their
     attribute.

.TP  Kill This submenu allows you to mark articles read and remove them from
     the menu based on their attribute.

The L {leave-next} command is an extension of the J command with a fifth menu:

.TP  Leave This menu allows you to mark articles for later handling with the
     leave-next attribute which will keep the article unread until you
     explicitly change the attribute (e.g. by reading it) or it is expired.

For each of these submenus, nn will list the most plausible choices you may
use, but all of the following answers can be used at all submenus. When you
have entered a choice, nn will afterward ask whether the change should be made
to all menu pages or only the current page.

.TP  J Show next submenu.

.TP  L Change attribute on all leave articles.

.TP  N Change attribute on all leave-next articles.

.TP  R Change attribute on all read articles.

.TP  S Change attribute on all seen articles.

.TP  U Change attribute on all unmarked (i.e. unread) articles.

.TP  A Change attribute on all articles no matter their current attribute.

.TP  * Change attribute on all selected articles on the current page.

.TP  + Change attribute on all selected articles on all pages.

.TP  a-z0-9 Change attribute on one or more specific articles on the current
     page. You end the list of articles by a space or by using one of the
     other choices described above.

.TP  . Change attribute on current article.

.TP  , / Move the current article down or up the menu without changing any
     attributes.

From: NN
Subject: READING MODE COMMANDS

In reading mode, the selected articles are presented one page at a time. To
get the next page of an article, simply hit space, and when you are on the
last page of an article, hit space to get to the next selected article.
Articles are normally marked read when you go to the next article, while going
back to the menu, quitting nn, etc. will retain the attribute on the current
article.

When you are on the last page of the last article, hit space to enter
selection mode on the next group (or the current group if reading mode was
entered using the Z command).

To read an article, the following text scrolling commands are available:

.TP  space {continue} Scroll one page forward or continue with the next
     article or group as described above.

.TP  backspace / delete {page-1} Go one page backwards in article.

.TP  d {page+1/2} Scroll one half page forward.

.TP  u {page-1/2} Go one half page backwards.

.TP  return {line+1} Scroll one line forward in the article.

.TP  tab {skip-lines} Skip over lines starting with the same character as the
     last line on the current page. This is useful to skip over included text
     or to the next file in a shell archive.

.TP  ^ {page=1} Move to the first page (excluding the header) of the article.

.TP  $ {page=$} Move to the last page of the article.

.TP  gN {line=@} Move to line N in the article.

.TP  /regexp {find} Search forward for text matching the regular expression
     regexp in the article. If a matching text is found, it will be
     high-lighted.

.TP  . {find-next} Repeat search for last regular expression.

.TP  h {page=0} Show the header of the article, and continue from the top of
     the article.

.TP  H {full-digest} If the current article is extracted from a digest, show
     the entire digest article including its header. Another H command will
     return to the current subarticle.

.TP  D {rot13} Turn rot13 (caesar) decryption on and off for the current
     article, and redraw current page. If the article is saved while it is
     decrypted on the screen, it will be saved in decrypted form as well!

.TP  c {compress} Turn compression on and off for the current article and
     redraw current page. With compression turned on, multiple spaces and tabs
     are shown as a single space. This makes it much easier to read right
     justified text which separate words with several spaces. (See also the
     compress variable)

The following commands are used to move among the selected articles.

.TP  n {next-article} Move to next selected article. This command skips the
     rest of the current article, marks it read, and jumps directly to the
     first page of the next selected article (or to the next group if it was
     the last selected article).

.TP  l {leave-article} Mark the current article with the leave attribute and
     continue with the next selected article. When all the selected articles
     in the current group have been read, these left over articles can be
     automatically selected and shown once more, or the treatment can be
     postponed to the next time you enter the group.
           This is particularly useful if you see an article which you may want
     to respond to unless one the following articles is already saying what
     you intended to say.

.TP  L {leave-next} Mark the current article with the leave-next attribute and
     continue with the next selected article.

.TP  p {previous} Goto previous article.

.TP  k {next-subject} Kill subject. Skips rest of current article, and all
     following articles with the same subject. The skipped articles are marked
     read. To kill a subject permanently use the K command.

.TP  * {select-subject} Show next article with same subject (even if it is not
     selected). This command will select all following articles with the same
     subject as the current article (similar to the `*' command in selection
     mode). This can be used to select only the first article on a subject in
     selection mode, and then select all follow-ups in reading mode if you
     find the article interesting.

.TP  a {advance-article} Goto the following article on the menu even if it is
     not selected. This command skips the rest of the current article and
     jumps directly to the first page of the next article (it will not skip to
     the next group if it is the last article). The attribute on the current
     article will be restored, except for the unread attribute which will be
     changed to seen.

.TP  b {back-article} Goto the article before current article on the menu even
     if it is not selected. This is similar to the a command, except for the
     direction.

The following commands perform an immediate return from reading mode to
selection mode in the current group or skip to the next group.

.TP  = {goto-menu} Return to selection mode in the current group (think of =
     as the "icon" of the selection menu). The articles read so far will be
     marked read.

.TP  N {next-group} Skip the rest of the selected and unread articles in the
     current group and go directly to the next group. Only the read (and seen)
     articles in the current group are marked as read.

.TP  X {read-skip} Mark all articles in the current group as read and go
     directly to the next group. (You will be asked to confirm this command.)

Related variables: case-fold-search, charset, compress, data-bits, date,
header-lines, mark-overlap, monitor, overlap, scroll-clear-page, stop,
trusted-escape-codes, wrap-header-margin.

From: NN
Subject: PREVIEWING ARTICLES IN SELECTION MODE

In selection mode, it is possible to read a specific article on the menu
without entering reading mode for all the selected articles on the menu. Using
the commands described below will enter reading mode for one article only, and
then return to the menu mode immediately after (depending on the setting of
the preview-continuation variable).

If there are more than 5 free lines at the bottom of the menu screen, nn
will use that space to show the article (a minimal preview window can be
permanently allocated with the window variable). Otherwise, the screen will be
cleared to show the article.

After previewing an article, it will be marked read (if the
preview-mark-read variable is set), and the following article will become the
current article.

.TP  %x {preview} Preview article x.

.TP  %% {preview} Preview the current article.

When the article is being shown, the following reading mode commands are very
useful:

.TP  = {goto-menu} Skip the rest of the current article, and return to menu
     mode.

.TP  n {next-article} Skip the rest of the current article, and preview the
     next article.

.TP  l {leave-article} Mark the article as selected (!) on the menu for
     handling later on. Then skip the rest of the current article, and preview
     the next article.

.TP  %y {preview} Preview article y .

If the variable auto-preview-mode is set, just hitting the article id in menu
mode will enter preview mode on the specified article.

Related variables: auto-preview-mode, min-window, preview-continuation,
preview-mark-read, window.

From: NN
Subject: SAVING ARTICLES

The following commands are used to save articles in files, unpack archives,
decode binaries, etc. It is possible to use the commands in both reading mode
to save the current article and in selection mode to save one or more articles
on the menu.

The saved articles will be appended to the specified file(s) followed by an
empty line each. Both files and directories will be created as needed. When an
article has been saved in a file, a message reporting the number of lines
saved will be shown if the save-report variable is set (default on).

.TP  S {save-full} Save articles including the full article header.

.TP  O {save-short} Save articles with a short header containing only the name
     of the sender, the subject, and the posting date of the article.

.TP  E {save-header} Save only the header of the articles.

.TP  W {save-body} Write article without a header.

.TP  :print {print} Print article. Instead of a file name, this command will
     prompt for the print command to which the current article will be piped.
     The default print command is specified at compile time, but it can be
     changed by setting the printer variable. The output will be identical to
     that of the O command.

.TP  :patch {patch} Send articles through patch(1) (or the program defined in
     the patch-command variable). Instead of a file name, you will be prompted
     for the name of a directory in which you want the patch command to be
     executed. nn will then pipe the body of the article through the patch
     command.
           The output from the patch process will be shown on the screen and
     also appended to a file named Patch.Result in the patch directory.

.TP  :unshar {unshar} Unshar articles. You will be prompted for the name of a
     directory in which you want nn to unshar the articles. nn will then pipe
     the proper parts of the article body into a Bourne Shell whose working
     directory will be set to the specified directory.
           During the unpacking, the normal output from the unshar process will
     appear on the screen, and the menu or article text will be redrawn when
     the process is finished.
           The output is also appended to a file named Unshar.Result in the
     unshar directory.
           The file specified in unshar-header-file (default "Unshar.Headers")
     in the unshar directory will contain the header and initial text (before
     the shar data) from the article. You can use the `G' {goto-group} command
     to look at the Unshar.Headers file.

.TP  :decode {decode} Decode uuencoded articles into binary files. You will be
     prompted for the name of a directory in which you want nn to place the
     decoded binary files (the file names are taken from the uuencoded data).
           nn will combine several articles into single files as needed, and
     you can even decode unrelated packages (into the same directory) with one
     decode command.
           To be able to decode a binary file which spans several articles, nn
     may have to ignore lines which fail the normal sanity checks on uuencoded
     data instead of treating them as transmission errors. Consequently, it is
     strongly recommended to check the resulting decoded file using the
     checksum which is normally contained in the original article. (Actually,
     you are also supposed to do this after decoding with a stand-alone
     uudecode program).
           The header and initial information in the decoded articles are saved
     in the file specified in decode-header-file (default "Decode.Headers") in
     the same directory as the decoded files.
           If decode-skip-prefix is non-null, :decode will attempt to ignore up
     to that many characters on each line to find the encoded data. This is
     particularly useful in some binaries groups where files are both
     uuencoded and packed with shar; nn will ignore the prefix added to each
     line by shar, and thus be able to unshar, concatenate, and decode
     multi-part postings automatically.

In reading mode, the following keys can also be used to invoke the save
commands:

.TP  s Same as S.

.TP  o Same as O.

.TP  w Same as W.

.TP  P Same as :print.

The save commands will prompt for a file name which is expanded according to
the rules described in the section on file name expansion below. For each
group, it is possible to specify a default save file in the init file, either
in connection with the group presentation sequence or in a separate save-files
section (see below). If a default save file is specified for the group, nn
will show this on the prompt line when it prompts for the file name. You can
edit this name as usual, but if you kill the entire name immediately, nn will
replace the default name with the last file name you entered. If you kill this
as well, nn will leave you with a blank line.

If the quick-save variable is set, nn will only prompt for a save file name
when the current article is inside a folder; otherwise, the default save file
defined in the init file will be used unconditionally.

If the file (and directories in the path) does not exist, nn will ask whether
the file (and the directories) should be created.

If the file name contains an asterisk, e.g.
      part*.shar nn will save each of the articles in uniquely named files
constructed by replacing the asterisk by numbers from the sequence 1, 2, 3,
etc. The format of the string that replaces the * can be changed with the
save-counter variable, and the first number to use can be changed via
save-counter-offset.

In selection mode, nn will prompt you for the identifier of one or more
articles you want to save. When you don't want to save more articles, just hit
space. The saved articles will be marked read.

If you enter an asterisk `*' when you are prompted for an article to save, nn
will automatically save all the selected articles on the current menu page and
mark them read.

Likewise, if you enter a plus `+', nn will save all the selected articles on
all menu pages and mark them read.

This is very useful to unpack an entire package using the :unshar and :decode
commands. It can also be used in combination with the save selected articles
feature to save a selection of articles in separate, successively numbered
files. But do not confuse these two concepts! The S* and S+ commands can be
used to save the selected articles in a single file as well as in separate
files, and the save in separate files feature can be used also when saving
individual articles, either in the selection mode, or in the article reading
mode.

When articles are saved in a file with a full or partial header, any header
lines in the body of the article will be escaped by a tilde (e.g. ~From: ...)
to enable nn to split the folder into separate articles. The escape string can
be redefined via the embedded-header-escape variable.

Articles can optionally be saved in MAIL or MMDF compatible format by setting
the mail-format and mmdf-format variables. These variables only specify the
format used when creating a new folder, while appending to an existing folder
will be done in the format of the folder (unless folder-format-check is
false).

Related variables: confirm-append, confirm-create, decode-header-file,
decode-skip-prefix, default-save-file, folder-save-file, edit-patch-command,
edit-print-command, edit-unshar-command, folder, folder-format-check,
mail-format, mmdf-format, patch-command, printer, quick-save, save-counter,
save-counter-offset, save-report, suggest-default-save, unshar-command,
unshar-header-file.

From: NN
Subject: FOLDER MAINTENANCE

When more than one article is saved in a folder, nn is able to split the
folder, and each article in the folder can be treated like a separate article.

This means that you can save, decode, reply, follow-up, etc. just as with the
original article.

You can also cancel (delete) individual articles in a folder using the normal
C {cancel} command described later. When you quit from the folder, you will
then be given the option to remove the cancelled articles from the folder.

The original folder is saved in a file named `BackupFolder~' in the .nn
directory (see the backup-folder-path variable) by renaming or copying the old
folder as appropriate. When the folder has been compressed, the backup folder
will be removed unless the variable keep-backup-folder is set.

If all articles in a folder are cancelled, the folder will be removed or
truncated to zero length (whatever is allowed by directory and file
permissions). In this case no backup folder is retained even when
keep-backup-folder is set!

If the variable trace-folder-packing is set, nn will show which articles are
kept and which are removed as the folder is rewritten.

Folders are rewritten in the format of the original folder, i.e. the
mail-format and mmdf-format variables are ignored.

Related variables: backup-folder-path, keep-backup-folder,
trace-folder-packing.

From: NN
Subject: FILE NAME EXPANSION

When the save commands prompts for a file name, the following file name
expansions are performed on the file name you enter:

.TP  +folder The + is replaced by the contents of the folder variable (default
     value "~/News/") resulting in the name of a file in the folder directory.
     Examples:
           +emacs, +nn, +sources/shar/nn

.TP  + A single plus is replaced by the expansion of the file name contained
     in the default-save-file variable (or by folder-save-file when saving
     from a folder).

.TP  ~/file The ~ is replaced by the contents of the environment variable
     HOME, i.e. the path name of your home directory. Examples:
           ~/News/emacs, ~/News/nn, ~/src/shar/nn

.TP  ~user/file The ~user part is replaced by the user's home directory as
     defined in the /etc/passwd file.

.TP  |command-line Instead of writing to a file, the articles are piped to the
     given shell (/bin/sh) command-line. Each save or write command will
     create a separate pipe, but all articles saved or written in one command
     (in selection mode) are given as input to the same shell command.
     Example:
           | pr | lp This will print the articles on the printer after they
     have been piped through pr.
           It is possible to create separate pipes for each saved article by
     using a double pipe symbol in the beginning of the command, e.g.
           || cd ~/src/nn ; patch

The following symbols are expanded in a file name or command:

.TP  $F will be expanded to the name of the current group with the periods
     replaced by slashes, e.g. rec/music/synth.

.TP  $G will be expanded to the name of the current group.

.TP  $L will be expanded to the last component of the name of the current
     group. You may use this to create default save file names like +src/$L in
     the comp.sources groups.

.TP  $N will be expanded to the (local) article number, e.g. 1099. In
     selection mode it is only allowed at the end of the file name!

.TP  $(VAR) is replaced by the string value of the environment variable VAR.

Using these symbols, a simple naming scheme for `default folder name' is +$G
which will use the group name as folder name. Another possibility is +$F/$N.

As mentioned above, you can also instruct nn to save a series of files in
separate, unique files. All that is required is that the file name contains an
asterisk, e.g.
      +src/hype/part*.shar This will cause each of the articles to be saved in
separate, unique files named part1.shar, part2.shar, and so on, always
choosing a part number that results in a unique file name (i.e. if part1.shar
did already exist, the first article would be saved in part2.shar, the next in
part3.shar, and so on).

Related variables: default-save-file, folder, folder-save-file, save-counter,
save-counter-offset.

From: NN
Subject: FILE AND GROUP NAME COMPLETION

When entering a file name or a news group name, a simple completion feature is
available using the space, tab, and ? keys.

Hitting space anywhere during input will complete the current component of the
file name or group name with the first available possibility.

If this possibility is not the one you want, keep on hitting space until it
appears.

When the right completion has appeared, you can just continue typing the file
or group name, or you can hit tab to fix the current component, and get the
first possibility for the next component, and then use space to go through the
other possible completions.

The ? key will produce a list of the possible completions of the current
component. If the list is too long for the available space on screen, the key
can be repeated to get the next part of the list.

The current completion can be deleted with the erase key.

The default value for a file name is the last file name you have entered, so
if you enter a space as the first character after the prompt, the last file
name will be repeated (and you can edit it if you like). In some cases, a
string will already be written for you in the prompt line, and to get the
default value in these cases, use the kill key. This also means that if you
neither want the initial value, nor the default value, you will have to hit
the kill twice to get a clean prompt line.

Related variables: comp1-key, comp2-key, help-key, suggest-default-save.

From: NN
Subject: POSTING AND RESPONDING TO ARTICLES

In both selection mode and reading mode you can post new articles, post
follow-ups to articles, send replies to the author of an article, and you can
send mail to another user with the option of including an article in the
letter. In reading mode, a response is made to the current article, while in
selection mode you will be prompted for an article to respond to.

The following commands are available (the lower-case equivalents are also
available in reading mode):

.TP  R {reply} Reply through mail to the author of the article. This is the
     preferred way to respond to an article unless you think your reply is of
     general interest.

.TP  F {follow} Follow-up with an article in the same newsgroup (unless an
     alternative group is specified in the article header). The distribution
     of the follow-up is normally the same as the original article, but this
     can be modified via the follow-distribution variable.

.TP  M {mail} Mail a letter or forward an article to a single recipient. In
     selection mode, you will be prompted for an article to include in your
     letter, and in reading mode you will be asked if the current article
     should be included in the letter. You will then be prompted for the
     recipient of the letter (default recipient is yourself) and the subject
     of the letter (if an article is included, you may hit space to get the
     default subject which is the subject of the included article).
           The header of the article is only included in the posted letter if
     it is forwarded (i.e. not edited), or if the variable include-full-header
     is set.

.TP  :post {post} Post a new article to any newsgroup. This command will
     prompt you for a comma-separated list of newsgroups to post to (you
     cannot enter a space because space is used for group name completion as
     described below).
           If you enter ? {help-key} as the first key, nn will show you a list
     of all available news groups and their purpose. While paging through this
     list, you can enter q to quit looking at the list. You can also enter /
     followed by a regular expression (typically a single word) which will
     cause nn to show a (much shorter) list containing only the lines matching
     the regular expression.
           Normally, you will be prompted for the distribution of the article
     with the default take from default-distribution, but this can be changed
     via the post-distribution variable.

Generally, nn will construct a file with a suitable header, optionally include
a copy of the article in the file with each non-empty line prefixed by a `>'
character (except in mail mode), and invoke an editor of your choice (using
the EDITOR environment variable) on this file, positioning you on the first
line of the body of the article (if it knows the editor).

When you have completed editing the message, it will compare it to the
unedited file, and if they are identical (i.e. you did not make any changes to
the file), or it is empty, the operation is cancelled. Otherwise you will be
prompted for an action to take on the constructed article (enter first letter
followed by return, or just return to take the default action):
      a)bort c)c e)dit h)old i)spell m)ail p)ost r)eedit s)end v)iew w)rite
7)bit
      Action: (post article)
You now have the opportunity to perform one of the following actions:

a    throw the response away (will ask for confirmation),
    c    mail a copy of a follow-up to the poster of the article,
    e    edit the file again,
    h    hold response for later completion,
    i    run an (interactive) spell-checker on the text,
    m    mail a (blind) copy to a specified recipient,
    n    same as abort (no don't post),
    p    post article (same as send),
    r    throw away the edited text and edit the original text,
    s    send the article or letter,
    v    view the article (through the pager),
    w    append it to a file (before you send it),
    y    confirm default answer (e.g. yes post it), or
    7    strip the high-order bit from all characters in the message

If you have selected a 7-bit character set (this is determined by the values
of the charset and data-bits variables), nn will not allow you to post an
article or send a letter whose body contains characters with the high-order
bit set. It will warn you after you have first edited the message and disable
the c)c, m)ail, p)ost, s)end and y)es actions. You can then either e)dit the
message to delete those characters, use 7)bit to strip the high-order bits,
a)bort the message, or h)old it and select an 8-bit character set from nn.

To complete an unfinished response saved by the h)old command, simply enter
any response action, e.g. R {reply}. This will notice the unfinished response
and ask you whether you want to complete it now. Only one unfinished response
can exist at a time. Notice that the $A environment variable may no longer be
valid as a path to the original article when the response is completed.

If your message contains 8-bit characters, the charset variable is not set to
"unknown" and the message does not already have a MIME-Version or Content-XXX
header, nn will add the following headers to your message before sending it:
      MIME-Version: 1.0
      Content-Type: text/plain; charset=charset
      Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
It must be noted that sending 8-bit characters over the current news and mail
networks is risky at best; although large parts of the network will pass
through such characters unchanged, high-order bits may occasionally be
stripped. Although the MIME standard provides solutions for this by encoding
the characters, this is not yet supported by nn. Adding the above headers is
an interim solution that is compatible with current practice and is much
better than just sending the message without any hints about the character set
used.

Related variables: append-signature-mail, append-signature-post, charset,
data-bits, default-distribution, follow-distribution, post-distribution,
edit-response-check, editor, include-art-id, include-full-header,
included-mark, mail-header, mail-record, mail-script, mailer,
mailer-pipe-input, news-header, news-record, news-script,
orig-to-include-mask, pager, query-signature, record, response-check-pause,
response-default-answer, save-counter, save-counter-offset, save-report,
spell-checker.

From: NN
Subject: JUMPING TO OTHER GROUPS

By default nn will present the news groups in a predefined sequence (see the
section on Presentation Sequence later on). To override this sequence and have
a look at any other group the G {goto-group} command available in both
selection and reading mode enables you to move freely between all the
newsgroups.

Furthermore, the G command enables you to open folders and other files, to
read old articles you have read before, and to grep for a specific subject in
a group.

It is important to notice that normally the goto command is recursive, i.e.
a new menu level is created when the specified group or folder is presented,
and when it has been read, nn will continue the activity in the group that was
presented before the goto command was executed. However, if there are unread
articles in the target group you can avoid entering a new menu level by using
the j reply described below. The current menu level (i.e. number of nested
goto commands) will be shown in the prompt line as "<N>" (in reverse video).

The goto command is very powerful, but unfortunately also a little bit
tricky at first sight, because the facilities it provides depend on the
context in which the command is used.

When executed, the goto command will prompt you for the name of the
newsgroup, folder, or file to open. It will use the first letter you enter to
distinguish these three possibilities:

.TP  return An empty answer is equivalent to the current newsgroup.

.TP  letter The answer is taken to be the name of a newsgroup. If a news group
     with the given name does not exist, nn will treat the answer as a regular
     expression and locate the first group in the presentation sequence (or
     among all groups) whose name matches the expression.

.TP  +
     The answer is taken to be the name of a folder. If only `+' is entered,
     it is equivalent to the default save file for the current group.

.TP  / or ./ or ~/ The answer is taken to be the name of a file, either
     relative to the current directory, relative to your home directory, or an
     absolute path name for the file.

.TP  % In reading mode, this reply corresponds to reading the current article
     (and splitting it as a digest). In selection mode, it will prompt for an
     article on the menu to read.

.TP  @ This choice is equivalent to the archive file for the current group.

.TP  = and number These answers are equivalent to the same answers described
     below applied to the current group (e.g. G return = and G = are
     equivalent).

Specifying a folder, a file, or an article (with %) will cause nn to treat the
file like a digest and split it into separate articles (not physically!) which
are then presented on a menu in the usual way, allowing you to read or save
individual subarticles from the folder.

When you enter a group name, nn will ask you how many articles in the group
you want to see on the menu. You can give the following answers:

.TP  a number N In this case you will get the newest N articles in the group,
     or if you specified the current group (by hitting return to the group
     name prompt or entering the number directly), you will get that many
     extra articles included on the same menu (without creating a new menu
     level).

.TP  j This answer can only be given if there are unread articles in the
     group. It will instruct nn to jump directly to the specified group in the
     presentation sequence without creating a new menu level.

.TP  u This instructs nn to present the unread articles in the group (if there
     are any). If you have already read the group (in the current invocation
     of nn), the u answer will instruct nn to present the articles that were
     unread when you entered nn.

.TP  a This instruct nn to present all articles in the group.

.TP  sword or =word This instructs nn to search all articles in the groups,
     but only present the articles containing the word word in the subject.
     Notice that case is ignored when searching for the word in the subject
     lines.

.TP  nword Same as the s form except that it searched for articles where the
     sender name matches word.

.TP  eword Same as the s form except that it Psearched for articles where
     either the subject or the sender name matches word.

.TP  word = /regexp When the first character of the word specified with the s,
     n, and e forms is a slash `/', the rest of the input is interpreted as a
     regular expression to search for. Notice that regular expression matching
     is case insensitive when case-fold-search is set (default).

.TP  return The meaning of an empty answer depends on the context: if there
     are unread articles in the specified group the unread articles will be
     presented, otherwise all articles in the group will be included in the
     menu.

If you specified the current group, and the menu already contains all the
available articles, nn will directly prompt for a word to search for in the
subject of all articles (the prompt will be an equal sign.)

When the goto command creates a new menu level, nn will not perform auto kill
or selection in the group. You can use the + command in menu mode to perform
the auto-selections.

There are three commands in the goto family:

.TP  G {goto-group} This is the general goto command described above.

.TP  B {back-group} Backup one or more groups. You can hit this key one or
     more times to go back in the groups already presented (including those
     without new articles); when you have found the group you are looking for,
     hit space to enter it.

.TP  A {advance-group} Advance one or more groups. This command is similar to
     the B command, but operates in the opposite direction.

.TP  N {next-group} When used within an A or B command, it skips forward to
     the next group in the sequence with unread articles or which has
     previously been visited.

.TP  P {previous} When used within an A or B command, it skips backwards to
     the preceding group in the sequence with unread articles or which has
     previously been visited.

Once you have entered an A or Bcommand, you can freely mix the A, B, P, and N
commands to find the group you want, and you can also use the G command to be
prompted for a group name.

To show the use of the goto command some typical examples on its use are given
below:
"Present the unread articles in the dk.general group"
      G dk.general return u
"Jump directly to the gnu.emacs group and continue from there"
      G gnu.emacs return j
"Include the last 10 READ articles in the current group menu"
      G 10 return
"Find all articles in rec.music.misc on the subject Floyd"
      G rec.music.misc return
      = floyd return
"Open the folder +nn"
      G +nn return
"Split current article as a digest (in reading mode)"
      G %

Related variables: case-fold-search, default-save-file, folder-save-file

From: NN
Subject: AUTOMATIC KILL AND SELECTION

When there is a subject or an author which you are either very interested in,
or find completely uninteresting, you can easily instruct nn to auto-select or
auto-kill articles with specific subjects or from specific authors. These
instructions are stored in a kill file, and the most common types of entries
can be created using the following command:

.TP  K {kill-select} Create an entry in your personal kill file. The contents
     of the entry is specified during a short dialog that is described in
     details below. This command is available in both selection and reading
     mode.

Entries in the kill file may apply to a single newsgroup or to all newsgroups.
Furthermore, entries may be permanent or they may be expired a given number of
days after their entry.

To increase performance, nn uses a compiled version of the kill file which is
read in when nn is invoked. The compiled kill file will automatically be
updated if the normal kill file has been modified.

The following dialog is used to build the kill file entry:

.TP  AUTO (k)ill or (s)elect (CR => Kill subject 30 days) If you simply want
     nn to kill all articles with the subject of the current article (in
     reading mode) or a specific article (which nn will prompt for in
     selection mode), just hit return. This will cause nn to create an entry
     in the kill file to kill the current (or specified) subject in the
     current group for a period of 30 days (which should be enough for the
     discussion to die out).
     You can control the default kill period, or change it into a "select"
     period via the default-kill-select variable.
     If this "default behaviour" is not what you want, just answer either k or
     s to kill or select articles, respectively, which will bring you on to
     the rest of the questions.

.TP  AUTO SELECT on (s)ubject or (n)ame (s) (The SELECT will be substituted
     with KILL depending on the previous answer). Here you specify whether you
     want the kill or select to depend on the subject of the article (s or
     space), or on the name of the author (n).

.TP  SELECT NAME: (Again SELECT may be substituted with KILL and SUBJECT may
     replace NAME). You must now enter a name (or subject) to select (or
     kill). In reading mode, you may just hit return (or %) to use the name
     (or subject) of the current article. In selection mode, you can use the
     name (or subject) from an article on the menu by answering with %
     followed by the corresponding article identifier.
     When the name or subject is taken from an article (the current or one
     from the menu), nn will only select or kill articles where the name or
     subject matches the original name or subject exactly including case.
     If the first character typed at the prompt is a slash `/', the rest of
     the line is used as a regular expression which is used to match the name
     or subject (case insensitive).
     Otherwise, nn will select or kill articles which contain the specified
     string anywhere in the name or subject (ignoring case).

.TP  SELECT in (g)roup `dk.general' or in (a)ll groups (g) You must now
     specify whether the selection or kill should apply to the current group
     only (g or space) or to all groups (a).

.TP  Lifetime of entry in days (p)ermanent (30) You can now specify the
     lifetime of the entry, either by entering a number specifying the number
     of days the entry should be active, or p to specify the entry as a
     permanent entry. An empty reply is equivalent to 30 days.

.TP  CONFIRM SELECT .... Finally, you will be asked to confirm the entry, and
     you should especially note the presence or absence of the word exact
     which specify whether an exact match applies for the entry.

Related variables: default-kill-select, kill.

From: NN
Subject: THE FORMAT OF THE KILL FILE

The kill file consists of one line for each entry. Empty lines and lines
starting with a # character are ignored. nn automatically places a # character
in the first position of expired entries when it compiles the kill file. You
can then edit the kill file manually from time to time to clean out these
entries.

Each line has the following format
      [expire time :] [group name] : flags : string [: string]...

Permanent entries have no expire time (in which case the colon is omitted as
well!). Otherwise, the expire time defines the time (as a time_t value) when
the entry should be expired.

The group name field can have three forms:

.TP  news.group.name If it is the name of a single news group (e.g.
     comp.unix), the entry applies to that group only.

.TP  /regular expression If it starts with a slash `/' followed by a regular
     expression (e.g. /^news\..*), the entry applies to all groups whose name
     are matched by the regular expression.

.TP  empty An empty group field will apply the entry to all groups.

The flags field consists of a list of characters which identifies the type of
entry, and the interpretation of each string field. When used, the flag
characters must be used in the order in which they are described below:

.TP  ~ (optional)
     When this flag is present on any of the entries for a specific group, it
     causes all entires which are not auto-selected to be killed. This is a
     simple way to say: I'm interested in this and that, but nothing else.

.TP  + or ! (optional)
     Specify an auto-select + or an auto-kill ! entry, respectively. If
     neither are used, the article is neither selected nor killed which is
     useful in combination with the `~' flag.

.TP  > (optional) When used with a subject (flag s), the kill entry only
     matches follow-ups to that subject (i.e. where the Subject: line starts
     with Re:). For example, to kill all "Re:"'s in rec.humor use the
     following kill entry: rec.humor:!>s/:.

.TP  < (optional) When used with a subject (flag s), the kill entry only
     matches base articles with that subject (i.e. where the Subject: line
     does not start with Re:). For example, to kill all articles asking for
     help (but not follow-ups) in the tex group, add this to your kill file:
           comp.text.tex:!s</:^HELP

.TP  n or s or a (mandatory)
     Specify whether the corresponding string applies to the name n or to the
     subject s of an article. If flag a is used, the corresponding string is
     ignored (but must be present), and the entry applies to articles with a
     non-empty References: line.

.TP  / (optional)
     Specifies that the corresponding string is a regular expression which the
     sender or subject is matched against. If not specified, a simple string
     match is performed using the given string.

.TP  = (optional)
     Specifies that the match against the name or subject is case sensitive.
     Furthermore, when regular expression matching is not used, the name or
     subject must be of the same length of the string to match. Otherwise, the
     match will be case insensitive, and a string may occur anywhere in the
     name or subject to match.

.TP  | or & (mandatory if multiple strings)
     If more than one string is specified, the set of flags corresponding to
     each string must be separated by either an or operator `|' or an and
     operator `&'. The and operator has a higher precedence than the or
     operator, e.g. a complex match expression a|b&c|d will succeed if either
     of a, b&c, or d matches.

The string field in the entry is the name, subject or regular expression that
will be matched against the name or subject of each article in the group (or
all groups). Colons and backslashes must be escaped with a backslash in the
string.

Example 1: Auto-select articles from `Tom Collins' (exact) on subject `News'
in all groups:
      :+n=&s:Tom Collins:News
Example 2: Kill all articles which are neither from `Tom' or `Eve' in
some.group. Select only articles from Eve:
      some.group:~n:Tom
      some.group:+n:Eve
The second example can also be written as a single entry with an or operator
(in this case, the select/kill attribute only applies to the succeeding
strings):
      some.group:~n|+n:Tom:Eve

To remove expired entries, to "undo" a K command, and to make the more
advanced entries with more than one string, you will have to edit the kill
file manually. To recompile the file, you can use the :compile command. When
you invoke nn, it will also recompile the kill file if the compiled version is
out of date.

From: NN
Subject: SHELL ESCAPES

The ! commands available in selection and reading mode are identical in
operation (with one exception). When you enter the shell escape command, you
will be prompted for a shell command. This command will be fed to the shell
specified in the shell variable (default loaded from the SHELL environment
variable or /bin/sh) after the following substitutions have been performed on
the command:

.TP  File name expansion The earlier described file name expansions will be
     performed on all arguments.

.TP  $G will be substituted with the name of the current news group.

.TP  $L will be substituted with the last component of the name of the current
     news group.

.TP  $F will be substituted with the name of the current news group with the
     periods replaced by slashes.

.TP  $N will be substituted with the (local) article number (only defined in
     reading mode).

.TP  $A is replaced by the full path name of the file containing the current
     article (only defined in reading mode).

.TP  % Same as $A.

.TP  $(VAR) is replaced by the string value of the environment variable VAR.

When the shell command is completed, you will be asked to hit any key to
continue. If you hit the ! key again, you will be prompted for a new shell
command. Any other key will redraw the screen and return you to the mode you
came from.

Related variables: shell, shell-restrictions.

From: NN
Subject: MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS

Below are more useful commands which are available in both selection and
reading modes.

.TP  U {unsub} Unsubscribe to the current group. You will not see this group
     any more unless you explicitly request it. If the variable
     unsubscribe-mark-read is set, all articles in the group will be marked
     read when you unsubscribe.
           If the variable keep-unsubscribed is not set, the group will be
     removed from .newsrc. If you are not subscribing to the group, you will
     be given the possibility to resubscribe to the group! This may be used in
     connection with the G command to resubscribe a group.

.TP  C {cancel} Cancel (delete) an article in the current group or folder.
     Cancelling articles in a folder will cause the folder to be rewritten
     when it is closed. In selection mode, you will be prompted for the
     identifier of the article to cancel. Normal users can only cancel their
     own articles. See also the section on folder maintenance.

.TP  Y {overview} Provide an overview of the groups with unread articles.

.TP  " {layout} Change menu layout in selection mode. The menu will be redrawn
     using the next layout (cycling through ..., 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, ...)

Most of the commands in nn are bound to a key and can be activated by a single
keystroke. However, there are a few commands that cannot be bound to a key
directly.

As shown in the keystroke command descriptions, all commands have a name, and
it is possible to activate a command by name with the extended command key
(:). Hitting this key will prompt you for the name of a command (and
parameters). For example, an alternative to hitting the R key to reply to an
article is to enter the extended command :reply followed by return. The :post
and :unshar commands described earlier can also be bound to a key. The
complete list of commands which can be bound to keys is provided in the
section on Key Mappings below.

The following extended commands cannot be bound to a key, mainly because they
require additional parameters on the prompt line, or because it should not be
possible to activate them too easily.

.TP  :admin Enter administrative mode. This is identical in operation to the
     nnadmin(1M) program.

.TP  :bug Prepare and send a bug report to the nn-bugs mailing address.

.TP  :cd [ directory ] Change current working directory. If the directory
     argument is not provided, nn will prompt for it.

.TP  :clear Clear the screen (without redraw). This may be useful at the
     beginning of the init file (possibly guarded by "on program nn"), or in
     some macros.

.TP  :compile Recompile the kill file. This is not necessary under normal
     operation since nn automatically compiles the file on start-up if it has
     changed, but it can be used if you modify the kill file while nn is
     suspended.

.TP  :coredump Abort with a core dump. For debugging purposes only.

.TP  :define macro Define macro number macro as described in the Macro
     Definition section below. If macro is omitted, the next free macro number
     will be chosen.

.TP  :dump table Same as the :show command described below.

.TP  :help [ subject ] Provide online help on the specified subject. If you
     omit the subject, a list of the available topics will be given.

.TP  :load [ file ] Load the specified file. If the file argument is omitted,
     the init file is reloaded. The sequence part (if present) is ignored.

.TP  :local variable [ value ] Make the variable local to the current group.
     Subsequent changes to the variable will only be effective until the
     current group is left. If a value is specified, it will be assigned to
     the local variable. To assign a new value to a boolean variable, the
     values on and off must be used.

.TP  :lock variable Lock the specified variable so it cannot be modified.

.TP  :man Call up the online manual. The manual is presented as a normal
     folder with the program name in the `From' field and the section title in
     the `subject' field. All the normal commands related to a folder works
     for the online manual as well, e.g. you can save and print sections of
     the manual.

.TP  :map arguments This is the command used for binding commands to the keys.
     It is fully described in the Key Mapping section below.

.TP  :mkdir [ directory ] Create the directory (and the directories in its
     path). It will prompt for at directory name if the argument is omitted.

.TP  :motd Show the message of the day (maintained by the news administrator
     in the file "motd" in the lib directory. This file is automatically
     displayed on start-up whenever it changes if the motd variable is set.

.TP  :pwd Print path name of current working directory on message line.

.TP  :q Has no effect besides redrawing the screen if necessary. If an
     extended command (one which is prefixed by a :) produces any output
     requiring the screen to be redrawn, the screen will not be redrawn
     immediately if the variable delay-redraw is set (useful on slow
     terminals). Instead another : prompt is shown to allow you to enter a new
     extended command immediately. It is sufficient to hit return to redraw
     the screen, but it has been my experience that entering q return in this
     situation happens quite often, so it was made a no-op.

.TP  :q! Quit nn without updating the .newsrc file.

.TP  :Q Quit nn. This is equivalent to the normal Q command.

.TP  :rmail Open your mailbox (see the mail variable) as a folder to read the
     incoming messages. This is not a full mail interface (depending on the nn
     configuration, you may not be able to delete messages, add cc: on
     replies, etc), but it can give you a quick glance at new mail without
     leaving nn.

.TP  :set variable [ value ] Set a boolean variable to true or assign the
     value to a string or integer variable. The :set command is described in
     details in the section on VARIABLES.

.TP  :sh Suspend nn, or if that is not possible, spawn an interactive shell.

.TP  :show groups mode Show the total number or the number of unread articles
     in the current group, depending on mode: all (list the number of unread
     articles in all groups including groups which you have unsubscribed to),
     total (list the total number of articles in all existing groups),
     sequence (list unread groups in presentation sequence order), subscr
     (list all subscribed groups), unsub (list unsubscribed groups only). Any
     other mode results in a listing of the number of unread articles in all
     subscribed groups including those you have suppressed with the `!' symbol
     in the group presentation sequence. To get just the currently unread
     groups in the presentation sequence, use the `Y' {overview} command.

.TP  :show kill Show the kill entries that applies to the current group and to
     all groups.

.TP  :show rc [ group ] Show the .newsrc and select file entries for the
     current or the specified group.

.TP  :show map [ mode ] Show the key bindings in the current or specified
     mode.

.TP  :sort [ mode ] Reorder the articles on the menu according to mode or if
     omitted to the default sort-mode. The following sorting modes are
     available:
     arrival: list articles by local article number which will be the same as
     the order in which they arrived on the system (unless groups are merged),
     subject: articles with identical subjects are grouped and ordered after
     age of the oldest article in the group,
     lexical: subjects in lexicographical order,
     age: articles ordered after posting date only,
     sender: articles ordered after sender's name.

.TP  :toggle variable Toggle a boolean variable.

.TP  :unread [ group ] [ articles ] Mark the current (or specified) group as
     unread. If the articles argument is omitted, the number of unread
     articles in the group will be set to the number of unread articles when
     nn was invoked. Otherwise, the argument specifies the number of unread
     articles.

.TP  :unset variable Set a boolean variable to false or clear an integer
     variable.

.TP  :x Quit nn and mark all articles in the current group as read!

Related variables: backup, bug-report-address, delay-redraw,
keep-unsubscribed, unsubscribe-mark-read, mail, pager, sort-mode.

From: NN
Subject: CATCH UP

If you have not read news for some time, there are probably more news than you
can cope with. Using the option -a0 nn will put you into catch-up mode.

The first question you will get is whether to catch up interactively or
automatically. If you instruct nn to catch up automatically, it will simply
mark all articles in all groups as read, thus bringing you completely
up-to-date.

If you choose the interactive mode, nn will locate all groups with unread
articles, and for each group it will prompt you for an action to take on the
group. An action is selected using a single letter followed by return. The
following actions are available:

.TP  y Mark all articles as read in current group.

.TP  n Do not update group (this is the default action if you just hit
     return).

.TP  r Enter reading mode to read the group.

.TP  U Unsubscribe to the group.

.TP  ? Give a list of actions.

.TP  q Quit. When you quit, nn will ask whether the rest of the groups should
     be updated unconditionally or whether they should remain unread.

From: NN
Subject: VARIABLES AND OPTIONS

It is possible to control the behaviour of nn through the setting (and
unsetting) of the variables described below. There are several ways of setting
variables:
- Through command line options when nn is invoked.
- Through assignments on the command line when nn is invoked.
- Through global set commands in the init file.
- Through set or local commands executed from entry macros.
- Through the :set extended command when you run nn.

There are four types of variables:
- Boolean variables
- Integer variables
- String variables
- Key variables

Boolean variables control a specific function in nn, e.g. whether the current
time is shown in the prompt line. A boolean variable is set to true with the
command
      set variable and it is set to false with either of the following
(equivalent) commands:
      unset variable
      set novariable

You can also toggle the value of a boolean variable using the command:
      toggle variable

For example:
      set time
      unset time
      set notime
      toggle time

Integer variables control an amount e.g. the size of the preview window, or
the maximum number of articles to read in each group. They are set with the
following command:
      set variable value In some cases, not setting an integer value has a
special meaning, for example, not having a minimal preview window or reading
all articles in the groups no matter how many there are. The special meaning
can be re-established by the following command:
      unset variable For example:
      set window 7
      unset limit

String variables may specify directory names, default values for prompts, etc.
They are set using the command
      set variable string Normally, the string value assigned to the variable
value starts at the first non-blank character after the variable name and ends
with the last non-blank character (excluding comments) on the line. To include
leading or trailing blanks, or the comment start symbol, #, in the string they
must be escaped using a backslash `\', e.g. to set included-mark to the string
" # ", the following assignment can be used:
      set included-mark \\ \#\\ \ \ # blank-#-blank
To include a backslash in the string, it must be duplicated `\\'. A backslash
may also be used to include the following special characters in the string:
\a=alarm, \b=backspace, \e=escape, \f=form-feed, \n=new-line, \r=return,
\t=tab.

Key variables control the keys used to control special functions during user
input such as line editing and completion. They are set using the command
      set variable key-name

A variable can be locked which makes further modification of the variable
impossible:
      lock variable This can be used in the setup init file which is loaded
unconditionally to enforce local conventions or restrictions. For example, to
fix the included-mark variable to the string ">", the following commands can
be placed in the setup file:
      set included-mark >
      lock included-mark Some variables only make sense when set on the command
line, since they are examined early in startup, before the init files are
read. The syntax for setting variables on the command line is: variable=value
The value may need to be quoted if it contains white space or special
characters. They can be intermixed with other options, and are examined prior
to other argument parsing.

The current variable settings can be shown with the :set command:

.TP  :set (without arguments) This will give a listing of the variables which
     have been set in either the init file or interactively.

.TP  :set all This will give a listing of all variables. Modified variables
     will be marked with a `*' and local variables will be marked with a `>'.
     A locked variable is marked with a `!'.

.TP  :set /regexp This will give a listing of all variables whose name matches
     the given regular expression.

.TP  :set partial-name space The space (comp1-key) key will complete the
     variable name as usual, but as a side effect it will display the
     variable's current value in the message line.

Variables are global by default, but a local instantiation of the variable can
be created using the :local command. The local variable will overlay the
global variable as long as the current group is active, i.e. the global
variable will be used again when you exit the current group. The initial value
of the local variable will be the same as the global variable, unless a new
value is specified in the :local command:
      :local variable [ value ]

The following variables are available:

.TP  also-full-digest (boolean, default false) When a digest is split, the
     digest itself is not normally included on the menu, and as such the
     initial administrative information is not available. Setting
     also-full-digest will cause the (unsplit) digest to be included on the
     menu. These articles are marked with a @ at the beginning of the subject.

.TP  also-subgroups (boolean, default true) When set, a group name in the
     presentation sequence will also cause all the subgroups of the group to
     be included, for example, comp.unix will also include
     comp.unix.questions, etc. When also-subgroups is not set, subgroups are
     only included if the group name is followed by a `.' in which case the
     main group is not included, i.e. `comp.unix' is not included when
     `comp.unix.' is specified in the presentation sequence, and vice-versa.
     Following a group name by an asterisk `*', e.g. comp.unix*, will include
     the group as well as all subgroups independently of the setting of
     also-subgroups.

.TP  append-signature-mail (boolean, default false) When false, it is assumed
     that the .signature file is automatically appended to responses sent via
     E-mail. If true, .signature will be appended to the letter (see
     query-signature).

.TP  append-signature-post (boolean, default false) When false, it is assumed
     that the .signature file is automatically appended to posted articles. If
     true, .signature will explicitly be appended to posted articles (see
     query-signature).

.TP  attributes symbols (string, default ....) Each element in this string
     represents a symbol used to represent an article attribute when displayed
     on the screen. See the section on Marking Articles and Attributes.

.TP  auto-junk-seen (boolean, default true) When set, articles which have the
     seen attribute (,) will be marked read when the current group is left. If
     not set, these articles will still be either unread or marked seen the
     next time the group is entered (see also confirm-junk-seen and
     retain-seen-status).

.TP  auto-preview-mode (boolean, default false) Enables Auto Preview Mode. In
     this mode, selecting an article on the menu using its article id (letter
     a-z) will enter preview mode on that article immediately. Furthermore,
     the `n' {next-article} command will preview the next article on the menu
     only if it has the same subject as the current article; otherwise, it
     will return to the menu with the cursor placed on the next article. The
     continue command at the end of the article and the `=' {goto-menu}
     returns to the menu immediately as usual.

.TP  auto-read-mode-limit N (integer, default 0) When operating in auto
     reading mode, nn will auto-select all unread articles in the group, skip
     the article selection phase, and enter reading mode directly after entry
     to the group.
           Auto reading mode is disabled when auto-read-mode-limit is zero; it
     is activated unconditionally if the value is negative, and conditionally
     if the value is greater than zero and the number of unread articles in
     the current group does not exceed the given value.

.TP  auto-select-closed mode (integer, default 1) Normally, selecting a closed
     subject (usually in consolidated menu mode) will select (or deselect) all
     unread articles with the given subject (or all articles if they are all
     read). This behaviour can be changed via the value of this variable as
     follows: 0: select only the first article with the subject (shown on
     menu). 1: select only the unread articles with the subject. 2: select all
     available articles with the subject.

.TP  auto-select-rw (boolean, default false) If set, a subject of an article
     read or posted is automatically used for subsequent auto-selecting (if
     not already selected). This is the most efficient way to see your own
     posts automatically.

.TP  auto-select-subject (boolean, default false) When set, selecting an
     article from the menu using the article id (a-z), all articles on the
     menu with the same subject will automatically be selected as well.

.TP  backup (boolean, default true) When set, a copy of the initial .newsrc
     and select files will save be the first time they are changed. nn
     remembers the initial contents of these files internally, so the backup
     variable can be set any time if not set on start-up.

.TP  backup-folder-path file (string, default "BackupFolder~") When removing
     deleted articles from a folder, this variable defines the name of the
     file where a (temporary) copy of the original folder is saved. If the
     file name doesn't contain a `/', the file will be located in the .nn
     directory. Otherwise the file name is used directly as the relative or
     full path name of the backup file. If possible, the old folder will be
     renamed to the backup folder name; otherwise the old folder is copied to
     the backup folder.

.TP  backup-suffix suffix (string, default ".bak") The suffix appended to file
     names to make the corresponding backup file name (see backup).

.TP  bug-report-address address (string, default mtpins@nndev.org) The mail
     address to which bug reports created with the :bug command are sent.

.TP  case-fold-search (boolean, default true) When set, string and regular
     expression matching will be case independent. This is related to all
     commands matching on names or subjects, except in connection with
     auto-kill and auto-select where the individual kill file entries
     specifies this property.

.TP  charset charset (string, default "us-ascii") The character set in use on
     your terminal. Legal values are "us-ascii", "iso-8859-X", where X is a
     nonzero digit, and "unknown". Setting this variable also sets the
     data-bits variable to the default bit width of the character set (7 for
     "us-ascii" and "unknown", 8 for the "iso-8859-X" sets).
     The value of this variable also determines whether nn allows 8-bit
     characters in the body of articles being posted and letters being mailed
     (unless the value is "unknown", in which case this is determined by the
     value of the data-bits variable). If necessary, nn will add extra headers
     to the message indicating its the character set.

.TP  check-group-access (boolean, default false) When set, nn will perform a
     check on the readability of a group's readability before showing the menu
     for that group. Normally, this is not necessary since all users
     traditionally have access to all news groups. Setting (and locking) this
     variable may be used to limit access to a news group via the permissions
     and ownership of the group's spool directory (this will only work for
     non-NNTP sites).

.TP  collapse-subject offset (integer, default 25) When set (non-negative),
     subject lines which are too long to be presented in full on the menus
     will be "collapsed" by removing a sufficient number of characters from
     the subject starting at the given offset in the subject. This is useful
     in source groups where the "Part (01/10)" string sometimes disappears
     from the menu. When not set (or negative), the subjects are truncated.

.TP  columns col (integer, default screen width) This variable contains the
     screen width i.e. character positions per line.

.TP  comp1-key key (key, default space) The key which gives the first/next
     completion, and the default value when nn is prompting for a string, e.g.
     a file name.

.TP  comp2-key key (key, default tab) The key which ends the current
     completion and gives the first completion for the next component when nn
     is prompting for a string, e.g. a file name.

.TP  compress (boolean, default false) This variable controls whether text
     compression (see the compress command) is turned on or off when an
     article is shown. The compression is still toggled for the current
     article with the compress command key.

.TP  confirm-append (boolean, default false) When set, nn will ask for
     confirmation before appending an article to an existing file (see also
     confirm-create).

.TP  confirm-auto-quit (boolean, default false) When set, nn will ask for
     confirmation before quitting after having read the last group. If not
     confirmed, nn will recycle the presentation sequence looking for groups
     that were skipped with the `N' {next-group} command. But it will not look
     for new articles arrived since the invocation of nn.

.TP  confirm-create (boolean, default true) When set, nn will ask for
     confirmation before creating a new file or directory when saving or
     unpacking an article (see also confirm-append).

.TP  confirm-entry (boolean, default false) When set, nn will ask for
     confirmation before entering a group with more than confirm-entry-limit
     unread articles (on the first menu level). It is useful on slow terminals
     if you don't want to wait until nn has drawn the first menu to be able to
     skip the group.
           Answering no to the "Enter?" prompt will cause nn to skip to the
     next group without marking the current group as read. If you answer by
     hitting interrupt, nn will ask the question "Mark as read?" which allows
     you to mark the current group as read before going to the next group. If
     this second question is also answered by hitting interrupt, nn will quit
     immediately.

.TP  confirm-entry-limit articles (integer, default 0) Specifies the minimum
     number of unread articles in a group for which the confirm-entry
     functionality is activated.

.TP  confirm-junk-seen (boolean, default false) When set, nn will require
     confirmation before marking seen articles as read when auto-junk-seen is
     set.

.TP  confirm-messages (boolean, default false) In some cases, nn will sleep
     one second (or more) when it has shown a message to the user, e.g. in
     connection with macro debugging. Setting confirm-messages will cause nn
     to wait for you to confirm all messages by hitting any key. (It will show
     the symbol <> to indicate that it is awaiting confirmation.)

.TP  consolidated-manual (boolean, default false) When set, the online manual
     will be presented with one menu line for each program in the nn package.

.TP  consolidated-menu (boolean, default false) When set, nn will
     automatically close all multi-article subjects on entry to a group, so
     that each subject only occur once on the menu page.

.TP  counter-delim-left (string, default "[") The delimiter string output to
     the left of the article counter in a closed subject's menu line.

.TP  counter-delim-right (string, default "] ") The delimiter string output to
     the right of the article counter in a closed subject's menu line.

.TP  counter-padding pad (integer, default 5) On a consolidated menu, the
     subjects may not be very well aligned because the added [...] counters
     have varying length. To (partially) remedy this, all counters (and
     subjects without counters) are prefixed by up to pad spaces to get better
     alignment. Increasing it further may yield practically perfect alignment
     at the cost of less space for the subject itself.

.TP  cross-filter-seq (boolean, default true) When set, cross posted articles
     will be presented in the first possible group, i.e. according to the
     current presentation sequence (cross-post filtering on sequence). The
     article is automatically marked read in the other cross posted groups
     unless you unsubscribe to the first group in which it was shown before
     reading the other groups. Likewise, it is sufficient to leave the article
     unread in the first group to keep it for later handling.
           If not set, cross-postings are shown in the first group occurring on
     the Newsgroups: line which the user subscribes to (i.e. you let the
     poster decide which group is most appropriate to read his posting).

.TP  cross-post (boolean, default false) Normally, nn will only show
     cross-posted articles in the first subscribed group on the Newsgroups:
     line. When cross-post is set, nn will show cross-posted articles in all
     subscribed groups to which they are posted.

.TP  cross-post-limit N (integer, default 0) If this variable is set to a
     value other than 0, then any articles posted to more than N newsgroups
     are automatically skipped. A value of 5 is pretty good for discarding
     ``spam'' articles.

.TP  data-bits bits (integer, default 7) When set to 7, nn will display
     characters with the 8th bit set using a meta-notation M-7bit-char. If set
     to 8, these characters are sent directly to the screen (unless monitor is
     set). Setting the charset variable also sets this variable to the default
     bit width of character set.
     It also controls whether keyboard input is 7 or 8 bits, and thus whether
     key maps contain 127 or 255 entries. See the key mapping section for more
     details.
     If the charset has value "unknown", the value of data-bits also
     determines whether nn allows 8-bit characters in the body of articles
     being posted and letters being mailed (this is normally determined
     directly by the charset variable).

.TP  date (boolean, default true) If set nn will show the article posting date
     when articles are read.

.TP  debug mask (integer, default 0) Look in the source if you are going to
     use this.

.TP  decode-header-file file (string, default "Decode.Headers") The name of
     the file in which the header and initial text of articles decoded with
     the :decode command is saved. Unless the file name starts with a `/', the
     file will be created in the same directory as the decoded files. The
     information is not saved if this variable is not set.

.TP  decode-skip-prefix N (integer, default 2) When non-null, the :decode
     command will automatically skip up to N characters at the beginning of
     each line to find valid uuencoded data. This allows nn to automatically
     decode (multi-part) postings which are both uuencoded and packed with
     shar.

.TP  default-distribution distr (string, default "world") The distribution to
     use as the default suggestion when posting articles using the follow and
     post commands if the corresponding follow-distribution or
     post-distribution variable contains the default option.

.TP  default-kill-select [1]days (number, default 30) Specifies the default
     action for the K {kill-select} command if the first prompt is answered by
     return. It contains the number of days to keep the kill or select entry
     in the kill file (1-99 days). If it has the value days+100 (e.g. 130), it
     denotes that the default action is to select rather than kill on the
     subject for the specified period.

.TP  default-save-file file (string, default +$F) The default save file used
     when saving articles in news groups where no save file has been specified
     in the init file (either in a save-files section or in the presentation
     sequence). It can also be specified using the abbreviation "+" as the
     file name when prompted for a file name even in groups with their own
     save file.

.TP  delay-redraw (boolean, default false) Normally, nn will redraw the screen
     after extended commands (:cmd) that clear the screen. When delay-redraw
     is set nn will prompt for another extended command instead of redrawing
     the screen (hit return to redraw).

.TP  echo-prefix-key (boolean, default true) When true, hitting a prefix key
     (see the section on key mapping below) will cause the prefix key to be
     echoed in the message line to indicate that another key is expected.

.TP  edit-patch-command (boolean, default true) When true, the :patch command
     will show the current patch-command and give you a chance to edit it
     before applying it to the articles.

.TP  edit-print-command (boolean, default true) When true, the print command
     will show the current printer command and give you a chance to edit it
     before printing the articles. Otherwise the articles are just printed
     using the current printer command.

.TP  edit-response-check (boolean, default true) When editing a response to an
     article, it normally does not have any meaning to send the initial file
     prepared by nn unaltered, since it is either empty or only contains
     included material. When this variable is set, exiting the editor without
     having changed the file will automatically abort the response action
     without confirmation.

.TP  edit-unshar-command (boolean, default false) When true, the :unshar
     command will show the current unshar-command and give you a chance to
     edit it before applying it to the articles.

.TP  editor command (string, default not set) When set, it will override the
     current EDITOR environment variable when editing responses and new
     articles.

.TP  embedded-header-escape string (string, default '~') When saving an
     article to a file, header lines embedded in the body of the article are
     escaped using this string to make it possible for nn to split the folder
     correctly afterwards. Header lines are not escaped if this variable is
     not set.

.TP  enter-last-read-mode mode (integer, default 1) Normally, nn will remember
     which group is active when you quit, and offer to jump directly to this
     group when you start nn the next time. This variable is used to control
     this behaviour. The following mode values are recognized: 0: Ignore the
     remembered group (r.g.). 1: Enter r.g. if the group is unread (with user
     confirmation) 2: Enter r.g. or first unread group after it in the
     sequence (w/conf). 3: Enter r.g. if the group is unread (no confirmation)
     4: Enter r.g. or first unread group after it in the sequence (no conf).

.TP  entry-report-limit articles (integer, default 300) Normally, nn will just
     move the cursor to the upper left corner of the screen while it is
     reading articles from the database on entry to a group. For large groups
     this may take more than a fraction of a second, and nn can then report
     what it is doing. If it must read more articles than the number specified
     by this variable, nn will report which group and how many articles it is
     reading.

.TP  erase-key key (key, default tty erase key) The key which erases the last
     input character when nn is prompting for a string, e.g. a file name.

.TP  expert (boolean, default false) If set nn will use slightly shorter
     prompts (e.g. not tell you that ? will give you help), and be a bit less
     verbose in a few other cases (e.g. not remind you that posted articles
     are not available instantly).

.TP  expired-message-delay pause (integer, default 1) If a selected article is
     found to have been expired, nn will normally give a message about this
     and sleep for a number of seconds specified by this variable. Setting
     this variable to zero will still make nn give the message without
     sleeping afterwards. Setting it to -1 will cause the message not to be
     shown at all.

.TP  flow-control (boolean, default true) When set, nn will turn on xon/xoff
     flow-control before writing large amounts of text to the screen. This
     should guard against lossage of output, but in some network
     configurations it has had the opposite effect, losing several lines of
     the output. This variable is always true on systems with CBREAK
     capabilities which can do single character reads without disabling flow
     control.

.TP  flush-typeahead (boolean, default false) When true, nn will flush
     typeahead prior to reading commands from the keyboard. It will not flush
     typeahead while reading parameters for a command, e.g. file names etc.

.TP  folder directory (string, default ~/News) The full pathname of the folder
     directory which will replace the + in folder names. It will be
     initialized from the FOLDER environment variable if it is not set in the
     init file.

.TP  folder-format-check (boolean, default true) When saving an article with a
     full or partial header in an existing folder, nn will check the format of
     the folder to be able to append the article in the proper format. If this
     variable is not set, folders are assumed to be in the format specified
     via the mmdf-format and mail-format variables, and articles are saved in
     that format without checking. Otherwise, the *-format variables are only
     used to determine the format for new folders.

.TP  folder-save-file file (string, default not set) The default save file
     used when saving articles from a folder.

.TP  follow-distribution words (string, default see below) This variable
     controls how the Distribution: header is constructed for a follow-up to
     an original article. Its value is a list of words selected from the
     following list:
     [ [ always ] same ] [ ask ] [ default | distribution ]
     This is interpreted in two steps:
     - First the default distribution is determined. If same is specified and
     the original article has a Distribution: header, that header is used.
     Else if default is specified (or distribution is omitted), the value of
     default-distribution is used. And finally, if only a distribution (any
     word) is specified that is used as the default.
     - Then if ask is specified, the user will be asked to confirm the default
     distribution or provide another distribution. However, if always (and
     same) is specified, and the default was taken from the original article's
     distribution, the original distribution is used without confirmation.
     The default value of follow-distribution is always same default, i.e. use
     either the original distribution or the default-distribution without
     confirmation in either case.

.TP  from-line-parsing strictness (integer, default 2) Specifies how strict nn
     must parse a "From " line in a folder to recognize it as a mail format
     message separator line. The following strictness values determine whether
     a line starting with "From " will be recognized as a separator line:
           0: Always.
           1: Line must have at least 8 fields.
           2: Line must contain a valid date and time (ctime style).

.TP  fsort (boolean, default true) When set, folders are sorted alphabetically
     according to the subject (and age). Otherwise, the articles in a folder
     will be presented in the sequence in which they were saved.

.TP  guard-double-slash (boolean, default false) Normally, when entering a
     file name, entering two slashes `//' in a row (or following a slash by a
     plus `/+') will cause nn to erase the entire line and replace it with the
     `/' (or `+'). On some systems, two slashes are used in network file
     names, and on those systems guard-double-slash can be set; that will
     cause nn to require three slashes in a row to clear the input.

.TP  header-lines list (string, no default) When set, it determines the list
     of header fields that are shown when an article is read instead of the
     normal one line header showing the author and subject. See the full
     description in the section on Customized Article Headers below.

.TP  help-key key (key, default ?) The key which ends the current completion
     and gives a list of possible completions for the next component when nn
     is prompting for a string, e.g. a file name.

.TP  ignore-re (boolean, default false) If set, articles with subjects already
     seen in a previous invocation of nn or another newsreader - and not
     auto-selected - are automatically killed. A great way to read even less
     news!

.TP  ignore-xon-xoff (boolean, default false) Normally, nn will ignore ^S and
     ^Q in the input from the terminal (if they are not handled in the tty
     driver). Setting this variable will treat these characters as normal
     input.

.TP  include-art-id (boolean, default false) The first line in a response with
     included material normally reads "...somebody... writes:" without a
     reference to the specific article from which the quotation was taken
     (this is found in the References: line). When this variable is set, the
     line will also include the article id of the referenced article: "In
     ...article... ... writes:".

.TP  include-full-header (boolean, default false) When set, the mail (M)
     command will always include the full header of the original article. If
     it is not set, it only includes the header when the article is forwarded
     without being edited.

.TP  include-mark-blank-lines (boolean, default false) When set, the
     included-mark is placed on blank lines in included articles. Otherwise,
     blank lines are left blank (to make it easy to delete whole paragraphs
     with `d}' in vi and `C-@ M-] C-W' in emacs).

.TP  included-mark string (string, default ">") This string is prefixed to all
     lines in the original article that are included in a reply or a
     follow-up. (Now you have the possibility to change it, but please don't.
     Lines with a mixture of prefixes like
           : orig-> <> } ] #- etc.
     are very difficult to comprehend. Let's all use the standard folks! (And
     hack inews if it is the 50% rule that bothers you.)

.TP  inews shell-command (string, default "INEWS_PATH -h") The program which
     is invoked by nn to deliver an article to the news transport. The program
     will be given a complete article including a header containing the
     newsgroups to which the article is to be posted. See also
     inews-pipe-input. It is not used when cancelling an article!

.TP  inews-pipe-input (boolean, default true) When set, the article to be
     posted will be piped into the inews program. Otherwise, the file
     containing the article will be given as the first (and only) argument to
     the inews command.

.TP  initial-newsrc-file file (string, default '.defaultnewsrc') Defines the
     name of a file which is used as the initial .newsrc file for new users.
     The name may be a full path name, or as the default a file name which
     will be looked for in a number of places: in the standard news lib
     directory (where it can be shared with other news readers), in nn's lib
     directory, and in the database directory. Groups which are not present in
     the initial .newsrc file will be automatically unsubscribed provided
     new-group-action is set to a value allowing unsubscribed groups to be
     omitted from .newsrc.

.TP  keep-backup-folder (boolean, default false) When set, the backup folder
     (see backup-folder-path) created when removing deleted articles from a
     folder is not removed. Notice that a backup folder is not created if all
     articles are removed from a folder!

.TP  keep-unsubscribed (boolean, default true) When set, unsubscribed groups
     are kept in .newsrc. If not set, nn will automatically remove all
     unsubscribed from .newsrc if tidy-newsrc is set. See also
     unsubscribe-mark-read.

.TP  kill (boolean, default true) If set, nn performs automatic kill and
     selection based on the kill file.

.TP  kill-debug (boolean, default false) When set, nn will display a trace of
     the auto-kill/select process on entry to a group. It is automatically
     turned off if `q' is entered as the answer to a "hit any key" prompt
     during the debug output.

.TP  kill-key key (key, default tty kill key) The key which deletes the
     current line when nn is prompting for a string, e.g. a file name.

.TP  kill-reference-count N (integer, default 0) When this variable is
     non-zero, all articles which have N or more references on the References:
     line (corresponding to the number of >>'s on the menu line) will be
     auto-killed if they are not auto-selected (or preserved) via an entry in
     the kill file. It should probably not be used globally for all groups,
     but can be set on a per-group via the entry macros.

.TP  layout number (integer, default 1) Set the menu layout. The argument must
     be a number between 0 and 4.

.TP  limit max-articles (integer, default infinite) Limit the maximum number
     of articles presented in each group to max-articles. The default is to
     present all unread articles no matter how many there are. Setting this
     variable, only the most recent max-articles articles will be presented,
     but all the articles will still be marked as read. This is useful to get
     up-to-date quickly if you have not read news for a longer period.

.TP  lines lin (integer, default screen height) This variable contains the
     screen height i.e. number of lines.

.TP  long-menu (boolean, default false) If set nn will not put an empty line
     after the header line and an empty line before the prompt line; this
     gives you two extra menu lines.

.TP  macro-debug (boolean, default false) If set nn will trace the execution
     of all macros. Prior to the execution of each command or operation in a
     macro, it will show the name of the command or the input string or key
     stroke at the bottom of the screen.

.TP  mail file (string, default not set) file must be a full path name of a
     file. If defined, nn will check for arrival of new mail every minute or
     so by looking at the specified file.

.TP  mail-alias-expander program (string, default not set) When set, aliases
     used in mail responses may be expanded by the specified program. The
     program will be given the completed response in a file as its only
     argument, and the aliases should be expanded directly in this file (of
     course the program may use temporary files and other means to expand the
     aliases as long the the result is stored in the provided file).
     Notice: currently there are no alias expanders delivered with nn.
     Warning: Errors in the expansion process may lead to the response not
     being sent.

.TP  mail-format (boolean, default false) When set, nn will save articles in a
     format that is compatible with normal mail folders. Unless
     folder-format-check is false, it is only used to specify the format used
     when new folders are created. This variable is ignored if mmdf-format is
     set.

.TP  mail-header headers (string, default not set) The headers string
     specifies one or more extra header lines (separated by semi-colons `;')
     which are added to the header of mail sent from nn using the reply and
     mail commands. For example:
           set mail-header Reply-To: storm@texas.dk;Organization: TI - DK To
     include a semicolon `;' in a header, precede it by a backslash (which
     must be doubled because of the conventions for entering strings).

.TP  mail-record file (string, default not set) file must be a full path name
     of a file. If defined, all replies and mail will be saved in this file in
     standard mailbox format, i.e. you can use you favourite mailer (and nn)
     to look at the file.

.TP  mail-script file (string, default not set) When set, nn will use the
     specified file instead of the standard aux script when executing the
     reply and mail commands.

.TP  mailer shell-command (string, default REC_MAIL) The program which is
     invoked by nn to deliver a message to the mail transport. The program
     will be given a complete mail message including a header containing the
     recipient's address. See also mailer-pipe-input.

.TP  mailer-pipe-input (boolean, default true) When set, the message to be
     sent will be piped into the mailer program. Otherwise, the file
     containing the message will be given as the first (and only) argument to
     the mailer command.

.TP  marked-by-next-group N (integer, default 0) Specifies the amount of
     (unmarked) articles on the menu marked seen by the N {next-group} command
     in selection mode. See marked-by-read-skip for possible values of N.

.TP  marked-by-read-return N (integer, default 0) Specifies the amount of
     (unmarked) articles on the menu marked seen by the Z {read-return}
     command in selection mode. See marked-by-read-skip for possible values of
     N.

.TP  marked-by-read-skip N (integer, default 4) Specifies the amount of
     (unmarked) articles on the menu marked seen by the X {read-skip} command
     in selection mode. The following values of N are recognized:
           0: No articles are marked seen
           1: Current page is marked seen
           2: Previous pages are marked seen
           3: Previous and current pages are marked seen
           4: All pages are marked seen

.TP  mark-overlap (boolean, default false) When set, nn will draw a line
     (using the underline capabilities of the terminal if possible) to
     indicate the end of the overlap (see the overlap variable).

.TP  mark-overlap-shading (boolean, default false) When set, nn will shade
     overlapping lines (see the overlap variable) using the attributes defined
     by the shading-on and shading-off variables (of if not set, with the
     underline attribute). This is typically used to give overlapping lines a
     different colour on terminals which have this capability.

.TP  menu-spacing mode (integer, default 0) When mode is a non-zero number as
     described below, nn will add blank lines between the lines on the menu to
     increase readability at the cost of presenting fewer articles on each
     page. The following values of mode are recognized: 0: Don't add blank
     lines between menu lines. 1: Add a blank line between articles with
     different subjects. 2: Add a blank line between all articles.

.TP  merge-report-rate rate (integer, default 1) When nn is invoked with the
     -m option (directly or via nngrap), a status report of the merging
     process is displayed and updated on the screen every rate seconds. The
     report contains the time used so far and an estimate of the time needed
     to complete the merge.

.TP  message-history N (integer, default 15) Specifies the maximum number, N,
     of older messages which can be recalled with the ^P {message} command.

.TP  min-window size (integer, default 7) When the window variable is not set,
     nn will clear the screen to preview an article if there are less than
     size unused lines at the bottom of the menu screen.

.TP  mmdf-format (boolean, default false) When set, nn will save articles in
     MMDF format. Unless folder-format-check is false, it is only used to
     specify the format used when new folders are created.

.TP  monitor (boolean, default false) When set, nn will show all characters in
     the received messages using a "cat -v" like format. Otherwise, only the
     printable characters are shown (default).

.TP  motd (boolean, default true) When set, nn will display the message of the
     day on start-up if it has changed since it was last shown. The message is
     taken from the file "motd" in the lib directory. It can also be shown
     (again) using the :motd command.

.TP  multi-key-guard-time timeout (integer, default 2) When reading a
     multi-key sequence from the keyboard, nn will expect the characters
     constituting the multi-key to arrive "quickly" after each other. When a
     partial multi-key sequence is read, nn will wait (at least) timeout
     tenths of a second for each of the following characters to arrive to
     complete the multi-key sequence. If the multi-key sequence is not
     completed within this period, nn will read the partial multi-key sequence
     as individual characters instead. This way it is still possible to use
     for example the ESC key on a terminal with vt100 like arrow keys. When nn
     is used via an rlogin connection, you may have to increase the timeout to
     get reliable recognition of multi-keys.

.TP  new-group-action action (integer, default 3) This variable controls how
     new groups are treated by nn. It is an integer variable, and the
     following values can be used. Some of these actions (marked with an *)
     will only work when keep-unsubscribed is set, since the presence of a
     group in .newsrc is the only way to recognize it as an old group:
     0) Ignore groups which are not in .newsrc. This will obviously include
     new groups, and therefore you must explicitly add any new groups that you
     care about (by editing the .newsrc file, or using the G menu command and
     then subscribing to the group). When NNTP is being used, this setting
     prevents the active.times data from being read from the server; this can
     be helpful when using a slow link, since the data can often be hundreds
     of KBytes long.
     1*) Groups not in .newsrc are considered to be new, and are inserted at
     the beginning of the .newsrc file.
     2*) Groups not in .newsrc are considered to be new, and are appended to
     the end of the .newsrc file.
     3) New groups are recognized via a time-stamp saved in the file .nn/LAST
     and in the database, i.e. it is not dependent on the groups currently in
     .newsrc. The new groups are automatically appended to .newsrc with
     subscription. Old groups not present in .newsrc will be considered to be
     unsubscribed.
     4) As 3, but the user is asked to confirm that the new group should be
     appended to .newsrc. If rejected, the group will not be appended to
     .newsrc, and thus be regarded as unsubscribed.
     5) As 4, except that the information is stored in a format compatible
     with the rn news reader (.rnlast). This needs to be tested!

.TP  new-style-read-prompt (boolean, default true) When set, the reading mode
     prompt line includes the group name and the number of selected articles
     in the group.

.TP  news-header headers (string, default not set) The headers string
     specifies one or more extra header lines (separated by semi-colons `;')
     which are added to the header of articles posted from nn using the follow
     and post commands. See mail-header for an example.

.TP  news-record file (string, default not set) Save file for follow-ups and
     postings. Same rules and format as the mail-record variable.

.TP  news-script file (string, default not set) When set, nn will use the
     specified file instead of the standard aux script when executing the
     follow and post commands.

.TP  newsrc file (string, default "~/.newsrc") Specifies the file used by nn
     to register which groups and articles have been read. The default setting
     corresponds to the .newsrc file used by other news readers. Notice that
     nn release 6.4 onwards does allow individual articles to be marked
     unread, and some articles marked unread, and thus no longer messes up
     .newsrc for other news readers! Also see nntp-server.

.TP  nn-directory directory (string, default "~/.nn") It only makes sense to
     set this variable on the command line, e.g. "nn-directory=$HOME/.nn2"
     since it is looked at before the init file is read. It must be set to a
     full pathname. Usually set when using multiple servers; see newsrc above
     and nntp-server below.

.TP  nntp-cache-dir directory (string, default "~/.nn") When NNTP is used, nn
     needs to store articles temporarily on disk. This variable specifies
     which directory nn will use to hold these files. The default value may be
     changed during configuration. This variable can only be set in the init
     file.

.TP  nntp-cache-size size (integer, default 10, maximum 10) Specifies the
     number of temporary files in the nntp cache. The default and maximum
     values may be changed during configuration.

.TP  nntp-debug (boolean, default false) When set, a trace of the nntp related
     traffic is displayed in the message line on the screen.

.TP  nntp-server hostname or filename (string) It only makes sense to set this
     variable on the command line, e.g. "nntp-server=news.some.domain", since
     it is looked at before the init file, If you use multiple servers, you
     probably want to set the nn-directory and newsrc variables on the command
     line to alternate names as well, since some of the data files are server
     dependent.

.TP  old [max-articles] (integer, default not set) When old is set, nn will
     present (or scan) all (or the last max-articles) unread as well as read
     articles. While old is set, nn will never mark any unread articles as
     read.

.TP  old-packname (boolean, default false) When set, nn display names
     identically to nn-6.6.5 (and earlier). Only set this if you have a large
     number of entries in your killfile that no longer work due to the new
     behaviour. Note that in the long run, this option will go away, so it's
     best to update your killfile rather than set this.

.TP  orig-to-include-mask N (integer, default 3) When replying to an article,
     nn will include some of the header lines which may be used to construct a
     proper mail address for the poster of the original article. These
     addresses are placed on Orig-To: lines in the reply header and will
     automatically be removed before the letter is sent. This variable
     specifies which headers from the article are included; its value N is the
     sum of the following values:
           1: Reply-To:
           2: From:
           4: Path:

.TP  overlap lines (integer, default 2) Specifies the number of overlapping
     lines from one page to the next when paging through an article in reading
     mode. The last line from the previous page will be underlined if the
     terminal has that capability.

.TP  pager shell-command (string, default $PAGER) This is the pager used by
     the :admin command (and nnadmin) when it executes certain commands, e.g.
     grepping in the Log file.

.TP  patch-command shell-command (string, default "patch -p0") This is the
     command which is invoked by the :patch command.

.TP  post-distribution words (string, default see below) This variable
     controls how the Distribution: header is constructed when posting an
     original article. Its value is a list of words selected from the
     following list:
     [ ask ] [ default | distribution ]
     This is interpreted in two steps:
     - First the default distribution is determined. If default is specified
     (or distribution is omitted), the value of default-distribution is used.
     Otherwise, the specified distribution (any word) is used as the default.
     - Then if ask is specified, the user will be asked to confirm the default
     distribution or provide another distribution.
     The default value of post-distribution is ask default, i.e. use the
     default-distribution with confirmation from the user.

.TP  preview-continuation cond (integer, default 12) This variable determines
     on what terms the following article should be automatically shown when
     previewing an article, and the next-article command is used, or continue
     is used at the end of the article. The following values can be used:
     0 - never show the next article (return to the menu).
     1 - always show the next article (use 'q' to return to the menu).
     2 - show the next article if it has the same subject as the current
     article, else return to the menu.
     The value should be the sum of two values: one for the action after using
     continue on the last page of the article, and one for the action
     performed when the next-article command is used multiplied by 10.

.TP  preview-mark-read (boolean, default true) When set, previewing an article
     will mark the article as read.

.TP  previous-also-read (boolean, default true) When set, going back to the
     previously read group with P {previous} will include articles read in the
     current invocation of nn even if there are still unread articles in the
     group.

.TP  print-header-lines fields (string, default "FDGS") Specifies the list of
     header fields that are output when an article is printed via the :print
     command and print-header-type is 1 (short header). The fields
     specification is described in the section on Customized Article Headers
     below.

.TP  print-header-type N (integer, default 1) Specifies what kind of header is
     printed by the :print command, corresponding to the three save-*
     commands: 0 prints only the article body (no header), 1 prints a short
     header, and 2 prints the full article header.

.TP  printer shell-command (string, default is system dep.) This is the
     default value for the print command. It should include an option which
     prevents the spooler from echoing a job-id or similar to the terminal to
     avoid problems with screen handling (e.g. lp -s on System V).

.TP  query-signature (boolean, default ...) Will cause nn to require
     confirmation before appending the .signature file to out-going mail or
     news if the corresponding append-sig-... variable is set.

.TP  quick-count (boolean, default true) When set, calculating the total
     number of unread articles at start-up is done by simple subtracting the
     first unread article number from the total number of articles in each
     group. This is very fast, and fairly accurate but it may be a bit too
     large. If not set, each line in .newsrc will be interpreted to count
     every unread article, thus giving a very accurate number. This variable
     is also used by nncheck.

.TP  quick-save (boolean, default false) When set, nn will not prompt for a
     file name when an article is saved (unless it belongs to a folder).
     Instead it uses the save file specified for the current group in the init
     file or the default save file.

.TP  re-layout N (integer, default 0) Normally on the menu, nn will prefix the
     subject a number of `>'s corresponding to the number of references on the
     References: line. The re-layout variable may be set to use a different
     prefix on the subjects:
           0: One `>' per reference is shown (default).
           1: A single `>' is shown if the Subject contains Re:.
           2: The number of references is shown as `n>'
           3: A single Re: is shown.
           4: If any references use layout 0, else layout 1.

.TP  re-layout-read N (integer, default -1) When the header-lines variable is
     not set, or contains the "*" field specifier, a line similar to the menu
     line will be used as the header of the article in reading mode, including
     the sender's name and the article's subject. When this variable is
     negative, the subject on this header line will be prefixed according to
     the re-layout variable. Otherwise, it will define the format of the "Re:"
     prefix to be used instead of the re-layout used on the menu.

.TP  read-return-next-page (boolean, default false) When set, the Z
     {read-return} command will return to the next menu page rather than the
     current menu page.

.TP  record file (string, no default) Setting this pseudo variable will set
     both the mail-record and the news-record variables to the specified
     pathname.

.TP  repeat (boolean, default false) When set, nn will not eliminate
     duplicated subject lines on menus (I cannot imagine why anyone should
     want that, but....)

.TP  repeat-group-query (boolean, default false) When set, invoking nn with
     the -g option will always repeat the query for a group to enter until you
     quit explicitly. (Same as setting the -r option permanently).

.TP  report-cost (boolean, default true) This variable is ignored unless nn is
     running with accounting enabled (see nnacct). When set, nn will report
     the cost of the current session and the total on exit.

.TP  response-check-pause pause (integer, default 2) Specifies the number of
     seconds to wait after posting an article to see whether the action
     *might* have failed. Some commands run in the background and may thus not
     have completed during this period, so even when nn says "Article posted",
     it may still fail (in which case you are informed via mail).

.TP  response-default-answer action (string, default "send") The default
     action to be taken when hitting return to the "response action" prompt
     (abort, edit, send, view, write). If it is unset, no default action is
     defined.

.TP  retain-seen-status (boolean, default false) Normally, seen articles will
     just be unread the next time the group is entered (unless they were
     marked read by auto-junk-seen). If retain-seen-status is set, the seen
     attribute on the articles will survive to the next time the group is
     entered. (This is not recommended because it may result in very large
     select files).

.TP  retry-on-error times (integer, default 0) When set, nn will try the
     specified number of times to open an article before reporting that the
     article does not exist any more. This may be necessary in some network
     environments.

.TP  save-closed-mode mode (integer, default 13) When saving an article in
     selection mode (i.e. by selecting it from the menu), nn will simply save
     the specified article if the article's subject is open. When the selected
     menu entry is a closed subject, the save-closed-mode variable determines
     how many articles among the closed articles should be saved: 0: save root
     article (the one on the menu) only 1: save selected articles within
     subject 2: save unread (excl selected) articles within subject 3: save
     selected+unread articles within subject 4: save all articles within
     subject If `10' is added to the above values, nn will not save the
     selected subject immediately; instead it will ask which articles to save
     using the above value as the default answer.

.TP  save-counter format (string, default "%d") This is the printf-format
     which nn uses to create substitution string for the trailing * in save
     file names. You can set this to more complex formats if you like, but be
     sure that it will produce different strings for different numbers. An
     alternative format which seems to be popular is ".%02d" .

.TP  save-counter-offset N (integer, default 0) Normally, file names created
     with the part.* form will substitute the * with successive numbers
     starting from one. Setting this variable will cause these numbers to
     start from N+1.

.TP  save-header-lines fields (string, default "FDNS") Specifies the list of
     header fields that are saved when an article is saved via the O
     {save-short} command. The fields specification is described in the
     section on Customized Article Headers below.

.TP  save-report (boolean, default true) When set, a message reporting the
     number of lines written is shown after saving an article. Since messages
     are shown for a few seconds, this may slow down the saving of many
     articles (e.g. using the S* command).

.TP  scroll-clear-page (boolean, default true) Determines whether nn clears
     the screen before showing each new page of an article.

.TP  scroll-last-lines N (integer, default 0) Normally, nn will show each new
     page of an article from the top of the screen (with proper marking of the
     overlap). When this variable is set to a negative value, nn will scroll
     the text of the new pages from the bottom of the screen instead. If it is
     set to a positive value, nn will show pages from the top as usual, but
     switch to scrolling when there are less than the specified number of
     lines left in the article.

.TP  select-leave-next (boolean, default false) When set, you will be asked
     whether to select articles with the leave-next attribute on entry to a
     group with left over articles.

.TP  select-on-sender (boolean, default false) Specifies whether the find (=)
     command in article selection mode will match on the subject or the
     sender.

.TP  shading-on code... (control string, default not set) Specifies the escape
     code to be sent to the terminal to cause "shading" of the following
     output to the screen. This is used if the mark-overlap-shading is set,
     and by the `+' attribute in the header-lines variable.

.TP  shading-off code... (control string, default not set) Specifies the
     escape code to be sent to the terminal to turn off the shading defined by
     shading-on. Shading will typically be done by changing the foreground
     colour to change, e.g.
           on term ti924-colour
           set shading-on ^[ [ 3 2 m
           set shading-off ^[ [ 3 7 m
           set mark-overlap-shading
           unset mark-overlap
           end

.TP  shell program (string, default $SHELL) The shell program used to execute
     shell escapes.

.TP  shell-restrictions (boolean, default false) When set (in the init file),
     nn will not allow the user to invoke the shell in any way, including
     saving on pipes. It also prevents the user from changing certain
     variables containing commands.

.TP  show-purpose-mode N (integer, default 1) Normally, nn will show the
     purpose of a group the first time it is read, provided a purpose is
     known. Setting this variable, this behaviour can be changed as follows:
           0: Never show the purpose.
           1: Show the purpose for new groups only.
           2: Show the purpose for all groups. When NNTP is being used, a
     setting of 0 prevents the newsgroups purpose data from being read from
     the server; this can be helpful when using a slow link, since the data
     can often be hundreds of KBytes long.

.TP  sign-type (string, default pgp) What program nn will use to sign messages
     via the Sign command. Only pgp and gpg are currently valid.

.TP  silent (boolean, default false) When set, nn won't print the logo or "No
     News" if there are no unread articles. Only useful to set in the init
     file or with the -Q option.

.TP  slow-mode (boolean, default false) When set, nn will cut down on the
     screen output to give better response time at low speed. Normally, nn
     will use standout mode (if possible) to mark selected articles on the
     menu, but when slow-mode is set, nn will just put an asterisk `*' next to
     the article identifier on selected articles. Also when slow-mode is set
     nn will avoid redrawing the screen in the following cases: After a
     goto-group command an empty menu is shown (hit space to make it appear),
     and after responding to an article, only the prompt line is shown (use ^L
     to redraw the screen). To avoid redrawing the screen after an extended
     command, set the delay-redraw variable as well.

.TP  slow-speed speed (integer, default 1200) If the terminal is running at
     this baud rate or lower, the on slow (see the section on init files)
     condition will be true, and the on fast will be false (and vice-versa).

.TP  sort (boolean, default true) When set, nn will sort articles according to
     the current sort-mode on entry to a group. Otherwise, articles will be
     presented in order of arrival. If not set on entry to a menu for merged
     groups, the articles from each group will be kept together on the menu.
     If sort is unset while merged groups are presented on the menu, the
     articles will be reordered by local article number (which may not keep
     articles from the same group together).

.TP  sort-mode mode (integer, default 1) The default sort algorithm used to
     sort the articles on entry to a news group. It is a numeric value
     corresponding to one of the sorting methods described in connection with
     the :sort command:
           0 - arrival (ordered by article number)
           1 - subject (subjects ordered after age of first article)
           2 - lexical (subjects in lexicographical order)
           3 - age (articles ordered after posting date only)
           4 - sender (articles ordered after sender's name)

.TP  spell-checker shell-command (string, default not set) When set, responses
     can be checked for spelling mistakes via the (i)spell action. The command
     to perform the spelling is given the file containing the full article
     including header as its only argument. If the spell checker can fix
     spelling mistakes, it must apply the changes directly to this file.

.TP  split (boolean, default true) When set, digests will automatically and
     silently be split into sub-articles which are then handled transparently
     as normal articles. Otherwise, digests are presented as one article
     (which you can split on demand with the G command).

.TP  stop lines (integer, default not set) When stop is set, nn will only show
     the first lines lines of the of each article before prompting you to
     continue. This is useful on slow terminals and modem lines to be able to
     see the first few lines of longer articles (and skipping the rest with
     the n command).

.TP  subject-match-limit length (integer, default 256) Subjects will be
     considered identical if their first length characters match. Setting this
     uncritically to a low value may cause unexpected results!

.TP  subject-match-offset offset (integer, default 0) When set to a positive
     number, that many characters at the beginning of the subject will be
     ignored when comparing subjects for ordering and equality purposes.

.TP  subject-match-parts (boolean, default false) When set, two subjects will
     be considered equal if they are identical up to the first (differing)
     digit. Together with the subject-match-offset variable, this can be used
     in source groups where the subject often has a format like:
           vXXXXXX: Name of the package (Part 01/04)
     Setting subject-match-offset to 8 and subject-match-parts to true will
     make nn consider all four parts of the package having the same subject
     (and thus be selectable with `*').
     Notice that changing the subject-match-... variables manually will not
     have an immediate effect. To reorder the menu, an explicit :sort command
     must be performed. These variables are mainly intended to be set using
     the :local command in on entry macros for source and binary groups (entry
     macros are evaluated before the menu is collected and sorted).

.TP  subject-match-minimum characters (integer, default 4) When set to a
     positive number, that many characters at the beginning of the subject
     must match before the subject-match-parts option comes into affect. This
     is important, because the part matching causes the rest of the line to be
     ignored after the first digit pair is discovered. This begins after any
     subject-match-offset has been applied.

.TP  suggest-default-save (boolean, default true) When set, nn will present
     the default-save-file when prompting for a save file name in a group
     without a specific save file, or folder-save-file when saving from a
     folder. When not set, no file name is presented, and to use the default
     save file, a single + must be specified.

.TP  tidy-newsrc (boolean, default false) When set, nn will automatically
     remove lines from .newsrc which represent groups not found in the active
     file or unsubscribed groups if keep-unsubscribed is not set.

.TP  time (boolean, default true) When set, nn will show the current time in
     the prompt line. This is useful on systems without a sysline (1) utility.

.TP  trace-folder-packing (boolean, default true) When set, a trace of the
     retained and deleted messages is printed when a folder is rewritten.

.TP  trusted-escape-codes codes (string, default none) When set to a list of
     one or more characters, nn will trust and output escape characters in an
     article if it is followed by one of the characters in the list. For
     example, to switch to or from kanji mode, control codes like "esc\ $" and
     "esc\ (\ J" may be present in the text. To allow these codes, use the
     following command:
           set trusted-escape-codes ($
     You can also set it to all to pass all escape codes through to the
     screen. Notice that nn thinks all characters (including esc) output to
     the screen as occupy one column.

.TP  unshar-command shell-command (string, default "/bin/sh") This is the
     command which is invoked by the unshar command.

.TP  unshar-header-file file (string, default "Unshar.Headers") The name of
     the file in which the header and initial text of articles unpacked with
     the :unshar command is saved. Unless the file name starts with a `/', the
     file will be created in the same directory as the unpacked files. The
     information is not saved if this variable is not set. Setting it to
     "Unshar.Result" will cause the headers and the results from the unpacking
     process to be merged in a meaningful way (unless mmdf-format is set).

.TP  unsubscribe-mark-read (boolean, default true) When set, unsubscribing to
     a group will automatically mark all current articles read; this is
     recommended to keep the size of .newsrc down. Otherwise, unread articles
     in the unsubscribe groups are kept in .newsrc. If keep-unsubscribed is
     false, this variable has no effect.

.TP  update-frequency (integer, default 1) Specifies how many changes need to
     be done to the .newsrc or select files before they are written back to
     disk. The default setting causes .newsrc to be updated every time a group
     has been read.

.TP  use-editor-line (boolean, default true) Most editors accept arguments of
     the form:
           editor [-arguments] +n filename where editor is the name of the
     editor, and n is the line number to put the cursor upon entering the
     file. If use-editor-line is false, it will not add the "+n" to the
     arguments.

.TP  use-path-in-from (boolean, default false) When mail-format is set, saved
     articles will be preceded by a specially formatted "From\ " line:
           From origin date Normally, the origin will be the name of the news
     group where the article appeared, but if use-path-in-from is set, the
     contents of the "Path:" header will be used as the origin.

.TP  use-selections (boolean, default true) When set, nn uses the selections
     and other article attributes saved last time nn was used. If not set, nn
     ignores the select file.

.TP  visible-bell (boolean, default true) When set, nn will flash the screen
     instead of "ringing the bell" if the visible bell (flash) capability is
     defined in the termcap/terminfo database.

.TP  window size (integer, default not set) When set, nn will reserve the last
     size lines of the menu screen for a preview window. If not set, nn will
     clear the screen to preview an article if there are less than min-window
     lines at the bottom of the screen. As a side effect, it can also be used
     to reduce the size of the menus, which may be useful on slow terminals.

.TP  word-key key (key, default ^W) The key which erases the last input
     component or word when nn is prompting for a string, e.g. the last name
     in a path name.

.TP  wrap-header-margin size (integer, default 6) When set (non-negative), the
     customized header fields specified in header-lines will be split across
     several lines if they don't fit on one line. When size is greater than
     zero, lines will be split at the first space occurring in the last size
     columns of the line. If not set (or negative), long header lines will be
     truncated if they don't fit on a single line.

From: NN
Subject: CUSTOMIZED ARTICLE HEADER PRESENTATION

Normally, nn will just print a (high-lighted) single line header containing
the author, subject, and date (optional) of the article when it is read.

By setting the header-lines variable as described below, it is possible to get
a more informative multi line header with optional high-lighting and
underlining.

The header-lines variable is set to a list of header line identifiers, and the
customized headers will then contain exactly these header lines in the
specified order.

The same specifications are also used by the :print and save-short commands
via the print-header-lines and save-header-lines variables.

The following header line identifiers are recognized in the header-lines,
print-header-lines, and save-header-lines variables:

A    Approved:
    a    Spool-File:(path of spool file containing the article)
    B    Distribution:
    C    Control:
    D    Date:
    d    Date-Received:
    F    From:
    f    Sender:
    G    Newsgroup:(current group)
    g    Newsgroup:(current group if cross-posted or merged)
    I    Message-Id:
    K    Keywords:
    L    Lines:
    N    Newsgroups:
    n    Newsgroups:   (but only if cross posted)
    O    Organization:
    P    Path:
    R    Reply-To:
    S    Subject:
    v    Save-File:(the default save file for this article)
    W    Followup-To:
    X    References:
    x    Back-References:
    Y    Summary:

The 'G' and 'g' fields will include the local article number if it is known,
e.g.
      Newsgroup: news.software.nn/754

The following special symbols are recognized in the header-lines variable (and
ignored otherwise):

Preceding the identifier with an equal sign "=" or an underscore "_" will
cause the header field contents to be high-lighted or underlined.

A plus sign "+" will use the shading attribute defined by shading-on and
shading-off to high-light the field contents. If no shading attribute is
defined it will underline the field instead.

Including an asterisk "*" in the list will produce the standard one line
header at that point.

Example: The following setting of the header-lines variable will show the
author (underlined), organization, posting date, and subject (high-lighted)
when articles are read:
      set header-lines _FOD=S

From: NN
Subject: COMMAND LINE OPTIONS

Some of the command line options have already been described, but below we
provide a complete list of the effect of each option by showing the equivalent
set, unset, or toggle command.

Besides the options described below, you can set any of nn's variables
directly on the command line via an argument of the following format:
      variable=value
To set or unset a boolean variable, the value can be specified as on or off (t
and f will also work).

Notice that the init files are read before the options are parsed (unless you
use the -I option). Therefore, the options which are related to boolean
variables set in the init file will toggle the value set there, rather than
the default value. Consequently, the meaning of the options are also
user-defined.

The explanations below describe the effect related to the default setting of
the variables, with the `reverse' effect in square brackets.

.TP  -aN {set limit N} Limit the maximum number of articles presented in each
     group to N. This is useful to get up-to-date quickly if you have not read
     news for a longer period.

.TP  -a0 Mark all unread articles as read. See the full explanation at the
     beginning of this manual.

.TP  -B {toggle backup} Do not [do] backup the rc file.

.TP  -d {toggle split} Do not [do] split digests into separate articles.

.TP  -f {toggle fsort} Do not [do] sort folders according to the subject
     (present the articles in a folder in the sequence in which they were
     saved).

.TP  -g Prompt for the name of a news group or folder to be entered

.TP  -i {toggle case-fold-search} Normally searches with -n and -s are case
     independent. Using this option, the case becomes significant.

.TP  -I Do not read the init file. This must be the first option!! The global
     setup file is still read.

.TP  -Ifile-list Specifies an alternate list of init files to be loaded
     instead of the standard global and private init files. The list is a
     comma-separated list of file names. Names which does not contain a `/'
     are looked for in the ~/.nn directory. An empty element in the list is
     interpreted as the global init file. The list of init files must not be
     separated from the -I option by blanks, and it must be the first option.
     Example: The default behaviour corresponds to using -I,init (first the
     global file, then the file ~/.nn/init). The global setup file is still
     read as the first init file independently of the -I option used.

.TP  -k {toggle kill} Do not [do] perform automatic kill and selection of
     articles.

.TP  -lN {set stop N} Stop after printing the first N lines of each article.
     This is useful on slow terminals.

.TP  -L[f] {set layout f} Select alternative menu layout f (0 to 4). If f is
     omitted, menu layout 3 is selected.

.TP  -m {no corresponding variable} Merge all articles into one `meta group'
     instead of showing them one group at a time. When -m is used, no articles
     will be marked as read.

.TP  -nWORD Collect only articles which contain the string WORD in the
     sender's name (case is ignored). If WORD starts with a slash `/', the
     rest of the argument is used as a regular expression instead of a fixed
     string.

.TP  -N {no corresponding variable} Disable updating of the rc file. This
     includes not recording that groups have been read or unsubscribed to
     (although nn will think so until you quit).

.TP  -q {toggle sort} Do not [do] sort the articles (q means quick, but it
     isn't any quicker in practice!)

.TP  -Q {toggle silent} Quiet mode - don't [do] print the logo or "No News"
     messages.

.TP  -r {toggle repeat-group-query} Make -g repeat query for a group to enter.

.TP  -sWORD Collect only articles which contain the string WORD in their
     subject (case is ignored). If WORD starts with a slash `/', the rest of
     the argument is used as a regular expression instead of a fixed string.

.TP  -S {toggle repeat} Do not [do] eliminate duplicated subject lines on
     menus.

.TP  -T {toggle time} Do not [do] show the current time in the prompt line.

.TP  -w[N] {set window N} Reserve N lines of the menu screen for a preview
     window. If N is omitted, the preview window is set to 5 lines.

.TP  -W {toggle confirm-messages} [Don't] Wait for confirmation on all
     messages.

.TP  -x[N] {set old N} Present (or scan) all (or the last N) unread as well as
     read articles. This will never mark unread articles as read.

.TP  -X {no corresponding variable} Read/scan unsubscribed groups also. Most
     useful when looking for a specific subject in all groups, e.g.
           nn -mxX -sSubject all

From: NN
Subject: MACRO DEFINITIONS

Practically any combination of commands and key strokes can be defined as a
macro which can be bound to a single key in menu and/or reading mode.

The macro definition must specify a sequence of commands and key strokes as if
they were typed directly from the keyboard. For example, a string specifying a
file name must follow a save command. This manual does not give a complete
specification of all the input required by the various commands; it is
recommended to execute the desired command sequence from the keyboard prior to
defining the macro to get the exact requirements of each command.

Although it is possible to define temporary macros interactively using the
:define command, macro definitions are normally placed in the init file.
Macros are numbered from 0 to 100, i.e. it is possible to define a total of
101 different macros (implicit macros defined with the map command uses
internal numbers from 101 to 200).

To define macro number M, the following construction is used (the line breaks
are mandatory):
      define M
      body
      end

The body consists of a sequence of tokens separated by white space (blanks or
newlines). However, certain tokens continue to the end of the current line.

The following tokens may occur in the macro body:

.TP  Comments Empty lines and text following a # character (preceded by white
     space) is ignored.

.TP  Command Names Any command name listed in the key mapping section can be
     included in a macro causing that command to be invoked when the macro is
     executed.

.TP  Extended Commands All the extended commands which can be executed through
     the command command (normally bound to the : key) can also be executed in
     a macro. An extended command starts with a colon (:) and continues to the
     end of the current line. Example:
           :show groups total

.TP  Key Strokes A key stroke (which is normally mapped into a command
     depending on the current mode) is specified as a key name enclosed in
     single quotes. Examples (A-key, left arrow key, RETURN key):
           'A' 'left' '^M'

.TP  Shell Commands External commands can be invoked as part of a macro
     execution. There are two forms of shell command invocations available
     depending on whether a command may produce output or require user input,
     or it is guaranteed to complete without input or output to the terminal.
     The difference is that in the latter case, nn does not prepare the
     terminal to be used by another program. When the command completes, the
     screen is not redrawn automatically; you should use the redraw command to
     do that. The tho forms are:
           :!echo this command uses the terminal
           :!!echo this command does not > /tmp/file

.TP  Strings Input to commands prompting for a string, e.g. a file name, can
     be specified in a macro as a double quoted string. Example (save without
     prompting for a file name):
           save-short "+$G"

.TP  Conditionals Conditionals may occur anywhere in a macro; a conditional is
     evaluated when the macro is executed, and if the condition is false the
     rest of the current line is ignored. The following conditionals are
     available:
           ?menu True in menu mode
           ?show True in reading mode
           ?folder True when looking at a folder
           ?group True when looking at a news group
           ?yes Query user, true if answer is yes
           ?no Query user, true if answer is no Example (stop macro execution
     if user rejects to continue):
           prompt "continue? " ?no break
     In addition to these conditionals, it is possible to test the current
     value of boolean and integer variables using the following form:
           ?variable=value This conditional will be true (1) if the variable is
     an integer variable whose current value is the one specified, or (2) if
     the variable is a boolean variable which is either on or off. Examples:
           ?layout=3 :set layout 1
           ?monitor=on break
           ?sort=off :sort age

.TP  break Terminate macro execution completely. This includes nested macros.
     Example (stop if looking at a folder):
           ?folder break

.TP  return Terminate execution of current macro. If the current macro is
     called from another macro, execution of that macro continues immediately.

.TP  input Query the user for a key stroke or a string, for example a file
     name. Example (prompt the user for a file name in the usual way):
           save-short input

.TP  yes Confirm unconditionally if a command requires confirmation. It is
     ignored if the command does not require confirmation. Example (confirm
     creation of new files):
           save-short "+$G" yes

.TP  no Terminate execution of current macro if a command requires
     confirmation; otherwise ignore it. If neither yes nor no is specified
     when a command requires confirmation, the user must answer the question
     as usual - if the user confirms the action execution continues normally;
     otherwise the execution of the current macro is terminated. Example (do
     not create new files):
           save-short "+$L/misc" no

.TP  prompt string Print the string in the prompt line (highlighted). The
     string must be enclosed in double quotes. Example:
           prompt "Enter recipient name" When the macro terminates, the
     original prompt shown on entry to the macro will automatically be
     redrawn. If this is not desirable (e.g. if the macro goes from selection
     to reading mode), the redrawing of the prompt can be disabled by using a
     prompt command with an empty string (""). Example:
           prompt "Enter reading mode?" # old prompt is saved
           ?no return # and old prompt is restored
           read-skip # changes the prompt
           prompt "" # so forget old prompt

.TP  echo string Display the string in the prompt line for a short period.
     Example:
           ?show echo "Cannot be used in reading mode" break

.TP  puts string-to-end-of-line The rest of the line is output directly to the
     terminal without interpretation.

.TP  macro M Invoke macro number M. The maximum macro nesting level is five
     (also catches macro loops).

I use the following macro to quickly save all the selected files in a file
whose name is entered as usual. It also works in reading mode (saving just the
current article).
      define 1
      :unset save-report
      save-short input yes
      ?menu '+'
      :set save-report
      end

From: NN
Subject: KEY MAPPINGS

The descriptions of the keys and commands provided in this manual reflects the
default key mappings in nn. However, you can easily change these mappings to
match your personal demands, and it is also possible to remap keys depending
on the terminal in use. Permanent remapping of keys must be done through the
init file, while temporary changes (for the duration of the current invocation
of nn) can be made with the :map command.

The binding and mapping of keys are controlled by four tables:

.TP  The multikey definition table This table is used for mapping
     multicharacter key sequences into single characters. By default the table
     contains the mappings for the four cursor keys, and there is room for 10
     user-defined multikeys. The fourteen multikeys are named: up, down, right,
     left (the four arrow keys), and #0 through #9 for the user-defined keys.
     Multikey #i (where i is a digit or an arrow key name) is defined using
     the following command:
           map #i key-sequence
     where the sequence is a list of 7-bit character names (see below)
     separated by spaces. For example, if the HOME key sends the sequence ESC
     [ H, you can define multikey #0 to be the home key using the command:
           map #0 ^[ [ H

.TP  The input key mapping table All characters that are read from the
     keyboard will be mapped through the input mapping table. Consequently,
     you can globally remap one key to produce any other key value. By default
     all keys are mapped into themselves.
     An entry in the input key mapping table to map input-key into new-key is
     made with the command
           map key input-key new-key
     For example, to make your ESC key function as interrupt you can use the
     command
           map key ^[ ^G

.TP  The selection mode key binding table This table defines for each key
     which command should be invoked when that key is pressed in selection
     mode, i.e. when the article menu is shown. The command to bind a key to a
     command in selection mode is:
           map menu key command
     For example, to have the HOME key defined as multikey #0 above bound to
     the select command, the following command is used:
           map menu #0 select
     To remap a key to select a specific article on the menu (which the `a'
     through `z' keys do by default), the command must be specified as
     `article N' where N is the entry number on the menu counted from zero
     (i.e. a=0, b=1, ..., z=25, 0=26, ..., 9=35). For example, to map `J' to
     select article `j', the following command is used:
           map menu J article 9

.TP  The reading mode key binding table This table defines for each key which
     command should be invoked when that key is pressed in reading mode, i.e.
     when the article text is shown. The command to bind a key to a command in
     reading mode is:
           map show key command

In addition to the direct mappings described above, the following variations
of the map command are available:

.TP  User defined keymaps Additional keymaps can be defined using the command
           make map newmap
     This will create a new keymap which can initialized using normal map
     commands, e.g.
           map newmap key command
     To activate a user-defined keymap, it must be bound to a prefix key:
           map base-map prefix-key prefix newmap
     When used, the prefix key itself does not activate a command, but instead
     it require another key to be entered and then execute the command bound
     to that key in the keymap which is bound to the prefix key.
           For example, to let the key sequence "^X i" execute macro number 10
     in both modes, the following commands can be used:
           make map ctl-x
           map ctl-x i macro 10
           map both ^X prefix ctl-x

.TP  Mapping keys in both modes Using the pseudo-keymap `both', it is possible
     to map a key to a command in both selection and reading mode at once. For
     example, to map the home key to macro number 5 in both modes, the
     following command can be used:
           map both #0 macro 5

.TP  Aliasing A key can also be mapped directly to the command currently bound
     to another key. Later remapping of the other key will not change the
     mapping of the `aliased' key. This is done using the following command:
           map keymap new-key as old-key

.TP  Binding macros to keys A previously defined macro can be bound to a key
     using the command:
           map keymap key macro macro-number

.TP  Implicit macro definitions An implicit macro can also be defined directly
     in connection with the map command:
           map keymap key (
           body...
           )

Keys and character names are specified using the following notation:

.TP  C A single printable character represents the key or character itself.

.TP  ^C This notation represents a control key or character. DEL is written as
     ^?

.TP  125, 0175, 0x7D Characters and keys can be specified by their ordinal
     value in decimal, octal, and hexadecimal notation.

.TP  up, down, right, left These names represent the cursor keys.

.TP  #0 through #9 These symbols represent the ten user-defined multikeys.

If the variable data-bits is 7, key maps can specify binding of all keys in
the range 0x00 to 0x7F, and the 8th bit will be stripped in all keyboard
input. If the variable data-bits is 8, the 8th bit is not cleared, and key
maps are extended to allow binding of keys in the range 0xA0 to 0xFE
(corresponding to the national characters defined by the ISO 8859 character
sets). Binding commands to these keys can be done either by using their
numeric value, or directly specifying the 8 bit character in the map command,
e.g.
      map menu 0xC8 macro 72
      map key \o'\(aae' %

To show the current contents of the four tables, the following versions of the
:map command are available:

.TP  :map Show the current mode's key bindings.

.TP  :map menu Show the selection mode key bindings.

.TP  :map show Show the reading mode key bindings.

.TP  :map # Show the multikey definition table.

.TP  :map key Show the input key mapping table.

From: NN
Subject: STANDARD KEY BINDINGS

Below is a list of all the commands that can be bound to keys, either in
selection mode, in reading mode, or both. For each command the default command
key bindings in both modes are shown. If the key is not bound in one of the
modes, but it can be bound, the corresponding part will just be empty. If the
command cannot be bound in one of the modes, that mode will contain the word
nix.

Function              Selection mode  Reading mode
    advance-article       nix             a
    advance-group         A               A
    article N             a-z0-9          nix
    back-article          nix             b
    back-group            B               B
    cancel                C               C
    command               :               :
    compress              nix             c
    continue              space           space
    continue-no-mark      return          nix
    decode
    find                  =               /
    find-next             nix             .
    follow                F               fF
    full-digest           nix             H
    goto-group            G               G
    goto-menu             nix             = Z
    help                  ?               ?
    junk-articles         J               nix
    kill-select           K               K
    layout                "               nix
    leave-article         nix             l
    leave-next            L               L
    line+1                ,  down         return
    line-1                /               nix
    line=@                nix             g
    macro M
    mail                  M               m M
    message               ^P              ^P
    next-article          nix             n
    next-group            N               N
    next-subject          nix             k
    nil
    overview              Y               Y
    page+1                >               nix
    page+1/2              nix             d
    page-1                <               delete  backspace
    page-1/2              nix             u
    page=0                nix             h
    page=1                ^               ^
    page=$                $               $
    patch
    post
    preview               %               %
    previous              P               p
    print                                 P
    quit                  Q               Q
    read-return           Z               nix
    read-skip             X               X
    redraw                ^L ^R           ^L ^R
    reply                 R               r R
    rot13                 nix             D
    save-full             S               s S
    save-short            O               o O
    save-header           E               e E
    save-body             W               w W
    select                .               nix
    select-auto           +               nix
    select-invert         @               nix
    select-range          -               nix
    select-subject        *               *
    shell                 !               !
    skip-lines            nix             tab
    unselect-all          ~               nix
    unshar
    unsub                 U               U
    version               V               V

See the descriptions of the default bindings for a description of the
commands. The pseudo command nil is used to unbind a key.

From: NN
Subject: THE INIT FILES

The init files are used to customize nn's behaviour to local conventions and
restrictions and to satisfy each user's personal taste.
Normally, nn reads up to three init files on start-up if they exist (all init
files are optional):

.TP  $LIB/setup A system-wide file located in the library directory. This file
     is always loaded before any other init file (even when the -I option is
     specified). It cannot contain a group presentation sequence.

.TP  $LIB/init Another system-wide (global) init file located in the library
     directory. This file may be ignored via the -I option.

.TP  ~/.nn/init The private init file located in the user's .nn directory. It
     is read after the global init file to allow the user to change the
     default setup.

The init file is parsed one line at a time. If a line ends with a backslash
`\', the backslash is ignored, and the following line is appended to the
current line.

The init file may contain the following types of commands (and data):

.TP  Comments Empty lines and lines with a # character as the first non-blank
     character are ignored. Except where # has another meaning defined by the
     command syntax (e.g. multi-keys are named #n), trailing comments on input
     lines are ignored.

.TP  Variable settings You can set (or unset) all the variables described
     earlier to change nn's behaviour permanently. The set and unset commands
     you can use in the init file have exactly the same format as the :set and
     :unset commands described earlier (except that the : prefix is omitted.)
     Variables can also be locked via the lock command; this is typically done
     in the setup file to enforce local policies.

.TP  Key mappings You can use all the versions of the map command in the init
     file.

.TP  Macro Definitions You can define sequences of commands and key strokes
     using the define...end construction, which can then be bound to single
     keys with the map command.

.TP  Load terminal specific files You can load a terminal specific file using
     the
           load file
     The character @ in the file will be replaced by the terminal type defined
     in the TERM environment variable. nn silently ignores the load command if
     the file does not exist (so you don't have to have a specific init file
     for terminals which does not require remapping). If the file is not
     specified by an absolute pathname, it must reside in your ~/.nn
     directory. Examples:
           # load local customizations
           load /usr/lib/nninit
           # load personal terminal specific customizations
           load init.@

.TP  Switch to loading a different init file You can skip the rest of the
     current init file and start loading a different init file with the
     following command:
           chain file
     If this occur in the private or global init file, the chained init file
     may contain a sequence part which will replace the private or global
     presentation sequence respectively.

.TP  Stop loading current init file You can skip the rest of the current init
     file with the following command:
           stop

.TP  Give error messages and/or terminate If an error is detected in the init
     file, the following commands can be used to print an error message and/or
     terminate execution:
     error fatal error message...
           Print the message and terminate execution.
     echo warning message...
           Print the message and continue.
     exit [ status ]
           Terminate nn with the specified exit status or 0 if omitted.

.TP  Change working directory of nn You can use the cd command to change the
     working directory whenever you enter nn. Example:
           # Use folder directory as working directory inside nn
           cd ~/News

.TP  Command groups The init file can contain groups of commands which are
     executed under special conditions. The command groups are described in
     the section on command groups below.

.TP  One or more save-files sections A save-files section is used to assign
     default save files to specific groups:
           save-files
           group-name (pattern) file-name
           ...
           end
     The group name (patterns) and save file names are specified in the same
     way as in the presentation sequence (see below). Example:
           save-files
           news* +news/$L
           comp.sources* /u/src/$L/
           end

.TP  The news group presentation sequence The last part of the init file may
     specify the sequence in which you want the news groups to be presented.
     This part starts with the command sequence and continues to the end of
     the init file.

Both init files may contain a presentation sequence. In this case, the global
sequence is appended to the private sequence.

From: NN
Subject: COMMAND GROUPS

Command groups may only occur in the init file, and they provide a way to have
series of commands executed at certain points during news reading.

In release 6.4 onwards, these possibilities are still rather rudimentary, and
a mixture of normal init file syntax and macro syntax is used depending on
whether the command group is only executed on start-up or several times during
the nn session.

A command group begins with the word on and ends with the word end. The
following command groups are conditionally executed during the parsing of the
init file if the specified condition is true. They may also have an optional
else part which is executed if the condition is false:
      on condition
      commands
      [ else
      commands ]
      end

The following conditional command groups may be used in the init file to be
executed at start-up:

.TP  on [ test ] The commands (init file syntax) in the group are executed
     only if the specified test is true. A shell is spawned to execute the
     command "[ test ]", so all the options of the test(1) command is
     available. For example, to unset the flow-control variable if the tty is
     a pseudo-tty, the following conditional can be used:
           on [ -n "`tty | grep ttyp`" ]
           unset flow-control
           end

.TP  on !shell command The command group is executed if the given shell
     command exits with 0 status (success). Care should be taken that the
     command does not produce any output, e.g. by redirecting its output to
     /dev/null. For example, to prevent people from reading news if load is
     above a specific level, the following conditional might be placed in the
     global setup file.
           on !load-above 5
           error load is too high, try again later.
           end

.TP  on `shell command\|` string... The command group is executed if the first
     output line from executing the specified shell command is listed among
     the specified string values. The shell command can be omitted on
     subsequent occurrences of this conditional, in which case the output from
     the last shell command is used. For example, the following conditional
     can be used to switch to an init file which has a limited sequence for
     news reading during working hours, evenings, and nights:
           on `date +%H` 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
           chain init.work
           end
           on `` 17 18 19 20 21
           chain init.evening
           else
           chain init.night
           end

.TP  on `` string... This is equivalent to the previous form except that
     instead of executing a shell command, the output from the previous

.TP  on $variable [ value ] If no value strings are specified, the command
     group is executed if the given variable is defined in the environment.
     Otherwise, the command group is executed only if the value of the
     variable occur in the value list. For example, if you want nn to look for
     mail in whatever $MAIL is set to - if it is set - you can use the
     following code:
           on $MAIL
           set mail $(MAIL)
           end

.TP  on slow
     The commands (init file syntax) in the group are executed only if the
     current terminal output speed is less than or equal to the baud rate set
     in the slow-speed variable. This can be used to optimize the
     user-interface for slow terminals by setting suitable variables:
           on slow
           set confirm-entry
           set slow-mode
           set delay-redraw
           unset visible-bell
           set compress
           unset header-lines
           set stop 5
           set window 10
           end

.TP  on fast
     Same as on slow except that the commands are only executed when the
     terminal is running at a speed above the slow-speed value.

.TP  on term term-type...
     The commands are executed if one of the term-type names is identical to
     value of the TERM environment variable.

.TP  on host host-name...
     The commands are executed if the local host's name occur in the host-name
     list.

.TP  on program program-name...
     The commands are executed if the current program (nn, nncheck, etc) in
     the program-name list.

The following on command groups are really macros which may be executed during
nn's normal processing, and as such they cannot have an else part.

.TP  on entry [ group list ]
     These commands (macro format!) are executed every time nn enters a news
     group. If a group list is not specified, the commands are associated with
     all groups which don't have its own entry macro specified in the group
     sequence. Otherwise, the entry macro will be associated with the groups
     in the list. The group list is specified using the meta-notations
     described in the presentation sequence section.
     All `:' commands at the beginning of the command group are executed
     before nn collects the articles in the group, so it is possible to set or
     unset variables like cross-post and auto-read-mode-limit before any
     articles are collected and the menu is (not) shown.
           The non-`:' commands, and `:' commands that follows a command of
     another type will be executed immediately after the first menu page is
     presented. The execution of a `:' command can be postponed by using a
     double `::' as the command prefix.
           on entry comp.sources* alt.sources
           :set cross-post on # set before collection
           :local auto-read-mode-limit -1 # set before showing menu
           ::unset cross-post # set after collection
           end

.TP  on start-up
     These `:' commands (macro format!) are executed on start-up just before
     nn enters the first news group. However, postponed commands (i.e. non-`:'
     commands) will not be executed until the first group is shown (it works
     like an entry macro).

From: NN
Subject: GROUP PRESENTATION SEQUENCE

News groups are normally presented in the sequence defined in the system-wide
init file in nn's library directory.

You can personalize the presentation sequence by specifying an alternative
sequence in the private init file. The sequence in the private init file is
used before the global presentation sequence, and need only describe the
deviations from the default presentation sequence.

The presentation sequence must start with the word
      sequence followed by a list of the news group names in the order you want
them to be presented. The group names must be separated by white space. The
sequence list must be the last part of the init file (the parsing of commands
from the init file stops when the word sequence is encountered).

You may use a full group name like "comp.unix.questions", or just the name of
a main group or subgroup, e.g. "comp" or "comp.unix". However, if "comp"
precedes "comp.unix.questions" in the list, this subgroup will be placed in
the normal alphabetic sequence during the collection of all the "comp" groups.

Groups which are not explicitly mentioned in any of the sequence files will be
placed after the mentioned groups, unless `!!' is used and it has not been
disabled (as described below).

Each group name may be followed by a file or folder name (must start with
either of `/' `~' or `+') which will specify the default save file for that
group (and its subgroups). A single `+' following the group name is an
abbreviation for the last save file name used. For example, the following two
sequences are equivalent:
      group1 +file group2 +file group3 +file
      group1 +file group2 + group3 +

When an article is saved, the default save name will be used as the initial
contents of the file name prompt for further editing. It therefore does not
need to be be a complete file name (unless you use the quick save mode).

Each group name may also be associated with a so-called entry action. This is
basically an (unnamed) macro which is invoked on entry to the group (following
the same rules as the `on entry' command group related to :set and :unset
commands).

The entry action begins with a left parenthesis `(' and ends with a right
parenthesis `)' on an otherwise empty line:
      comp.sources. +src/$L/ (
      :set cross-post
      )
The last entry action can be repeated by specifying an empty set of
parenthesis, e.g.
      comp.unix. +unix ()
The entry action of a preceding group in the sequence can be associated with
the current group(s) by specifying the name of the group in the parentheses
instead of the commands, e.g.
      comp.unix. +unix (comp.sources.unix)
A macro can also be associated with the entry action by specifying its number
in the same way as the group name above, e.g.
      rec.music. +music (30)
Notice that it is the current definition of the macro which is associated with
the group, so if the macro is later redefined with the `:define' command, it
will not have any effect on the entry action.

Group names can be specified using the following notations:

.TP  group.name Append the group (if it exists) to the presentation sequence
     list. If also-subgroups is set (default), all subscribed subgroups of the
     group will be included as well (if there are any). Examples: "comp",
     "comp.unix", "comp.unix.questions". If the group does not exits (e.g.
     "comp"), the subgroups will be included even when also-subgroups is not
     set, i.e. "comp" is equivalent to "comp.".

.TP  group.name. Append the subgroups of the specified group to the
     presentation sequence. The group itself (if it exists) is not included.
     Examples: "comp.", "comp.unix.".

.TP  .group.name Append the groups whose name ends with the specified name to
     the sequence. Example: ".test".

.TP  group.name* Append the group and its subgroups to the presentation
     sequence list (even when also-subgroups is not set). Example:
     "comp.unix*".

The following meta notation can be used in a sequence file. The group.name can
be specified using any of the forms described above:

.TP  ! groups Completely ignore the group or groups specified unless they are
     already in the presentation sequence (i.e. has been explicitly mentioned
     earlier in the sequence).

.TP  !:code groups Ignore a selection of groups based on the given code letter
     (see below), unless they are already included in the sequence. Notice
     that these forms only excludes groups from the presentation sequence,
     i.e. they do not include the remaining groups at this point; that must be
     done explicitly elsewhere.

.TP  !:U groups Ignore unsubscribed groups, i.e. if they are neither new, nor
     present and subscribed in .newsrc. This is useful to ignore a whole
     hierarchy except for a few groups which are explicitly mentioned in
     .newsrc and still see new groups as they are created.

.TP  !:X groups Ignore unsubscribed and new groups, i.e. if they are not
     currently present and subscribed in .newsrc. This is useful to ignore a
     whole hierarchy except for a few groups which are explicitly mentioned in
     .newsrc. New groups in the hierarchy are ignored unless `NEW' occurs
     earlier in the sequence.

.TP  !:O groups Ignore old groups, i.e. unless they are new. This is useful to
     ignore a whole hierarchy but still see new groups which are created in
     the hierarchy (it might become interesting some day). Individual groups
     can still be included in the sequence if they are specified before the
     `!:O' entry.

.TP  !:N groups Ignore new groups in the hierarchy.

.TP  !! Stop building the presentation sequence. This eliminates all groups
     that are not already in the presentation sequence.

.TP  NEW This is a pseudo group name which matches all new groups; you could
     place this symbol early in your presentation sequence to see new groups
     `out of sequence' (to attract your attention to them).

.TP  RC This is a pseudo group name which matches all groups occurring in the
     .newsrc file. It will cause the groups in .newsrc to be appended to the
     presentation sequence in the sequence in which they are listed in
     .newsrc.

.TP  RC:number Similar to the RC entry, but limited to the first number lines
     of the .newsrc file. Example: RC:10 (use 10 lines of .newsrc).

.TP  RC:string Similar to the RC entry, but limited to the lines up to (and
     including) the first line (i.e. group) starting with the given string.
     For example: RC:alt.sources

.TP  < group.name Place the group (and its subgroups) at the beginning of the
     presentation sequence. Notice that each `<' entry will place the group(s)
     at the beginning of the current sequence, i.e. < A < B < C will generate
     the sequence C B A.

.TP  > group.name Place the group (and its subgroups) after all other groups
     that are and will be entered into the presentation sequence.

.TP  @ Disable the `!!' command. This can be included in the personal
     presentation sequence if the global sequence file contains a !! entry
     (see example 1 below).

.TP  % .... % Starts and ends a region of the sequence where it is possible to
     include groups which has been eliminated earlier. This may be useful to
     alter the sequence of some groups, e.g. to place comp.sources.bugs after
     all other source groups, the following sequence can be used:
     ! comp.sources.bugs comp.sources* % comp.sources.bugs %

Example 1: In a company where ordinary users only should read the local news
groups, and ignore the rest (including new news groups which are otherwise
always subscribed to initially), can use the following global presentation
sequence:
      general
      follow
      ! local.test
      local
      !!
The "expert" users in the company must put the @ command somewhere in their
private sequence to avoid losing news groups which they have not explicitly
mentioned in their init file.
Example 2: This is the global sequence for systems with heavy news addicts who
setup their own sequences anyway.
      # all must read the general news first
      < general
      # test is test, and junk is junk,
      # so it is placed at the very end
      > test
      > .test
      > junk
      # this is the standard sequence which everybody may
      # change to their own liking
      local # our local groups
      dk # the Danish groups
      eunet.general # to present it before eunet.followup
      eunet # the other European groups
      comp # the serious groups
      news # news on news
      sci # other serious groups
      rec # not really that important (don't quote me)
      misc # well, it must be somewhere
      # the groups that are not listed above goes here
Notice the use of comments in the sequence where they are allowed at the end
of non-empty lines as well.
Example 3: My own presentation sequence (in the init file) simply lists my
favourite groups and the corresponding default save files:
      sequence
      !:U alt* # ignore unsubscribed alt groups
      news.software.nn +nn
      comp.sys.ti* +ti/$L
      NEW # show new groups here
      news*
      rec.music.synth +synth/
      comp.emacs*,gnu.emacs +emacs/misc
      comp.risks +risks
      eunet.sources +src/unix/
      comp.sources* +src/$L/
The presentation sequence is not used when nn is called with one or more news
group names on the command line; it is thus possible to read ignored groups
(on explicit request) without changing the init file. (Of course, you can also
use the G command to read ignored groups).

From: NN
Subject: MERGING NEWS GROUPS

The third example above contains the following line:
      comp.emacs*,gnu.emacs +emacs/misc
This is the syntax used to merge groups. When two or more groups are merged,
all new articles in these groups are presented together as if they were one
group. To merge groups, their names must be listed together in the sequence,
and only separated by a single comma. To merge the groups resulting from a
single group pattern (e.g. comp.emacs*), the group pattern must be followed by
a comma and a blank (e.g. comp.emacs*, ...).

Merged groups are presented as the first group in the "list", and the word
"MERGED" will be shown after the group name. The Y {overview} command will
still show merged groups as individual groups, but they will be annotated with
the symbol `&' on the first of the groups, and a `+' on the rest of the
groups.

In the current version, the concept of the current group in connection with
merged groups is a bit fuzzy. This should only be noticeable with the G
command, which will take the most recently used group among the merged groups
as the current group. So things like G = ... may not always work as expected.

From: NN
Subject: ENVIRONMENT

The following environment variables are used by nn:

EDITOR. The editor invoked when editing replies, follow-ups, and composing
mail. nn knows about the following editors: vi, ded, GNU emacs, and
micro-emacs, and will try to position the cursor on the first line following
the header, i.e. after the blank line which must not be deleted! If an article
has been included, the cursor is placed on the first line of the included text
(to allow you to delete sections easily).

LOGNAME. This is taken as the login name of the current user. It is used by nn
to return failed mail. If it is not defined, nn will use the value of USER, or
if that is not defined either, nn will use the call `who am i' to get this
information. If all attempts fail, the failed mail is dropped in the bit
bucket.

PAGER. This is used as the initial value of the pager variable.

SHELL. This is the shell which is spawned if the system cannot suspend nn, and
it will be used to execute the shell escapes.

TERM. The terminal type.

From: NN
Subject: NOTES

When NNTP is being used over a slow link (as with the ppp protocol and a
modem), it may be desirable to suppress the retrieval of the information about
new newsgroups, and their purpose, since they can be hundreds of KBytes in
size. To do this, the new-group-action and show-purpose-mode variables should
be set to 0 in your init file. See the descriptions of those variables for
more info.

Unfortunately, the list of active newsgroups is still fetched, since nn uses
it to determine which groups to check for new articles. Even this could be
avoided, but the cost would be checking for new articles in every group, which
might well be slower overall, although startup would be faster.

From: NN
Subject: FILES

~/.newsrc             The record of read articles.
~/.nn/select          The record of selected and seen articles.
~/.nn/init            Personal configuration and presentation sequence.
~/.nn/kill            The automatic kills and selections.
~/.nn/KILL.COMP       The compiled kill file.
~/.nn/LAST            The time stamp of the last new news group we have seen.
~/.nn/NEXTG           Active group last time nn was quit.
~/.nn/.param          Parameter file for the aux script
$lib/setup            System-wide setup - always read first.
$lib/init             System-wide setup and presentation sequence.
$lib/aux              The response edit and send script.
$lib/routes           Mapping rules for mail addresses (on non-domain systems).
$db/*                 The news data base.
/etc/termcap          Terminal data base [BSD].
/usr/lib/terminfo/*   Terminal data base [SysV].
/usr/local/lib/nntp_serverName of remote nntp server, if not changed
by setting the environment variable NNTPSERVER or the nntp-server
variable on the command line.
The name $lib and $db are the directories used for the auxiliary files and the
news data base respectively. Their name and location is defined at compile
time. Common choices are /usr/local/lib/nn or /usr/lib/news/nn for $lib and
/usr/spool/nn or /usr/spool/news/.nn for $db.

From: NN
Subject: SEE ALSO

Other netnews documentation.
RFC 1341, MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
nncheck(1), nngoback(1), nngrab(1), nngrep(1), nnpost(1), nntidy(1)
nnusage(1M), nnspew(8)

From: NN
Subject: ORIGINAL AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark

From: NN
Subject: CURRENT MAINTAINER

Michael T Pins mtpins@nndev.org

The NNTP support was designed and implemented by Ren\o'\(aae' Seindal,
Institute of Datalogy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

The news.software.nn group is used for discussion on all subjects related to
the nn news reader. This includes, but is not limited to, questions, answers,
ideas, hints, information from the development group, patches, etc.

From: NNACCT
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnacct - news accounting and access authorization (nn)

From: NNACCT
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnacct -r [ -f file ] [ -a ] [ user ]...
nnacct [ -ppolicy ] [ -qquota ] user...
nnacct -ZERO

From: NNACCT
Subject: DESCRIPTION

The nnacct command provides an optional accounting and access authorization
for news reading via the nn news reader.

The first form (-r) is used to print accounting reports. If a file is
specified data from a saved accounting file; otherwise the data is read from
the current accounting file.

If -a is specified, the report will contain accounting data for all users.
Otherwise, if one or more users are specified, the data for these users will
be printed. If neiter is specified, only the accounting data for the current
user is printed.
      Only the super-user can generate reports for other users than the caller.

The second form (-p and/or -q) assigns the specified access policy and/or
quota to the specified users. If a given user is not already known in the
accounting file, a new entry with the specified policy and quota is created
(default values are used if both are not specified).

The third form (-ZERO) will clear the usage counts for all users. Individual
usage counts cannot be cleared. The original accounting file is saved with a
.old suffix.

The following policies are currently implemented:

.TP  0 No access. The user is not allowed to read news at all.

.TP  1 Privileged user. The user can read news at all times and no accounting
     information is saved. This is obviously the policy for system
     administrators :-)

.TP  2 Full time access. The user can access news at all times.

.TP  3 Off-hours access. The user can only access news at off hours, i.e. in
     the morning, in the evening, on week-ends, and on holidays (not complete
     - check the source :-)

The quota specifies a number of hours which the user is allowed to read news.
When this quota is used up, access will be blocked. A quota of zero gives
unlimited access.

New users will get the default policy and quota defined in account.c. If this
allows new users to read news at only specific times, this form can be used to
permit individual users to read news at all times, or it can be used to
prevent them from reading news at all. If the default policy does not allow
new users to read news, this form must be used to authorize them to read news.

From: NNACCT
Subject: HOW IT WORKS

If authorization is enabled, the nn news reader will call nnacct on start-up
to check whether the policy and quota defined for the current user allows him
to read news at this time (or at all).

If accounting is enabled, the nn news reader will call nnacct on exit to
register the time spent on news reading. If account logging is also defined
(see account.c), an line is also added to the accounting log file.

When accounting is defined, the user can use the :cost command to get the
current accounting data, and if the variable report-cost is set, nn will print
accounting information on exit.

From: NNACCT
Subject: CONTIGURATION AND NEW POLICIES

The use of nnacct is enabled via the ACCOUNTING and AUTHORIZE symbols in nn's
configuration file. Further configuration of cost calculations, logging,
default policy, default quotas, etc. is done directly in the source file
account.c. New access policies can also be defined in this file. This allows
you to change the policies or prices without having to recompile the whole
package since only nnacct is modified.

From: NNACCT
Subject: PRIVILEGED USERS

Normally, only root is allowed to change user policy or quota, list all user's
accounting data etc. This privilege can be shared with other users by listing
their login name in the file $CLIENT/admins. There should be exactly one login
name per line, and no blanks are allowed.

From: NNACCT
Subject: FILES

$db/acct        accounting data (accumulated per user)
$db/acctlog     accounting log (grows indefinitely)
$lib/admins     login names of privileged nnacct users.

From: NNACCT
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nnusage(1)

From: NNACCT
Subject: BUGS

There should be some tools to mess around with the accounting files, e.g. to
make summaries, clear usage counters, etc.

From: NNACCT
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNADMIN
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnadmin - nn database administration

From: NNADMIN
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnadmin [ commands ]

From: NNADMIN
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nnadmin is a control program for the nnmaster(1M) daemon which is responsible
for building and maintaining the database used by the nn(1) news reader.

nnadmin allows you to display extracts from the log file, display the "raw"
contents of the database, make consistency checks on the database, instruct
the running nnmaster to expire one or more groups, alter the options of the
running nnmaster, and much more.

nnadmin runs in two modes: interactive and non-interactive.

In interactive mode, simple one line menus are used to show the available
operations which are then selected by typing the letter associated with the
command (normally the first letter in the command name).

In non-interactive mode, the commands argument will be used as a series of
key-strokes which are interpreted exactly as if they were typed in from the
keyboard in interactive mode. For example, to stop the nnmaster, the following
invocation of nnadmin can be used:
      nnadmin MK
which will select the (M)aster submenu from the main menu, and then the (K)ill
entry from the submenu.

In non-interactive mode, the menus are not displayed and the commands are not
echoed! nnadmin will exit when there are no more key-strokes to be read from
the commands argument. It is not possible to specify a group name in the
commands argument, so the functionalities of nnadmin that relates to specific
groups are only available in interactive mode.

Some "dangerous" commands will require that you confirm them by following them
by "Y" on the command line. The most noteable are IY (initialize database) and
EY (expire all groups). These commands will be marked with a [Y] following the
command name.

You can also invoke an interactive nnadmin using the :admin command in nn.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: SHELL ESCAPES

At all prompts you can hit `!' to spawn a subshell.

The working directory of the subshell will be changed to the database
directory when invoked from the MASTER or DUMP menus, and it will changed to
the group's spool directory (if it exists) when invoked from the GROUP menu.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: MAIN MENU

From the main menu (identified by the ADMIN prompt) you can select the
following operations:

.TP  C)onf
     Show current configuration parameters such as directories, files,
     programs, network usage, etc.

.TP  E)xpire [Y]
     Send a request to the nnmaster daemon to schedule (and run) expire for
     all groups in the database.

.TP  G)roups
     Enter the GROUP submenu.

.TP  I)nit [Y]
     Send a request to the nnmaster daemon to recollect all groups in the
     database.

.TP  L)og
     Enter the LOG submenu.

.TP  M)aster
     Enter the MASTER submenu.

.TP  Q)uit
     Quit nnadmin.

.TP  S)tat
     Print general statistics about the database. See the section on Database
     Statistics below.

.TP  U)pdate
     Update the incore copy of the database master index.

.TP  V)alidate
     Make a thorough consistency check on the database. If inconsistencies are
     found in a group, you will be asked whether a request should be sent to
     the nnmaster daemon to recollect the group (in non-interactive mode,
     requests will be sent automatically for all corrupted groups).

.TP  W)akeup
     Send a wakeup signal to the nnmaster daemon to have it receive messages
     sent to it, perform the required actions, and then collect articles as
     necessary.

.TP  Z (silent validation)
     This operation is identical to the Validate operation, expect that no
     output is produced during the consistency check; this operation is used
     by the nnmaster to execute the -C option.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: THE MASTER MENU

The master menu (identified by the MASTER prompt) provides access to overall
database information, and to send control messages to the nnmaster daemon.

.TP  C)heck In interactive mode and in verbose batch mode (nnadmin MC), print
     a message telling whether nnmaster is running or not. In silent batch
     mode (nnadmin =MC) exit with a status code of 0 if nnmaster is running
     and 1 otherwise; this may be useful is administrative scripts.

.TP  D)ump Enter the DUMP submenu.

.TP  F)iles
     Print a listing (using ls(1)) of all the data and index files in the
     database.

.TP  G)roup
     Print the master index entry for a single group identified by its
     internal group number.

.TP  K)ill
     Stop the nnmaster when it has finished its current task.

.TP  O)ptions
     Change the runtime options of the running nnmaster daemon. Currently,
     only the value of the -r and -e options can be modified.

.TP  S)tat
     Print general statistics about the database. See the section on Database
     Statistics below.

.TP  T)race
     Turn the trace option -t on or off in the running nnmaster.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: THE DUMP MENU

The dump menu (identified by the DUMP prompt) allows you to print the master
index entry for various selections of groups in the database.

.TP  A)ll
     Print all groups in the database.

.TP  E)mpty
     Print the empty groups in the database.

.TP  H)oles Print the groups where the `min' field in the active file is not
     the first article saved in the database (because it doesn't exist or
     because it is ignored for some other reason, e.g. bad or old).

.TP  I)gnored Print groups which are ignored, either in the GROUPS file or
     because of some other condition (mainly no spool directory).

.TP  N)on-empty
     Print the non-empty groups in the database.

.TP  V)alid Print the groups which are present in the active file.

.TP  in(W)alid Print the groups in the database which are not present in the
     active file.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: THE LOG MENU

The log menu (identified by the LOG prompt) enables you the extract specific
entries from the log file, and to truncate the log file.

The entries in the log file share the following format:
      <class>: <date> <time> (<user>): <message>
where <class> identifies the message class, the <date> and <time> specify when
the entry was made, the <user> specifies who created the entry (the letter "M"
denote the nnmaster), and the <message> is the text of the entry.

To extract the log file entries of a specific class, simply enter the letter
identifying the class:

.TP  A - admin to master communication
     This class of messages are related to the sending of messages from an
     nnadmin program to the nnmaster daemon.

.TP  B - bad articles Reports about bad articles which have been ignored or
     removed (controlled by the -b and -B options to nnmaster).

.TP  C - collection statistics
     Statistics about collection of new articles. The message has the format:
           Collect: nnn art, ppp gr, ttt s
     meaning that nnn articles in ppp groups were collected in ttt seconds
     (real time).

.TP  E - fatal errors
     Fatal errors encountered during operation. These errors require manual
     intervention to be fixed (some of the fatal errors occur if thing that
     "cannot happen" happens anyway, and may indicate a bug in the software).

.TP  M - nnmaster messages.
     Master start/stop messages.

.TP  N - NNTP related messages
     Various messages related to the NNTP part of the nnmaster, mostly about
     lost connections and failed attempts to connect to the NNTP server. These
     messages should only appear if you use NNTP, and your NNTP server is down
     for some reason.

.TP  O - old articles Reports related to ignoring (and removing) old articles
     when building the database (controlled by the -O and -B options to
     nnmaster).

.TP  R - reports
     Non-fatal error which enables the nnmaster to continue operation, but may
     prevent a user to run nn (file access problems). Reported problems should
     be checked. The most common report message will probably be
           some.group: no directory
     which indicates that the spool directory for that group has disappeared
     (most likely because it has been rmgroup'ed).

.TP  T - trace output
     Messages produced as a result of using the -t option on the nnmaster.
     This is primarily for debugging purposes.

.TP  U - usage statistics
     If nn is compiled with the STATISTICS option enabled, an entry will be
     made in the log file every time a user has spent more than five minutes
     on news reading. The message will have the following format:
           USAGE hours.minutes
     Since it is possible to suspend nn, or leave the terminal while nn is
     active, nn tries to be intelligent when it calculates the usage time so
     it will reflect the actual time spent on news reading. The usage
     statistics can be summarized using the nnusage(1M) program.

.TP  V - validation errors
     When inconsistencies are detected in the database during validation, an
     entry for each corrupted group will be entered in the log file.

.TP  X - expire statistics
     Messages similar to the Collect statistics reporting the result of
     running expire on the database. Reports related to ignoring, removing,
     renumbering, and reactivation of groups are also given class X.

To extract a specific entry class, grep(1) is used, so it may take a while on a
large log file.

There are also a few special operations on the log file:

.TP  G)roup
     Extract the entries which refers to a specified group.

.TP  (1-9) tail
     Invoke tail(1) to extract the last 10-90 entries in the log file.

.TP  space
     Equivalent to 1 (list last 10 lines of log).

.TP  (.) all
     Display the complete log file.

.TP  (@) clean [Y]
     Move the Log file to Log.old, and create a new empty Log file. If you
     want to clean out the old log file as well, simply repeat the clean
     operation (this will result in an empty Log.old file.)

From: NNADMIN
Subject: THE GROUP MENU

When you enter the group menu (identified by the GROUP prompt), nnadmin will
prompt you for the name of a news group, which you can enter with the usual
completion feature described in the nn(1) manual. You can then perform the
following operations on the specified group:

.TP  C)lear_flag
     Clear a group specific flag. See the section on group flags below.

.TP  D)ata
     Dump the contents of the data file containing the extracted article
     headers for the group.

.TP  E)xpire
     Request the nnmaster to run expire on the group.

.TP  F)iles
     List the files (using ls(1)) containing the index and data for the group.

.TP  G)roup
     Switch to another group.

.TP  H)eader
     Dump the master index entry for the group.

.TP  R)ecollect
     Request the nnmaster to recollect all articles in the group.

.TP  S)et_flag
     Set a group specific flag. See the section on group flags below.

.TP  V)alidate
     Perform validation on the group's database information.

.TP  Z)ap [Y]
     Remove group from news system - this will be done by running the rmgroup
     program which must reside in the NEWS_LIB directory. Of course, this
     should be done with great caution.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: INDIVIDUAL GROUP FLAGS

You can set and clear the following flags for individual groups to control the
future behaviour of nnmaster on that group.

Notice that these flags will be reset to their default value if you
reinitialize the database using nnmaster -I. To change these flags
permanently, they should be set or cleared in the GROUPS file.

.TP  A)lways_digest
     Normally, nnmaster will only attempt to split digests into individual
     articles if it can easily recognize an article as a digest. This requires
     that the word "digest" appears somewhere in the subject line, and that
     one of the first few lines in the body of the article loosely matches the
     subject. A few news groups frequently receives digests which break one or
     both of these requirements. To have nnmaster split these digests into
     individual articles anyway, you can turn on the "always digest" flag on
     these news groups. This will instruct nnmaster to treat all articles in
     the group as digests (naturally, articles which are then found not to
     contain other articles are still treated as normal articles.)

.TP  C)ontrol
     This is a special flag for the control group. It indicates that the
     "Newsgroups:" field in the article header cannot be trusted (it does not
     specify the groups to which the article has been posted.)

.TP  D)irectory missing
     This flag indicates that the spool directory for the news group cannot be
     found (the group has probably been removed with rmgroup(1M)). It is set
     automatically be the nnmaster if it cannot access the directory. When the
     flag is set, nnmaster completely ignores the group, so it can be used to
     disable news collection in specific groups. If you recreate the group or
     the directory manually, you must also clear this flag to have the
     nnmaster recognize the group again.

.TP  M)oderated
     Indicates that the group is moderated. This flag is normally initialized
     automatically from the active file, and it should not be changed lightly.

.TP  N)ever_digest
     This is the opposite of the "always digest" flag; when set, the nnmaster
     will never attempt to split any articles in that group into subarticles.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: DATABASE STATISTICS DISPLAY

When you select the (S)tat operation in the main or master menus, you will get
some general statistics about the database:

.TP  initialized
     The time when the database was last rebuild using nnmaster -I.

.TP  last_scan, last_size
     The time stamp on the active file and its size the last time the nnmaster
     read it.

.TP  no of groups
     The total number of groups in the database.

.TP  Articles
     The total number of articles in all groups. This is not an exact number,
     because it will count split digests as a single article (making the
     number too small), and it may count some articles that have been expired
     (making the number too large).

.TP  Disk usage
     The total number of (1 kbyte) disk blocks occupied by the database.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: MASTER INDEX ENTRIES

The master index entries displayed when you select the (H)eader operation in
the master and group menus contain the following information:

.TP  group_name group_number
     The first line of the display will show the name of the group and the
     internal group number which is used to identify the group in the
     database.

.TP  first/last art
     This is the numbers of the first and last article that are currently
     stored in the database.

.TP  active info
     This is the numbers of the first and last article in the news system as
     read from the active file. They will normally match the numbers above,
     but they may differ while the nnmaster is working on the group (or it has
     not yet collected all the articles in the group).

.TP  Offsets: index->..., data->...
     These values show the starting position for the next write operation on
     the index and data files. They are primarily used for consistency
     checking and recovery after a system crash, but after an "expire by
     rewrite" operation (expire method 2) which is performed "in-situ", the
     data and index files may physically be longer than the actual data stored
     in them.

.TP  Flags:
     This shows the current flags set for this group. If no flags are set, the
     field is omitted from the display. One extra flag which was not explained
     above is the BLOCKED flag; it is a temporary locking flag set on a group
     by the nnmaster while it is updating the database files for that group to
     prevent nn clients to access that group.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: RAW DATABASE DISPLAY

When you select the (D)ata operation on the group menu, you will get a
combined display of the raw data and index files for that group. The index
file contains a single 32 bit value for each existing article number. This
value is an offset into the data file pointing to the header for the
corresponding article.

When nn want to access the article from number N to the last article, it looks
up the offset for article number N in the index file, and uses this as the
starting point for reading article header information in the data file. It
then simply reads to the end of the data file in which the article headers for
articles number N+1, N+2, and so on follows immediately after the header for
article number N.

The article header information is presented in a very terse form; each of the
output lines are described below for reference purposes:

.TP  offset = xxxx , article # = nnnnn (type)
     This shows the offset into the data file and the article number. The
     offset is stored in the index file for quick access. If no type is
     printed it is a normal article. Other types are: "digest header" and
     "digest sub-article".

.TP  xpost(count): nnn, nnn, nnn, ...
     Cross-postings to other groups are encoded as a list of internal group
     numbers.

.TP  ts=nn hp=nn fp=nn lp=nn ref=nn[+Re] lines=nn
     These values are used by nn to sort, present, and access an article:
     ts is the time stamp on the article; it is a simple encoding of the
     posting date and time found in the Date: field.
     hp, fp, and lp are offsets into the file containing the article text: the
     header position, first text position, and last text position. The first
     will be zero for normal articles, but not for articles in a split digest.
     The last will be equal to the length of the file for normal articles, but
     not inside digests.
     ref is the number of references on the Reference: line. If "+Re" follows
     the number, the subject line contained a "Re:" prefix which has been
     removed.

.TP  Sender(length): name
     The name of the sender in "ready to print" format, i.e. reduced to 16
     characters as explained in the nn manual.

.TP  Subj(length): subject
     This is the full subject line from the article header (except for Re:
     prefixes in various formats).

From: NNADMIN
Subject: FILES

The $db, $lib, and $news used below are synonyms for the DB_DIRECTORY,
LIB_DIRECTORY, and the news system's lib directories respectively.
$db/MASTER      Database master index
$db/GROUPS      News group names in MASTER file order
$db/DATA/nnn.x  Index file for group number nnn
$db/DATA/nnn.d  Data file for group number nnn
$master/GATE    Message channel from nnadmin to nnmaster
$master/MPID    The process id of the nnmaster daemon.
$Log            The log file (truncate it regularly!)

The MASTER file contains a record for each news group, occurring in the same
sequence as the group names in the GROUPS file. The sequence also defines the
group numbers used to identify the files in the database and in a few other
places.

The GATE file will be created by nnadmin when needed, and removed by nnmaster
when it has read it. Therefore, to send a message to the nnmaster requires
that you are allowed to write in the $master directory.

From: NNADMIN
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nncheck(1), nngrep(1), nntidy(1)
nnquery(1M), nnusage(1M), nnmaster(8)

From: NNADMIN
Subject: WARNINGS

The GATE file is created with the owner and modes of the user that runs
nnadmin which may cause problems if the owner of the nnmaster process
(normally "news") is not allowed to read the created GATE file (a "umask" of
022 is ok.) Unless you allow ordinary users to create files in the LIB
directory where the GATE file resides, only the owner of the directory
(normally "news") and "root" can use nnadmin to send messages to the nnmaster.
However, to send a wakeup signal to the master, anybody can run
      nnmaster -w

From: NNADMIN
Subject: BUGS

The user interface is completely out of line with the rest of the nn family,
and the way to run nnadmin in the non-interactive mode is a bit bizarre. This
is not likely to change, because I believe there are more important things to
do!

From: NNADMIN
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNCHECK
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nncheck - check for unread articles

From: NNCHECK
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nncheck [ -Q -r -t ] [ -f format ]

From: NNCHECK
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nncheck will report if there are some articles on the system which you have
not read.

Without options, nncheck will simply print a message reporting the number of
unread articles with the following format:
      There are 327 unread articles in 25 groups
and when there are no unread articles, the following message will be printed:
      No News (is good news)

nncheck will exit with a value of 0 if there are unread articles, and 99 if
there is no news (see the exception for the -r option.)

It is important to notice that even though unread articles have been reported
by nncheck, the actual number of unread articles may be much lower (or even
zero) when nn is invoked to read the articles. This is because the calculation
of the number of unread articles is only based on recorded article number
intervals. Invoking nn to read the articles may reveal that the articles have
previously been read in another news group, have been expired, or are killed
using the auto-kill facility.

The following options are used to modify the amount and format of the output
from nncheck:

.TP  -Q Quiet operation. No output is produced, only the exit status indicate
     whether there is unread news.

.TP  -t Print the name of each group with unread articles, and how many unread
     articles there are (not counting split digests!).

.TP  -r Output a single integer value specifying the number of unread
     articles, and exit with a 0 status (somebody told me this would be
     useful).

.TP  -f format Output the number of unread articles using the specified
     format. The format is a text that may contain the following %-escapes:
          %-code    resulting output
          %u        "uuu unread articles"
          %g        "ggg groups"
          %i        "is" if 1 unread article, else "are"
          %U        "uuu"
          %G        "ggg"
     where uuu is the number of unread articles, and ggg is the number of
     groups with unread articles.
     For example, the default output format is
           "There %i %u in %g"
     which I prefer to the following less perfect format:
           "There are %U unread article(s) in %G group(s)"

From: NNCHECK
Subject: FILES

~/.newsrc   The record of read articles
$db/MASTER  The database master index

From: NNCHECK
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nngoback(1), nngrab(1), nngrep(1), nnpost(1), nntidy(1)
nnadmin(1M), nnusage(1M), nnmaster(1M)

From: NNCHECK
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nngoback - make news articles unread on a day-by-day basis (nn)

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nngoback [ -NQvi ] [-d] days [ group ]...

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nngoback will rewind the .newsrc record file of nn(1) one or more days. It can
be used to rewind all groups, or only a specified set of groups. In other
words, nngoback can mark news articles which have arrived on the system during
the last days days unread.

Only subscribed groups that occur in the current presentation sequence are
rewound. That means that if no group arguments are specified, all groups
occurring in the sequence defined in the init file will be rewound. Otherwise,
only the groups specified on the argument line will be rewound.

When a group is rewound, the information about selections, partially read
digests etc. are discarded. It will print notifications about this unless the
-Q (quiet) option is used.

If the -i (interactive) option is specified, nngoback will report for each how
many articles can be marked unread, and ask for confirmation before going back
in that group.

If the -v (verbose) option is specified, nngoback will report how many
articles are marked unread.

If the -N (no-update) option is specified, nngoback will perform the entire
goback operation, but not update the .newsrc file.

If you are not up-to-date with your news reading, you can also use nngoback to
catch up to only have the last few days of news waiting to be read in the
following way:
      nn -a0
      nngoback 3
The nn command will mark all articles in all groups as read (answer all to the
catch-up question.) The following nngoback will then make the last three days
of news unread again.

Examples:

.TP  nngoback 0 Mark the articles which have arrived today as unread.

.TP  nngoback 1 Mark the articles which have arrived yesterday and today as
     unread.

.TP  nngoback 6 Mark the articles which have arrived during the last week as
     unread.

You cannot go more than 14 days back with nngoback. (You can change this limit
as described below.)

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: THE BACK_ACT DAEMON

It is a prerequisite for the use of nngoback that the script back_act is
executed at an appropriate time once (and only once) every day. Preferably
this is done by cron right before the bacth of news for `today' is received.
back_act will maintain copies of the active file for the last 14 days.

Optionally, the back_act program accepts a single numerical argument
specifying how many copies of the active file it should maintain. This is
useful if news is expired after 7 days, in which case keeping more than 7 days
of active file copies is wasteful.

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: FILES

~/.newsrc            The record of read articles.
~/.newsrc.goback     The original rc file before goback.
$db/active.N         The N days `old' active file.
$master/back_act     Script run by cron to maintain old active files.

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nncheck(1), nngrab(1), nngrep(1), nnpost(1), nntidy(1)
nnadmin(1M), nnusage(1M), nnmaster(8)

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: NOTES

nngoback does not check the age of the `old' active files; it will blindly
believe that active.0 was created today, and that active.7 is really seven
days old! Therefore, the back_act script should be run once and only once
every day for nngoback to work properly.

The days are counted relative to the time the active files were copied.

From: NNGOBACK
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNGRAB
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nngrab - news retrieval by keyword (nn)

From: NNGRAB
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nngrab [ -c ] keyword

From: NNGRAB
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nngrab invokes nn on all USENET articles whose subject (or keyword) field(s)
contain an instance of keyword. nngrab is a fast equivalent for:
      nn -mxX -s/keyword all

For example,
      nngrab tesla
will retrieve items concerning Nikola Tesla.

Keyword case is ignored unless -c is specified, and the keyword can be a
regular expressions (escaped to avoid conflicts with the shell). For example,
      nngrab "n.*tesla"

The range of search includes all newsgroups on the system, including ones
which are unsubscribed.

From: NNGRAB
Subject: FILES

$db/subjects    subject database

From: NNGRAB
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nnspew(8), egrep(1)

From: NNGRAB
Subject: NOTES

nngrab can be much faster than the equivalent command shown above, if the
tertiary news subject database generated by the nnspew(8) daemon exists. To
enable the faster operation, nnspew must be executed regularly by cron.

nngrab uses egrep(1) to scan the subject database, so if you are not running
fast egrep (GNU-style) this is all for naught.

nngrab will use a subject database generated by nnspew independent of its age.
Thus, if you stop running nnspew, remember to remove the subjects file as
well.

From: NNGRAB
Subject: BUGS

Under version 6.4 onwards, search of the "Keywords:" field is not supported.
Search on name is not possible either.

From: NNGRAB
Subject: AUTHOR

James A. Woods, NASA Ames Research Center
E-mail: jaw@ames.arc.nasa.gov

From: NNGREP
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nngrep - grep for news group names (nn)

From: NNGREP
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nngrep [ -ainprsu ] [ -l ] [ pattern ]

From: NNGREP
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nngrep can print various selections of the available news groups.

Without options, nngrep will list all currently subscribed newsgroups whose
name matches any of the specified patterns. If no pattern is specified, all
subscribed groups will be listed.

The selection of news groups against which the patterns are matches, and
subsequently printed by nngrep can be limited or expanded using the following
command line options and arguments:

.TP  -a Use both subscribed and unsubscribed groups. Overrides the -u option.

.TP  -i Use only ignored groups, i.e. which are not in the presentation
     sequence.

.TP  -n Use only new groups. Notice that nn considers a group to be new until
     you have read at least one article in the group, or you have unsubscribed
     to the group. This means that even reasonable active news groups may
     remain "new" for quite some time if it only contains articles which are
     cross-posted to other groups which occur earlier in your presentation
     sequence.

.TP  -p Use only groups with unread (pending) articles.

.TP  -r Use only read groups, i.e. without unread articles.

.TP  -s Use only groups which are in the presentation sequence.

.TP  -u Use only unsubscribed groups.

These options can be combined if they don't logically exclude each other.

For example, to get the names of all "source" groups, you can use the command
      nngrep source

You can use this to read a specific subset of news groups with nn; for example
      nn `nngrep -sp source`

From: NNGREP
Subject: LONG LISTING

A long listing of the matched groups can be requested with the -l option. It
will include the following information:

SUBSCR      Specifies whether the group is subscribed or not (yes/no).
NEW         Specifies whether the group is new or not (yes/no).
UNREAD      Shows the number of unread articles in the group (if any).
SEQUENCE    Shows the group's index in the presentation sequence.
GROUP       The name of the group.

From: NNGREP
Subject: FILES

~/.newsrc   The record of read articles
~/.nn/init  The presentation sequence

From: NNGREP
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nncheck(1), nngoback(1), nngrab(1), nnpost(1), nntidy(1)
nnadmin(1M), nnusage(1M), nnmaster(8)

From: NNGREP
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNMASTER
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnmaster - nn database manager

From: NNMASTER
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnmaster -I [lmit]
nnmaster -w
nnmaster -v
nnmaster -l [ "lock message" ]
nnmaster [ options ] [ groups ]
nnmaster -F [ options ] [ groups ]

From: NNMASTER
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nnmaster is the daemon which is responsible for building and maintaining the
database used by the nn(1) news reader.

Normally, nnmaster is started when the system enters multi-user mode, and runs
until system shutdown. To facilitate this, you should place the following call
in /etc/rc (or similar) to invoke the nnmaster daemon:
      $master/nnmaster -l -r -C
where $master is the MASTER_DIRECTORY defined during configuration of nn.

When nnmaster is started as specified above, it will first unlock the database
in case it was locked (-l), perform a thorough consistency check on the
database (-C).

Then, every 10 minutes (-r), it will look at the time-stamp of the news active
file to see whether new articles have arrived on the system (or whether
articles have been expired). (See -U)

If the active file has been modified, nnmaster will collect the header
information from the new articles and enter them into the database (or remove
the headers of the expired articles from the database).

If it detects that some articles have been expired, it will automatically
remove the header information of the expired articles from the database.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: ARTICLE COLLECTION OPTIONS

Normally, nnmaster will collect all available news groups defined in the news
active file. The set of collected groups can be controlled via the argument
line. Groups can be either included or excluded:
A group name, e.g. comp, will cause the group and all its subgroups to be
collected. Individual groups, e.g. news.software.nn, can also be specified
A group name preceded by an exclamation mark, e.g. !talk.politics, will cause
the group and all its subgroups to be ignored.
An empty argument, i.e. "", will cause all groups that are not ignored to be
collected. For example, to collect everything but rec and misc, use the
following command:
      nnmaster -r !rec !misc ""
If the empty argument had been omitted, nothing would be collected, since the
presence of any groups arguments causes nnmaster to ignore all groups which
are not explicitly mentioned.
Example 1: The following commands can be executed by cron to collect different
sets of groups at different intervals or under different conditions:
      nnmaster -B -O14 rec misc sci -LBO -u
      nnmaster !rec !misc !sci "" -u
Example 2: The group arguments are used in the given sequence, e.g. to leave
out comp.sys, but still collect comp.sys.ibm.pc, use the command:
      nnmaster -r comp.sys.ibm.pc !comp.sys ""
The use of the -u option in the first example is essential, since each of the
commands will update the active file time stamp which will prevent the other
command from detecting new articles that have arrived.
Using this method to keep specific groups out of the database must be used
with great caution; just a single invocation of nnmaster without any arguments
will collect all the otherwise ignored groups!

From: NNMASTER
Subject: COLLECTION OF ARTICLES

The following options control how nnmaster performs the collection of new
articles.

.TP  -r [ min ]
     Daemon mode. The nnmaster will put itself in the background (unless -f is
     also specified), and will checks for arrival of new articles and expired
     articles every min minutes (and update the database accordingly). If min
     is omitted, the default is to check every 10 minutes.
     Without the -r option, the nnmaster will just perform a single collection
     of new articles (if any) and then exit. This can be used to have the
     nnmaster started by cron(8) at regular intervals instead of having it as a
     daemon which sleeps between checking for new articles. Since the nnmaster
     is a bit expensive to start up (it has to read a few files), it is up to
     you to decide which mode is best on your system. (I have also heard that
     it works to call nnmaster without -r from inews(1). I cannot recommend
     this unless you receive batched news; invoking nnmaster for every
     received article sounds too expensive to me.)

.TP  -h [ sec ] Hold collection of new articles until next scan if new
     articles have arrived within the last sec [60] seconds. This is useful to
     prevent nnmaster from competing for disk i/o with an rnews process which
     is unbatching incoming news, or a running expire process. It will have
     the side effect of limiting the number of C: entries in the log, since
     collection of incoming batches will typically be done in larger thunks.

.TP  -f Run nnmaster in foreground in daemon mode (see -r). Useful if nnmaster
     is invoked from inittab. (Notice that if you use a respawn entry in
     inittab, you will not be able to stop nnmaster using the -k option, since
     init will immediately start another master.)

.TP  -C Perform a consistency check on the database on start-up, and rebuild
     corrupted database files. This operation can be quite time-consuming
     since it reads through all the database files.

.TP  -b Normally, articles without a proper news header (no Newsgroups: line)
     are ignored. Specifying the -b option causes these `bad' articles to be
     included in the database (normally with no sender or subject).

.TP  -B Remove `bad' articles. Sometimes, articles without a header ends up in
     the news spool directory. These articles have no article id, and
     therefore, they will never be expired by expire(8). This option will
     allow the nnmaster to silently remove these articles (a `B' entry will
     occur in the log file).

.TP  -O days Ignore articles which are older than the given number of days.
     This may help keep old 'stray' articles out of the database. If the -B
     options is also specified, the old articles will be removed from the news
     spool directories. Old ignored or removed articles will be reported with
     an `O' entry in the log file. This option can be disable for individual
     groups by the O flag in the GROUPS file (see below).

.TP  -R N Specifies how the auto-recollect operation is performed on the
     groups having this option set in the GROUPS file (see below). Four
     methods are available (default is method 1):
     1: Run expire on the group when new articles arrive.
     2: Run expire on the group on every scan.
     3: Recollect all articles when new articles arrive.
     4: Recollect all articles on every scan.

.TP  -M mode Normally, nnmaster will send a message via mail to the news
     administrator (OWNER) when an error or potential problems (primarily nntp
     related) occur. This can be restricted to only fatal errors (nnmaster
     terminated) if mode is 1, and disabled completely if mode is 0.

.TP  -Q Normally, nnmaster will print a message on the system console or in
     the syslog if a fatal error happens. This option will prevent this, so
     only a type 'E' entry is written to the Log file.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: DATABASE EXPIRATION

Since articles does not stay forever in the news system, the database must be
cleaned up regularly to remove the information stored for expired articles.
Expiration of the database is normally scheduled using the nnadmin(1M) command
executed by cron at a suitable time when expire on the news articles has
completed. The following command will send a message to the nnmaster and cause
it to initiate expire on all news groups:
      nnadmin =EYW

Selective expiration of individual groups can be done from nnadmin
(interactive mode). It can also be done by invoking nnmaster with the -F
option. For example, the following command will run expire on all groups
except the `rec' groups:
      nnmaster -F -k !rec ""
The -k option is required to terminate the currently running master since two
daemons cannot be running at the same time. Thus to run expire (on all groups)
in this way from cron, the following commands must be used:
      nnmaster -Fk "" ; nnmaster -r ...

It is also possible to have nnmaster detect expiration automatically (see -e).
This requires that the min field in the active file is updated by the news
expire (this is not the default case when Cnews is used). However, this is not
always a safe indication since the first article may not have been expired,
while a lot of other articles have been deleted.

There are several strategies available in the nnmaster to do this clean-up,
each having their strengths and weaknesses.

Method 1 (default): Rebuilds the database from the existing database
information by comparing the current database contents with the contents of
the news group directories, eliminating entries whose file no longer exists.
This method is guaranteed to eliminate all expired articles from the database,
and it is reasonably fast because it only has to read the directories, not
each article file.
      If news is accessed remotely via nntp, the list of existing articles
cannot efficiently be fetched by reading a local directory. Instead an XHDR
request is sent to the nntp server to get a list of articles.

Method 2: Eliminates only the expired articles before the first article in the
group. This is very fast since only the active file and the database itself is
accessed, but it will obviously leave some expired articles in the database.
This method requires that the min field in the active file is updated by
expire.

Method 3: Discard the current database information and recollects all
articles. This is obviously very time consuming, and it is therefore not
recommended, especially not with nntp.

The options related to database expiration are:

.TP  -E N Select expire method N. (If N is omitted, the default method is
     used).

.TP  -e [N] Automatically run expire in the database on groups where the min
     number in the active file has increased by N (1 if omitted) articles.
     This is disabled by default (since the min field is often unreliable).

.TP  -F Run expire once and exit. If a list of groups is specified on the
     command line, the matched groups (see the rules above) will be marked for
     expiration. If no groups are specified, only the groups already scheduled
     for expire will be expired. Consequently, to expire all groups, a blank
     argument "" (matching all groups) must be specified.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: DATABASE LOCKING

The database can be locked centrally, which will normally disallow all access
to the database, and even block nnmaster from being (accidentally) started.
When a lock is set on the database, all currently running clients will
terminate the next time they try to access the database. Setting a lock on the
database can thus also be used to force running clients to terminate.

The following options set and clear locks on the database:

.TP  -l message Locks the database with the given message. The message will be
     displayed every time a program tries to access the database.

.TP  -l Unlock the database if it was locked.

.TP  -i Ignore a possible lock and continue. This can be used to have nnmaster
     operate on a database which is blocked from normal user access.

Since only one nnmaster can operate on the database at any one time, a running
nnmaster daemon must be stopped before a lock can be set on the database. If
neither -f nor -r is specified with the -l option (in both forms), nnmaster
will terminate after setting or clearing the lock.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: DATABASE INITIALIZATION

The following options are used to initialize and update the central database
files:

.TP  -I [limit] Initialize database. This option will erase an existing
     database, and create an empty database containing entries for the
     currently known groups. nnmaster will offer you to use an existing GROUPS
     file when initializing the database.
     The optional limit can be used to put a limit on the number of articles
     that will be collected in each group during the first collection of
     articles following the database initialization. This is useful on systems
     where the 'min' field in the active file is unreliable or not maintained
     (Cnews doesn't) to limit the work done to do the initial collection of
     news after the initialization of the database. If news is accessed
     remotely from an NNTP server, this is even more important! If limit is
     omitted, or is zero, nnmaster will trust the min field and collect all
     articles in the range min..last.

.TP  -G Reread the GROUPS file. This option is used to instruct nnmaster to
     parse the GROUPS file after it has been edited. See the section on the
     GROUPS file below.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS

The following options controls various details of the nnmaster's behaviour:

.TP  -D [ N ] Run nnmaster in "debug mode". If N is omitted, or equals 1 or 3,
     this will produce a compact but still very informative trace of the
     collection or expire process directly on the terminal. This is most
     useful when doing the first collection of articles after initializing the
     database with -I. If N is 2 or 3, a trace of the NNTP traffic is written
     to a file nnmaster.log in the TMP directory. This option disables -r.

.TP  -H Identifies the host which nnmaster is running on as the nntp-server
     for its clients, i.e. that it can access the news spool directory locally
     without using NNTP. Normally, nnmaster will detect this by itself by
     comparing the host name to the contents of the nntp_server file, so this
     option should really be superfluous.

.TP  -y retries
     In some networked environment, opening an article (shared from another
     machine via NFS) may fail for no obvious reason. Using this option, it is
     possible to cause nnmaster to perform retries attempts to open an article
     before marking the article as non-existing in the database.

.TP  -L types Exclude the specified entry types from the log file. This is
     normally used to exclude the 'C'ollecting and e'X'pire entries (-LCXO).

.TP  -t Trace the collection process. This will place a lot of information
     into the log file (T: entries).

.TP  -u Normally, nnmaster will just compare the time-stamp on the active file
     with a time-stamp saved in the database to see if new articles have
     arrived. The -u option forces the nnmaster to read the active file on
     start-up to see if new articles have arrived.

.TP  -U Some SVR4 systems (and maybe SunOS) have a useful "feature". Writing
     files with mmap() may not update the last-changed timestamp on the file.
     Since INN uses mmap() for writing the active file, this becomes a problem
     for nnmaster. The -U option causes nnmaster to unconditionally read the
     active file each time the repeat delay (-r) time expires.

.TP  -v Print the release and version identification for nnmaster, and exit.

.TP  -w Wakeup the real nnmaster. Send a signal to the nnmaster daemon to have
     it check for new articles immediately.

.TP  -k Kill the already running nnmaster daemon before proceeding with the
     operation specified by the other options (or terminate if no other
     operation is requested).

From: NNMASTER
Subject: THE GROUPS FILE

The primary purpose of the GROUPS file is to store the names of the news
groups represented in the database. Each line in the file corresponds to an
entry in the (binary) MASTER file, and the sequence of the lines in the GROUPS
file must never be changed unless the database is reinitialized afterwards.

However, the contents of the lines in the GROUPS file can be edited to control
how the nnmaster should handle each individual group.

The format of each line is:
      news.group.name [ timestamp ] [ flags ]

The news group name is the name of the group, and must not be changed in any
way. If the group is no longer in the news active file, and consequently the
group does no longer exist, group name can be replaced by a `@' character
which will instruct nnmaster to ignore this entry without having to rebuild
the entire database.

The optional time stamp indicates when the line was added to the GROUPS file
and is used by nn to detect new groups. When the GROUPS file is built
initially from the active file, the time stamps are omitted which simply means
that they are "old".

One or more of the following flags can be added to the GROUPS line to control
nnmaster's handling of the group:

.TP  D Causes nnmaster to treat all articles in the group as digests, even
     when they don't initially look like digests. Articles which are found not
     to be digests after all, are still not digested.

.TP  N Instructs nnmaster to never digest any articles in the group.

.TP  O Disables the -O option for this group, i.e. all existing articles will
     be included in the database (and they will not be removed if the -B
     option is specified). This flag should be set on groups which you never
     expire, or have a very long expire time!

.TP  R Causes nnmaster to recollect all available articles in the group
     whenever a new article is received. This is said to be useful is some
     high-traffic clarinet groups with many cancelled articles.

.TP  >file Instructs nnmaster to append all new articles to the specified
     file. This makes it possible to keep specific groups out of the way of
     expire. The archive file can be access directly from the nn client using
     the goto-group command. The file name must be a full path name to a file
     in an existing, writeable directory.

.TP  @ Instructs nnmaster to completely ignore this group - this is equivalent
     to setting the group name to `@' as described above.

.TP  ! or X Causes nnmaster to ignore the group and not collect the group's
     articles in the database.

Comments (starting with `#' and continuing to the end of line) and empty lines
are allow in the GROUPS file, but it is strongly recommended to keep the
changes to the GROUPS file as small as possible, because of the implicit
correspondence with the binary MASTER file.

It is not recommended to edit the GROUPS file while nnmaster is running
because it may add new groups to the file. After editing the GROUPS file, the
command
      nnmaster -G
must be run before restarting the nnmaster to parse and verify the new GROUPS
file.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: NNTP SUPPORT

The nnmaster can access the news articles from a local news spool directory as
well as from an NNTP server. When compiled with NNTP enabled, nnmaster will
compare the name of the NNTP server and the name of the local host; if they
are identical, nnmaster will bypass NNTP and access the articles directly.

When it has to access the news articles via NNTP, it cannot time-stamp the
active file, so instead it transfers the entire active file from the NNTP
server and compares it with a local copy of the last active file fetched from
the NNTP server. This is not very expensive in terms of cpu-cycles, disk-load,
or net-bandwidth, but to stay on friendly terms with the NNTP server
administrator, you should probably not use shorter update intervals than the
standard 10 minutes.

Setting a much higher update interval than the standard 10 minutes is not
really recommended either, since an update normally implies fetching a burst
of news articles from the NNTP server, so setting the interval too long may
imply that the load on the NNTP server will be more un-even.

In expire method 1, the use of XHDR just to get a list of existing articles in
a group is definitely a waste of resources on the nntp server (but still lower
than using method 3). Before using the XHDR request, nnmaster will send a
non-standard "LISTGROUP" request; if the nntp server supports this request, it
should return an OK_HEAD status followed by an (unordered) list of article
numbers (one per line) terminated by a `.' line. The nntp servers supporting
this request will be much less loaded during expire.

The -O option does not work with NNTP. The -B option will only work with NNTP
if the nnmaster is running on the NNTP server.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: FILES

The $db, $master, and $news names used below are synonyms for the
DB_DIRECTORY, MASTER_DIRECTORY, and NEWS_LIB_DIRECTORY defined during
configuration.

$db/MASTER          Database master index
$db/GROUPS          News group names and flags in MASTER file order
$db/DATA/nnn.[dx]   Database files for group number nnn
.../.nn[dx]         Database files if located in the group directories
$master/GATE        Message channel from nnadmin to nnmaster
$master/MPID        The process id of the nnmaster daemon.
$Log                The log file (the location is configuration dependent)
$news/active        Existing articles and groups
/usr/lib/nntp_serverContains the name of the NNTP server.

The contents of the Log file are described in the nnadmin manual.

From: NNMASTER
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nncheck(1), nngrep(1), nntidy(1)
nnadmin(1M), nnspew(8), nnusage(1M)

From: NNMASTER
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNPOST
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnpost - post news articles (nn)

From: NNPOST
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnpost [ -dksy string ] [ -f file ] [ -p ] [ group... ]

From: NNPOST
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nnpost is used to post new articles using nn's normal interface, but without
entering nn in reading mode.

When started, it reads the init file and then directly executes nn's :post
command.

It will prompt for a (comma-separated) list of news groups, the article
subject, a list of keywords, a summary, and the distribution of the article.
Each of these prompts can also be supplied via command line options or
arguments as described below.

When prompted for the "Newsgroup:", entering a ? as the first key will cause
nnpost to list all the known news groups and their purpose (if this
information is available). You can also enter / followed by a word or regular
expression which will cause nnpost to produce a (much) shorter listing only
containing the groups whose name and/or purpose description matches the
regular expression. When paging through either list, you can enter q to quit
the listing.

If a source file is specified with -f it will be used as the initial article
body. If the -p option is also specified, the article is posted directly
without editing.

nnpost can be used to do unattended postings if sufficient arguments are
provided on the command line to build the header and the body of the article.
The required arguments are: one or more newsgroups, a subject (-s), a source
file (-f), a distribution (-d), and the -p option. Other fields which are not
specified (e.g. keywords) will not be included in the header. The contents of
the news-header variable in the init file will be included in the header.

From: NNPOST
Subject: OPTIONS

.TP  -d distribution Use the specified distribution for the article.

.TP  -k "keywords" Associate the specified keywords with the article.

.TP  -s "subject" Use the specified subject for the new article.

.TP  -y "summary" Include the given summary in the article header.

.TP  -f file Read the article body from the specified file.

.TP  -p Post the article specified with -f without editing.

From: NNPOST
Subject: FILES

~/.nn/init  The control variables for nnpost.

From: NNPOST
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1)

From: NNPOST
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNSPEW
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnspew - subject database manager (nn)

From: NNSPEW
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnspew

From: NNSPEW
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nnspew builds a sorted database of all available subjects in the nn article
database for fast access via the nngrab utility.

nnspew should be activated regularly to rebuild the subject database, e.g. by
cron. For example:
      2 6,9,12,15,18,21 * * * root /bin/nice /usr/lib/nn/nnspew

Cross posted articles are only represented in the database once, and identical
subjects in each group are merged into one to use a minimum of disk space.
This saves about 50% of the disk space otherwise required.

From: NNSPEW
Subject: FILES

$db/subjects    subject database

From: NNSPEW
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nngrab(1), egrep(1)

From: NNSPEW
Subject: NOTES

nngrap will use the subject database generated by nnspew independent of its
age. Thus, if you stop running nnspew, remember to remove the subjects file as
well.

From: NNSPEW
Subject: BUGS

nnmaster should automatically append new articles to the subject database to
keep it up-to-date, and thus require less frequent rebuilding using nnspew.

From: NNSPEW
Subject: AUTHOR

James A. Woods, NASA Ames Research Center
E-mail: jaw@ames.arc.nasa.gov

From: NNSTATS
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnstats - display nnmaster collection and expire statistics

From: NNSTATS
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnstats [ -lt ] [ -d month day ] [ -m month ] [ logfile ]...

From: NNSTATS
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nnstats will extract the collection (C) and expiration (X) entries from the
log file and calculate total and average number of articles, groups and
elapsed time per day, per month, or for the duration of the whole log file.

Normally only a summary for the specified period is printed. If -l is
specified, the statistics for each day in the period is also printed, and if
-t is specified the summary is not printed.

Normally the statistics is collected for all days in the log files (or the
current log file if one is not specified).

If "-m month" is specified, the statistics for that month is calculated. The
month is specified in normal date notation, i.e. a capitalized three letter
abbreviation like Jan, Feb, ...

If "-d month day" is specified, the statistics for that date only is
calculated and printed.

From: NNSTATS
Subject: FILES

../Log              The log file

From: NNSTATS
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nnusage(1M), nnadmin(1M), nnmaster(8)

From: NNSTATS
Subject: NOTES

If nnmaster is run with options -LCX, nnstats will not work, because the
necessary entries are not written to the log file.

From: NNSTATS
Subject: AUTHORS

Mark Moraes <moraes@csri.toronto.edu>
Kim F. Storm <storm@texas.dk>

From: NNTIDY
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nntidy - tidy your personal .newsrc file

From: NNTIDY
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nntidy [ -aciNQrsuv ] [ group ]...

From: NNTIDY
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nntidy will clean out non-existing groups, adjust obviously wrong article
numbers, and remove badly formed lines from your .newsrc file.

It may optionally remove ignored groups, unsubscribed groups, and groups which
are not part of your presentation sequence or the groups specified on the
command line.

You should run nntidy if your rc file has been corrupted for some reason.

From: NNTIDY
Subject: OPTIONS

.TP  -a Equivalent to -cisu.

.TP  -c Remove unrecognized lines. This will also remove the `options' line
     used by some older news readers, such as readnews(1)

.TP  -i Remove entries for groups which are ignored in the database, e.g.
     entries marked with `X' in the GROUPS file.

.TP  -r Remove entries for unsubscribed groups.

.TP  -s Remove entries which are not included in the group presentation
     sequence defined in the init file. If one or more groups are specified on
     the command line, entries not matched by these groups (and their
     subgroups etc) will be removed.
     Notice that depending on how you construct the presentation sequence,
     this may cause unsubscribed groups to be removed from .newsrc, but this
     will not normally happen.

.TP  -u Truncate entries for unsubscribed groups, by removing the article
     numbers and leaving only the news group name and the `!' mark.

.TP  -v Verbose operation. Reports each change made to the .newsrc file.

.TP  -N No update mode. The requested operations are performed, but the result
     is not written back to disk. This can be used with the -v option to see
     whether tidying is required.

.TP  -Q Quiet operation. The version information is not printed.

From: NNTIDY
Subject: FILES

~/.newsrc           The record of read articles
~/.newsrc.tidy      The original rc file before tidy

From: NNTIDY
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nncheck(1), nngoback(1), nngrab(1), nngrep(1), nnpost(1)
nnadmin(1M), nnusage(1M), nnmaster(8)

From: NNTIDY
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNUSAGE
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnusage - display nn usage statistics

From: NNUSAGE
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnusage [ -at ]

From: NNUSAGE
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nnusage will extract the usage entries from the log file and calculate the
total usage time for the current user, or for all nn users if -a is specified.

When -t is used with the -a option, nnusage will list the users ordered after
the total usage time. Otherwise, the output will be sorted according to user
names.

Since it is possible to suspend nn, or leave the terminal while nn is active,
nn tries to be intelligent when it calculates the usage time so it will truly
report the actual time spent on news reading.

From: NNUSAGE
Subject: FILES

../Log              The log file

From: NNUSAGE
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1), nncheck(1), nngoback(1), nngrep(1), nntidy(1)
nnacct(1m), nnadmin(1M), nnquery(1M), nnmaster(8)

From: NNUSAGE
Subject: NOTES

If nn is compiled with ACCOUNTING turned on, then calls to nnusage are
converted into equivalent calls to nnacct.

The nn package must have been compiled with the STATISTICS option turned on to
produce the usage entries in the log file.

Only nn sessions longer than 5 minutes are registered in the log file.

From: NNUSAGE
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

From: NNVIEW
Subject: NAME

.SH NAME
nnview - invokes nn on a folder

From: NNVIEW
Subject: SYNOPSIS

nnview [ folder ]

From: NNVIEW
Subject: DESCRIPTION

nnview will invoke nn on a folder, bypassing your .newsrc file entirely.

From: NNVIEW
Subject: SEE ALSO

nn(1)

From: NNVIEW
Subject: AUTHOR

Kim F. Storm, Texas Instruments A/S, Denmark
E-mail: storm@texas.dk

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